.

Biomass for energy use

Presentation at the International Energy Foresight Symposium Energy Forum EF 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Statistics on biomass Bioenergy in Sweden - Forest potential - Agriculture potential Fertilizers Manipulating the flowering BP fuel options Brazil’s potential Conclusions and Outlook

Bergen 22-23 March 2007

Sven Kullander [email protected] www.kva.se

World´s forests Source UN-FAO

• 4109 hectars forest (30% of surface) • 7.3 106 hectars disappearing each year • In Africa 90% of all wood produced is burnt • Biofuels represent 80% of all renewable energy

• 75% of biofuels come from forests

1 km2 = 100 ha

Nordic forests Sweden

Norway

Finland

Denmark

Forest portion of land area

50%

20%

68%

10%

Forest stock (5109 m3)*

50%

13%

36%

1%

Growth/year (180106 m3)

47%

12%

40%

2%

* USA+Canada

44109 m3

* European Union 13109 m3

Nordic forests and aral land Sweden

Norway

Finland

Denmark

EU-25

Aral land (Mha)

2.7

0.87

2.23

2.84

178

Forests (Mha)

23.0

7.03

20.3

0.51

137

Primary energy in Sweden and Finland 647 TWh Sweden TWh

413 TWh Finland

250 200 150 100 50 0 l Oi

al Co

s Ga

ar e l c Nu

o est dr r y H Fo

After Tage Fredriksson/Harry Frank

at Pe

l l nd te i te te s r r a W o po W p/ xp m m E I u tp a He

Renewables in 2005 EU – 25

Sweden

Norway

Denmark

Finland

Biomass

4.1%

17%

5%

7.1%

15%

Hydro

1.5%

10%

51%

0%

3.6%

Geotherm

0.3%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Wind

0.3%

0,1%

0%

1.5%

0%

Solar

0.04%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Target for share of renewables by 2010 in EU : 12 % from present 6 %!

Goal of previous Swedish Government • By 2020 – 20 % improved efficiency and saving (on oil or what?) – no oil for heating houses (10 TWh in 2004  0 TWh in 2020) – 25 – 40 % reduced use of oil in industry (18 TWh in 2004) – 40 – 50 % reduced use of oil in transport (104 TWh in 2004 )

På väg mot ett oljefritt Sverige Kommissionen mot oljeberoende juni 2006

Swedish use of energy in 2004 TWh 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

172 148

96

Heat Värme

Electricity El Bio

After Harry Frank

Fossil

Nuclear Kärnkraft

Fuel Drivmedel Hydro Vattenkraft

2. Bioenergy in Sweden

Bioenergy in Sweden 2004 TWh

TWh

Forest

Heat

92

Agriculture 4

90

Electricity 10 108 TWh

Peat

4

Ethanol

2

Waste

8

Losses

6

STEM statistics elaborated by Harry Frank

2. Bioenergy in Sweden - Forest potential

Forest biomass yield, Sweden, 2004 Per-Olov Nilsson, Report 23, 2006, Skogsstyrelsen

19%

21%

26 % 34%

75.9 Mt  380TWh

Forest biomass for energy, Sweden, 2004 Per-Olov Nilsson, Report 23, 2006, Skogsstyrelsen

17.9 Mt  90 TWh

2. Bioenergy in Sweden - Agriculture potential • • • •

After Matti Parikka Email: [email protected] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioenergy, P. O. Box 7061, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.

Need of arable land to substitute 1 m3 oil Crop / product

Production tonnes

Tonnes dry matter to

Arable land to

of dry matter per

replace 1 m3 oil.

substitute 1 m3 oil

ha / a.

ha.

Wheat

5,5

3,5

0,64

Oats

3,5

3,5

1,00

Salix (2. round)

7,0

3,85

0,55

Straw (Wheat)

3,5

3,5

1,00

Reed Canary grass

6,0

3,5

0,58

Hybrid Aspen

8,4

3,85

0,46

Norway Spruce

8,6

3,85

0,45

Source: Swedish Board of Agriculture, 2005

Use of arable land in Sweden Crop Wheat Rye Barley Oats Mixture Triticale Potato Sugar beet Grazing Oil plants Other crops Fallow field Total

Sweden 1000 ha 340 24 417 295 23 31 29 55 973 71 81 339 2680

Uppsala 1000 ha 36.9 1 29.2 12.6 1.1 0.3 34.3 4.7 3.4 20.7 149.6

Source: Agricultural statistics of Sweden

Share % 10.85% 4.17% 7.00% 4.27% 3.55% 1.03% 3.53% 6.62% 4.20% 6.11% 5.58%

Production of grain in Sweden Crop Wheat Rye Barley Oats Mixture Triticale Sum

Sweden, tonnes

Uppsala, tonnes

Share %

2282700 118100 1546300 1102300 97600 205100

186000 3500 134000 55800 7800 4900

8.15% 2.96% 8.67% 5.06% 7.99% 2.39%

5352100 ~ ca 22 TWh

392000 ~ ca 1,6 TWh

7.32%

Source: Agricultural statistics of Sweden

The annual supply of agro fuels in Sweden. Period: Today. Arable land

Production

ha

TWh/a.

25000

0,3

Grain (as fuel)

5000 – 10000

0,2

Straw (as fuel)

30000

0,4

Oil plants (RME)

2000

0,02

Salix (as fuel)

14000

0,2

Reed Canary grass (as fuel)

600

-

Grazing ground (for biogas)

300

-

76900 – 81900

1,1

Grain (as ethanol)

Total

Source: Agricultural statistics of Sweden

Possible future annual supply of agro fuels in Sweden. Period: 2020. Fuel

TWh/a.

Straw

7,0

Raw materials for biogas

3,0

Salix (Willow)

4,0

Grain, Reed Canary grass, Hemp etc.

2,0

Ethanol (grain and sugar beet)

5,0

RME

1,0

Total

22.0

Source: Association of Swedish Farmers

Three Swedish Pilot Plants for biofuels • Ethanol from wood in Örnsköldsvik

• Biofuels or electricity from black liquor gasification in Piteå

• Synthesis gas from biomass in Värnamo for future biofuel production

After Christer Sjölin

Värnamo Växjö Biomass Gasification Centre g

Ethanol • Best and most efficient to produce ethanol is from sugar-cane ( ca 2 SEK/l)

• From Swedish grain (ca 5 SEK/l)

• From forest biomass, which is the most difficult way, with still a lot of research needed (more than 5 SEK/l)

After Christer Sjölin

3. Fertilizers

Fertilizer research • The Flakaliden experimental site is situated 60 km west of Umeå • In 1986 started studies of the growth optimisation of a boreal coniferous forest • Irrigation and fertilizers. Initially 100 kg N/ha + other nutrients (P,K,Ca,S,Mg)

Stem growth after fertilization Sune Linder, Flakaliden experiment

5. Manipulating the flowering

Earlier flowering signals!

• The Molecular Basis for the Flowering Signal („Florigen“) was discovered in 2005 by an Umeå group under Ove Nilsson.

• An FT gene is activated in the leaves when a critical day length is reached.

• By activating the FT gene, the first blooming may occur much earlier than normal (for spruce 15 – 20 years) and hence effective plant breeding may be done imroving the growth rate.

The Molecular Basis for the Flowering Signal („Florigen“), the FT gene

FD Protein + FT Protein

FD Protein

CONSTANS RNA

FT RNA

CONSTANS Protein FT RNA

Abe et al., 2005 Wigge et al., 2005

After Ove Nilsson

Huang et al., 2005

Swedish bioenergy potential, TWh • Forests • Agriculture • Peat

162 22 + 8

• Summed 

192

• Current use

- 108

• Additional

(Peter Hagström, SLU thesis, 2006) (Association of Swedish farmers 400 000 ha) (M. Brandel, Swedish Peat Association)

84 TWh (heat or fuel or electricity?)

• Future increase: better management, fertilisers, genetics take time! Increased 15% rate of forest growth by 2050?

6. BP options*

*) After Chris Wilks, BP Biofuels Business

Sustainability is crucial • Palm – Production increases must be achieved in a sustainable manner

– Accreditation schemes and audit are essential

– BP is the first oil major to become a member of the RSPO

• Jatropha – Non-food crop with potential to be grown on marginal not used for food production

– ESI assessment is a key part of BP’s demonstration project in India with TERI

Current production costs for biofuels • Equivalent volume basis • Equivalent energy content basis

• Biodiesel production costs

• Ethanol production costs

• $ / gallon

5.59

• $ / gallon

5.59

3.75

3.75

2.71

0.90

1.70 1.85

1.82

1.70 1.34

2.41 2.51 1.42 1.54

Diesel $1.11

Gasoline $1.00

1.14

(untaxed at $40)

(untaxed at $40)

Sugar Cane (Brazil)

Corn (US)

Sugar beet (EU)

Wheat (EU)

Rape Seed (EU)

* Source: BP IBTP Detailed Biofuel Value Chain Analysis (Apr 2006), BAH analysis Oct 2006

Jatropha (India)

Soya (US)

New Fuel Molecules • We are seeking biocomponents which can be….. • added to the fungible fuel pool and use existing supply infrastructure

• are compatible with the existing vehicle parc • can be used at increasing blend concentrations • require no compromise in meeting performance requirements of fuel specifications or the customer Current biocomponents are a good start but face limitations FAME Biodiesel

Ethanol

• Stability/deposits

• Energy density

• Low temperature

• Vapour pressure

• Water • Compatibility

BP DuPont Partnership

Energy Content Heating Value (MJ/Litre) 32.2 27.0 21.1 Impact on fuel economy and vehicle range is minimised

Gasoline

Ethanol

Butanol

7. Brazil’s potential*

*) From the presentation by Prof. Donato Aranda, Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro at the seminar Future of Forest Bioenergy, Royal Swedish Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007

Ethanol Plants

313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000 agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 % of Br. area) 89 New plants are being contructed

Physical Productivity

Quantity of Product / liter of Ethanol

Raw Material

Production / ha (kg)

SUGAR CANE

85,000

12 kg

7,080 liter

CORN

10,000

2.8 kg

3,570 liter

Quantity of Ethanol / ha

Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry

Biodiesel Program • B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) • B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly) Now:

• 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year) • 2,000 gas stations providing B2 • Some transportation companies using B30 • Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONS

Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)*

* NREL (USA) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf

Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2*

Ethanol production in 2006: 16 billion liters

*Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island Press, 1993

Conclusions and outlook 1. The Nordic countries have a very attractive mix of non-fossil energy sources in particular for electricity. 2. Nordic forests represent 36% of EU-25 forests and represent an important asset for material and energy.

3. Improved management, fertilizers and gene technology should make it possible to increase outputs from forests and aral land. 4. Increased biomass outputs will be used not only for bioenergy purposes but also for pulp and paper, sawn wood and food.

5. Sweden should be able to add without problems 84 TWh bioenergy from its forestry and agriculture. 6. Biofuels alone would not be economically competitive, an exception may be ethanol from Brazil. 7. We recommend biorefineries in which electricity, heat and biofuels are produced.