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Biography of Johannes Kepler Dates of Birth and Death: (∗) 27 December 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Freie Reichsstadt, Holy Roman Empire of German Nation, today Germany (†) 15 November 1630 in Regensburg, Freie Reichsstadt (Pre Imperial City), Holy Roman Empire of German Nation, today Germany Family Data: Johannes Kepler’s parents were inn keepers, the father was a mercenary soldier, and Johannes was their first child. In 1576 they moved to Leonberg. When Johannes was five years old his father deserted the family and is believed to have died in the Netherlands. Johannes lived with his mother Katharina and his grand-mother. His mother could rouse Johannes’ interest in astronomy by showing him the comet of 1577 and the moon eclipse of 1580. In 1597, Kepler married Barbara M¨ uhleck, who died in 1611; in the same year their son also died, she left two children behind. In 1613, Kepler married Susanna Reuttinger, who bore six children but only one survived. Kepler’s mother was accused of witchcraft in 1615, only in 1620 Kepler succeeded in getting her released from prison, but she died in 1622 soon thereafter as a consequence of torture. Kepler’s tomb got lost in the War of 30 years. Education: After having attended the local school Kepler started to study Protestant theology in T¨ ubingen in 1589 or 1591 to become clergyman. In the process, as usual at that time, he did with mathematics and other practical things. Kepler’s professor was the astronomer Michael Maestlin (1550-1631), who taught about the heliocentric cosmological system of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the normal system then being geocentric following Aristotle. Professional Career: In 1594, Kepler started to teach mathematics at the University Graz, but had to leave Graz because of the Counter-Reformation in 1600. He went to

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Prague, where emperor Rudolph II (1552, reign 1576-1612) had his residence, and became assistant of the Imperial astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) there. The collaboration was sometimes difficult, besides the fact that both complemented one another: Brahe was a good observer, Kepler a good mathematician with bad eyes, but Brahe feared that Kepler would earn the fruit alone of his extensively observed collected data. In 1601, after the death of Brahe, Kepler became his successor as Imperial astronomer till the tolerant German emperor Rudolph was forced to abdicate because of his health in 1608. Kepler had big problems to adapt Brahe’s astronomical records. Owing the fact that he could not get his salary regularly paid, because emperor Rudolph II had persistent monitory problems, he had to look around for another job. Kepler could get any appointment as professor in T¨ ubingen because of his anti-Aristotelian views. One year later he got a position as a mathematician in Linz, where problems with money and the religion arose. The family fled to Ulm. In 1627, Kepler found a patron in Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634) in Silesia, whom he served as astrologer. When Wallenstein lost his position as Generalissimus, Kepler went to Regensburg, where he died at his 59 years. His grave was lost during the Thirty Years’ War. The conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn in 1603 set him thinking that also the star of Bethlehem had been a great conjunction of planets (conjunctia maxima). Kepler belongs to the founders of modern science, in spite of the fact that he was closely bound by his protestant faith and hermetic-pythagorean traditions, which seemed sometime to be heretical to his contemporaries. Kepler thought that the Universe had been created by God following a mathematical structure, which could be understood be human beings. The natural world was a speculum of divine ideas. Kepler became famous by his three laws of the planetary motion. In his book De Stella Nova in pede Serpentarii (1606) Kepler also wrote on the game of dice. Important Publications: • Gesammelte Werke, 22 vols. (M¨ unchen 1938-1945; 1997-2005). • Die Keplerbriefe auf der Braunschweigischen Landesbibliothek in Wolfenb¨ uttel, 3 vols. (M¨ unchen 1933-1936).

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• Mysterium Cosmographicum (T¨ ubingen 1596), German: Das Weltgeheimnis, also: Max Caspar (ed.), Das Weltgeheimnnis. Mysterium Cosmographicum (Augsburg 1923), Fritz Krafft (ed.), Johannes Kepler - Was die Welt im Innersten zusammenh¨alt (Wiesbaden 2005) pp. 1109, with additions from the second edition (1621) pp. 113-177, and as: Gesammelte Werke vol. 1, Latin-English (transl. A.M. Duncan): The Secret of the Universe (New York 1981). • De Stella Nova in pede Serpentarii (Prag 1606, repr. Wien 2006), Gesammelte Werke vol. 1, German: Vom neuen Stern im Fuß des Schlangentr¨agers (W¨ urzburg 2006), French: L’´etoile nouvelle dans le pied du serpentaire (Paris 1998), in this book, Kepler also wrote about the game of dice. • Astronomia nova (Heidelberg 1609; Wien 2006, with the first two laws of planetary motion), also vols. 2 and 3 of the Gesammelte Werke, German: Neue Astronomie (M¨ unchen 1929; M¨ unchen 1990; Wiesbaden 2005), English: W. Donohue (transl.): New Astronomy (Cambridge 1992), French: Astronomie nouvelle (Paris 1979). • Harmonice Mundi libri V Die Weltharmonie (Linz 1619), German: Johannes Keplers kosmische Harmonie (Leipzig 1925, fak. Frankfurt 1980), Max Caspar (ed.), Weltharmonik (M¨ unchen 1939; M¨ unchen 2006), Gesammelte Werke vol. 6, and in new German translation: Fritz Krafft (ed.), Johannes Kepler - Was die Welt im Innersten zusammenh¨alt (Wiesbaden 2005) pp. 335-682, Eglish: E.J. Aiton, A.M. Duncan, J.V. Field (transl.), “The Harmony of the world”, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 209 (Philadelphia 1997), other edition: The harmonies of the world (Great books of the Western world vol. 16) (Chicago 2003). • Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, 2 vols. (Linz 1618; Linz 2004), also Max Caspar (ed.) (M¨ unchen 1953), dann Gesammelte Werke vol. 7, English: Epitome astronomiae copernicanae (Amherst, NY 1995; Chicago 2003), or: Epistome of Copernican astronomy & Harmonies of the world (Amherst 1995), French: Abr´eg´e d’astronomie copernicienne (Paris 1988). • Tabulae Rudolphinae (Ulm 1627), Gesammelte Werke vol. 10, French: Tables rudolphines: suivies de l’emploi dans les calculs astrologiques (Paris 1986).

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• Tertius interveniens, Das ist: Warnung an etliche Theologos, Medicos und Philosophos, ... daß sie bey billicher Verwerffung der Sternguckerischen Aberglauben / nicht das Kinde mit dem Badt außsch¨ utten... (Frankfurt 1610), Fritz Krafft (ed.), Warnung an die Gegner der Astrologie. Tertius Interveniens (M¨ unchen 1971), Tertius interveniens: Warnung an etliche Gegner der Astrologie, das Kind nicht mit dem Bade auszusch¨ utten (Frankfurt 2004). • Peter Michael Schenkel (ed.), Briefe 1599-1603 (M¨ unchen 2004). • Peter Michael Schenkel (ed.), Briefe 1604-1607, with: Hella Kothmann (ed.), Die Reisen des Johannes Kepler: eine Chronologie - ein Itinerarium; Teil 2: 1614-1630 (M¨ unchen 2005). • Dissertatio cum nuncio sidereo, French: Isabelle Pantin (trad.), Rapport sur l’observation des satellites de Jupiter, Narratio de observatis Jovis satellitibus (Paris 1993). • Materialien zu den Ephemeriden (M¨ unchen 1980). • Vom sechseckigen Schnee (1611; Dresden 2005). Scientific Honors: Craters on the Moon and the Mars are bearing his name. References and Literature: • Charles Coulston Gillespie (ed.), Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. VII (New York 1973) pp. 289-312. • E.J. Aiton, “How Kepler discovered the elliptical orbit”, Mathematical Gazette 59 (1975) pp. 250-260. • E.J. Aiton, “Johannes Kepler in the light of recent research”, History of Science 14 (1976) pp. 77-100. • E.J. Aiton, “Kepler and the ’Mysterium Cosmographicum”’, Sudhoffs Archiv 61 (1977) pp. 173-194. • E.J. Aiton, “Kepler’s path to the construction and rejection of his first oval orbit for Mars”, Annals of Science 35 (1978) pp. 173-190. • W. Applebaum, “Donne’s meeting with Kepler: a previously unknown episode”, Philology Quarterly 50 (1971) pp. 132-134. • Astronomy in and around Prague: colloquium of the Working Group of History for Astronomy, Prague, September 20, 2004 (Praha 2005), with: Ingrid Guentherodt, “Augenschein und Finsternisse: zur Sprache von Maria Cunitia

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(1604?-1664)”, pp. 15-28; Armin Gerl, “Kepler, Galilei und die rudolphinische Wissenschaft”, pp. 75-87; Thomas Posch, Franz Kerschbaum, “Kepler, Horrocks, Hevelius und der Venustransit von 1631”, pp. 89-100; Klaudia Einhorn, G¨ unther Wuchterl, “Kepler’s Wallenstein-Horoscopes”, pp. 101113; Ralf Hansen, “Kepler and the Star of Bethlehem”, pp. 115-125. • B.S. Baigrie, “Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, before and after Newton’s ’Principia’: an essay on the transformation of scientific problems”, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 19 (1987) pp. 177-208. • B.S. Baigrie, “The justification of Kepler’s ellipse”, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 21 (1990) pp. 633-664. • C. Baumgart, Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters (New York 1951). • Pierre B´ehar, “Okkultismus, Politik, Literatur und Astronomie zwischen Prag und Heidelberg”, Morgen-Glantz 13 (2003) pp. 21-46. • Volker Bialas, “Keplers Weg der Erforschung der wahren Planetenbahnen: Ergebnisse aus der Durchsicht der handschriftlichen Manuskripte”, Beitr¨age zur Astronomiegeschichte 1 (1998) pp. 41-58. • Volker Bialas, Johannes Kepler (M¨ unchen 2004). • Volker Bialas, “Zum Stellenwert der Astronomie im fr¨ uhneuzeitlichen globus intellectualis”, Astronomy as a model for the sciences in early modern times (Augsburg 2006) pp. 3-14. • J. Blum, W. Helmchen, “Von Kepler zu Newton. Von den Planetenbahnen zum Gravitationsgesetz”, Praxis Mathematicae 29 (1987) pp. 193-199. • Patrick J. Boner, “Soul-searching with Kepler: an analysis of anima in his astrology”, Journal for the History of Astronomy 36 (2005) pp. 7-20. • Patrick J. Boner, “Kepler’s living cosmology: bridging the celestial and terrestrial realms”, Centaurus 48 (2006) pp. 32-39. • Patrick J. Boner, “The Epicureans: causality, coincidence and the origins of the new star of 1604”, Journal of the History of Astronomy 38 (2007) pp. 207-221. • Patrick J. Boner, “Kepler v. The Epicureans causality, coincidence and the origins of the new star of 1604”, Journal for the history of astronomy 38 (2007) pp. 207-221. • Friedrike Boockmann, “Hans Friedrich Hoffmann d.J. in seiner Beziehung zu Johannes Kepler und Tycho Brahe”, in: Peter Michael Schenkel (ed.), Briefe 1599-1603 (M¨ unchen 2004). • Friedrike Boockmann (ed.), Miscellanea Kepleriana: Festschrift f¨ ur Volker Bialas zum 65. Geburtstag (Augsburg 2005). • J.B. Brackenridge, “Kepler, elliptical orbits, and celestial cirularity: a study in the persistence of metaphysical commitment”, Annals of Science 39 (1982) pp. 117-143; 265-295. • Siglind Bruhn, The musical order of the world: Kepler, Hesse, Hindemith

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(Hillsdale 2005). • Massimo Bucciantini, Galileo e Keplero: filosofia, cosmologia, e teologia nell’et`a della Controriforma (Firenze 2003). • G. Buchdahl, “Methodological aspects of Kepler’s theory of refraction. Johannes Kepler: b. 1571, d. 1630”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3 (1972) pp. 265-298. • P. Barker, B.R. Goldstein, “Distance and velocity in Kepler’s astronomy”, Annals of Science 51 (1994) pp. 59-73. • P. Barker, “Constructing Copernicus”, Perspectives on Science 10 (2002) pp. 208-227. • Matthias Bauer, “Kepler”, Schwerkraft und Leichtsinn (Berlin 2005) pp. 122-142. • Henriette Chardak, Johannes Kepler: le visionnaire de Prague (Paris 2004). • G. Cifoletti, “Kepler’s ’De quantitatibus”’, Annals of Science 43 (1986) pp. 213-238. • James A. Connor, Kepler’s witch: an astronomer’s discovery of cosmic order amid religious war, political intrigue, and the heresy trial of his mother (San Francisco 2005). • A.C. Crombie, “Expectation, modelling and assent in the history of optics. II. Kepler and Descartes”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 22 (1991) pp. 89-115. • The following articles by A.E.L. Davis in: Centaurus 35 (1992): “Kepler’s resolution of individual planetary motion”, pp. 97-102; “Kepler’s ’distance law’ - myth not reality”, pp. 103-120; “Grading the eggs (Kepler’s sizingprocedure for the planetary orbit)”, pp. 121-142; “Kepler’s road to Damascus”, pp. 143-164; “Kepler’s physical framework for planetary motion”, pp. 165-191. • A.E.L. Davis, “Kepler, the ultimate Aristotelian”, Acta historiae rerum naturalium necnon technicarum 2 (1998) pp. 65-73. • Salvo De Meis, “From Regiomontanus to Kepler: accuracy and applications of astronomical ephemerides”, in: Astronomy as a model for the sciences in early modern times (Augsburg 2006) pp. 399-421. • Philippe Depondt, Kepler: l’orbe tourment´e d’un astronome; biographie (Rodez 2005). • Detlef D¨oring, Die Beziehungen zwischen Johannes Kepler und dem Leipziger Mathematikprofessor Philipp M¨ uller: eine Darstellung auf der Grundlage neuentdeckter Quellen und unter besonderer Ber¨ ucksichtigung der Astronomiegeschichte an der Universit¨at Leipzig (Berlin 1986). • W.H. Donohue, “Kepler’s fabricated figures: covering up the mess in the ’New astronomy”’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 19 (1988) pp. 217237.

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• W.H. Donohue, “Kepler’s first thoughts on oval orbits: text, translation, and commentary”, Journal for the History of Astronomy 24 (1993) pp. 71100. • W.H. Donohue, “Kepler’s invention of the second planetary law”, British Journal for the History of Science 27 (1994) pp. 89-102. • W.H. Donohue, “Kepler’s approch to the oval of 1602, from the Mars notebook”, Journal for the History of Astronomy 27 (1996) pp. 281-295. • Stillman Drake, “Galileo’s ’Platonic’ cosmogony and Kepler’s ’Prodromus”’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 4 (1973) pp. 174-191. • Stillman Drake, Copernicus: philosophy and science (Norwalk 1973). • Stillman Drake, “Galileo, Kepler, and the phases of Venus”, Journal for the History of Astronomy 15 (1984) pp. 198-208. • A. Elena, “On the different kinds of attractive forces in Kepler”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 33 (110) (1983) pp. 22-29. • Jorge M. Escobar, “Kepler’s theory of the soul: a study on epistemology”, Studies in History and Science 39 (2008) pp. 15-41. • J. Evans, “The division of the Martian eccentricity from Hipparchos to Kepler: a history of the approximations to Kepler motion”, American Journal for Physics 56 (1988) pp. 1009-1024. • Natacha Fabbri, Cosmologia e armonia in Kepler e Mersenne: contrappunto a due voci sul tema dell’Harmonice Mundi (Firenze 2003). • Kitty Ferguson, Tycho & Kepler: the unlikely partnership that forever changed our understanding of the heavens (New York 2002), new edition as: Tycho and Kepler: the strange partnership that revolutionised science (London 2003). • Kitty Ferguson, The nobleman and his housedog: Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler; the strange partnership that revolutionised science (London 2002). • Judith Veronica Field, “Kepler’s star polyhedra”, Vistas Astronomicas 23 (1979) pp. 109-141. • Judith Veronica Field, “Kepler’s cosmological theories: their agreement with observation”, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 23 (1982) pp. 556-568. • Judith Veronica Field, “Kepler’s rejection of solid celestial spheres”, Vistas Astronomicas 23 (1979) pp. 207-211. • Judith Veronica Field, “Kepler’s rejection of Numerology”, in: B.W. Vickers (ed.), Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance (Cambridge 1984) pp. 273-296. • Judith Veronica Field, “Two mathematical inventions in Kepler’s ’Ad Vitellionem paralipomena”’, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 17 (1986) pp. 449-468.

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• Judith Veronica Field, “What is scientific about a scientific instrument?”, Nuncius III (1988) pp. 3-26. • Judith Veronica Field, Kepler’s geometrical cosmology (London 1988). • Judith Veronica Field, “The relation between geometry and algebra: Cardano and Kepler on the regular heptagon”, in: E. Kessler (ed.), Girolamo Cardano: Philosoph, Naturforscher, Arzt (Wiesbaden 1994) pp. 219-242. • Judith Veronica Field, “Rediscovering the Archimedean polyhedra: Piero della Francesca, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht D¨ urer, Daniele Barbaro, and Johannes Kepler”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 50 (1997) pp. 241-289. • Judith Veronica Field, “Kepler’s mathematization of cosmology”, Acta historiae rerum naturalium necnon technicarum 2 (1998) pp. 27-48. • Veronica Judith Field, “Musical cosmology: Kepler and his readers”, in: John Fauvel (ed.), Music and mathematics (Oxford 2003) pp. 29-44. • Menso Folkerts (ed.), Astronomy as a model for the sciences in early modern times: papers from the International Symposium, Munich, 10-12 March 2003 (Augsburg 2006), with: Volker Bialas, “Zum Stellenwert der Astronomie im fr¨ uhneuzeitlichen globus intellectualis”, pp. 3-14; Robert Alan Hatch, “Nature’s profoundest secret: first inklings, second guesses, second thoughts”, pp. 307-331; Yaakov Zik, “Mathematical instruments: the technological infrastructure of seventeenth century science”, pp. 439-464. • A. Franklin, C. Howson, “Newton and Kepler, a Bayesian approach”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 16 (1985) pp. 379-385. • Karsten Gaulke, Observationes huius Novae Stellae: das Verh¨ altnis von Beobachtung und Hypothese in Johannes Keplers Werk “De Stella Nova” (Stuttgart 2004). ¨ • Angelika Geiger, Wallensteins Astrologie: eine kritische Uberpr¨ ufung der ¨ Uberlieferung nach dem gegenw¨ artigen Quellenbestand (Graz 1983). • Walther Gerlach, M. List, Johannes Kepler: Leben und Werk (M¨ unchen 1966, 1980). • Walther Gerlach, Johannes Kepler zum 400. Geburtstag (M¨ unchen 1972). • Walther Gerlach, Johannes Kepler und die kopernikanische Wende (Halle 1987). • Joshua Gilder, Heavenly intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the murder behind one of history’s greatest scientific discoveries (New York 2004), deutsch: Der Fall Kepler: Mord im Namen der Wissenschaft (Berlin 2006). • W. Gerlach, “Johannes Kepler und die Copernicanische Wende”, Nova Acta Leopoldina (N.F.) 37 (210) (1972). • O. Gingerich, “Johannes Kepler”, in: Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics. Part A (Cambridge 1989) pp. 54-78.

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• Owen Gingerich, The eye of heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler (New York 1993). • E. Goldbeck, Keplers Lehre von der Gravitation. Reprint of the 1896 original (Hildesheim 1980). • Bernard R. Goldstein, “Kepler and Hebrew astronomical tables”, Journal for the History of Astronomy 32 (2001) pp. 130-136. • Bernard R. Goldstein, Giyyˆorˆa Hˆon, “Kepler’s move from orbs to orbit documenting a revolutionary”, Perspectives on Science 13 (2005) pp. 74-111. • Anthony Grafton, Commerce with the classics: ancient books and Renaissance readers (Ann Arbor 1997). • Gerd Graßhoff, “Naturgesetze entscheiden die astronomische Revolution: von Kopernikus bis Kepler”, in: Karin Hartbecke, Christian Sch¨ utte (eds.), Naturgesetze: historisch-systematische Analysen eines wissenschaftlichen Grundbegriffs (Paderborn 2006) pp. 115-137. • R. Haase, “Keplers Weltharmonik in Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft”, Sudhoffs Archiv 57 (1973) pp. 41-70. • Rudolf Hasse, Keplers Weltharmonik heute (Ahlerstedt 1989). • Rudolf Haase, Johannes Keplers Weltharmonik: der Mensch im Geflecht von Musik, Mathematik und Astronomie (M¨ unchen 1998). • Anders Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their Applications before 1750 (New York 1998). • Fernand Hallyn, La structure po´etique du monde: Copernic, Kepler (Paris 1987). • F. Hammer, “Die Astrologie des Johannes Kepler”, Sudhoffs Archiv 55 (1971) pp. 113-135. • Robert Alan Hatch, “Nature’s profoundest secret: first inklings, second guesses, second thought”, in: Astronomy as a model for the sciences in early modern times (Augsburg 2006) pp. 307-331. • K.E. Hofmann, “Johannes Kepler als Mathematiker”, Praxis Mathematicae 13 (1971) pp. 287-293; 318-324. • G. Holton, “Johannes Kepler’s universe: its physics and metaphysics”, American Journal of Physics 24 (1956) pp. 340-351. • Giyyˆorˆa Hˆon, “On Kepler’s awareness of the problem of experimental error”, Annals of Science 44 (1987) pp. 545-591. • Giyyˆorˆa Hˆon, “Fehler und Irrtum - Galilei versus Kepler: der Messfehler bietet einen Zugang zur Geschichte und Philosophie der Physik”, PhysikJournal 4 (2005) pp. 37-42. • Frank Horstmann, “Ein Baustein zur Kepler-Rezeption: Thomas Hobbes’ Physica coelestis”, Studia Leibnitiana 30 (1998) pp. 135-160. • U. Hoyer, “Kepler’s celestial mechanics”, Vistas Astronomicae 23 (1979) pp. 69-74.

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• J¨ urgen H¨ ubner, Die Theologie des Johannes Kepler zwischen Orthodoxie und Naturwissenschaft (T¨ ubingen 1975). • K.-N. Ihmig, “Tr¨agheit und Massenbegriff bei Johannes Kepler”, Philosophia Naturalis 27 (1990) pp. 156-205. • Markus M. Illmer, Die g¨ottliche Mathematik des Johannes Kepler: zur ontologischen Grundlegung des naturwissenschaftlichen Weltbildes (St. Ottilien 1991). • Nicholas Jardine, The birth of history and philosophy of science: Kepler’s defense of Tycho against Ursus’ with essays on its provenance and significance (Cambridge 1984). • Nicholas Jardine, Alain-Philippe Segonds (eds.), La guerre des astronomes: la querelle au sujet de l’origine du syst`eme g´eo-h´eliocentrique `a la fin du XVIe si`ecle, 2 vols. (Paris 2008). • Eberhard Knoblich, “Archimedes, Kepler, and Guldin: the role of proof and analogy”, Mathesis (Berlin 2000) pp. 82-100. • Alexandre Koyr´e, “La gravitation universelle de Kepler `a Newton”, Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences 4 (1951) pp. 638-653. • Alexandre Koyr´e, The astronomical revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli (New York 1992). • Job Kozhamthadam, The discovery of Kepler’s laws: the interaction of science, philosophy, and religion (Notre Dame 1994). • Fritz Krafft, “Keplers Wissenschaftspraxis und -verst¨andnis”, Sudhoffs Archiv 59 (1975) pp. 54-68. • Fritz Krafft, “Astronomie als Gottesdienst. Die Erneuerung der Astronomie durch Johannes Kepler”, in: G¨ unther Hamann (ed.), Der Weg der Naturwissenschaft von Johannes von Gmunden zu Johannes Kepler (Wien 1988) pp. 182-196. • Fritz Krafft, “Erfahrung und Vorurteil im nagturwissenschaftlichen Denken Johannes Keplers”, Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 14 (1991) pp. 7396. • Jesse Kraai, Rheticus heliocentric providence: a study concerning the astrology, astronomy of the sixteenth century (Heidelberg 2001). • Edwin C. Krupp, “Doctoring the stars: Johannes Kepler incorrectly diagnosed a “new” star seen in 1604”, Sky & telescope 108 (2004) pp. 50-51. • Maximilian Lanzinner, “Johannes Kepler - konfessionslos im konfessionellen Zeitalter?”, in: Heterodoxie in der Fr¨ uhen Neuzeit (T¨ ubingen 2006) pp. 201215. • Martha List, Der handschriftliche Nachlaß der Astronomen Johannes Kepler und Tycho Brahe (M¨ unchen 1961). • Anna Maria Lombardi, Johannes Kepler: Einsichten in die himmlische Harmonie (Heidelberg 2000).

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• Anna Maria Lombardi, Keplero: una biografia scientifica (Torino 2008). • J¨ urgen Maaß (ed.), Kepler Symposium Philosophie und Geschichte der Mathematik: Vortr¨ age aus dem Johannes Kepler Symposium 1995 bis 2005 (Linz 2005). • V. Maeyama, “Kepler’s hypothesis vicaria”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 41 (1990) pp. 53-92. • Antoni Malet, “Gregoire, Descartes, Kepler, and the laws of refraction”, Archives internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 40 (125) (1990) pp. 278-304. • A. Malet, “Keplerian illusions: geometrical pictures vs optical images in Kepler’s visual theory”, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 21 (1990) pp. 1-40. • Antoni Malet, “Kepler and the telescope”, Annals of science 60 (2003) pp. 107-136. • Rhonda Martens, Kepler’s philosophy and the new astronomy (Princeton 2000). • Charlotte Methuen, Kepler’s T¨ ubingen: stimulus to a theological mathematics (Aldershot 1998). • Charlotte Methuen, “From sola scriptura to astronomia nova authority, accommodation and reform of astronomy in the work of Johannes Kepler”, in: Science ant theology in the Reformation (2008) pp. 77-93. • David Marshall Miller “O male factum: rectilinearity and Kepler’s discovery of the ellipse” Journal for the History of Astronomy 39 (2008) pp. 43-63. • C.-U. Moulines, “Intertheoretic approximation: the Kepler-Newton case”, Synthese 43 (1980) pp. 387-412. • Ulrich Niederer, “Qualit¨at und Quantit¨at in Keplers Weltharmonik”, in: Wissenschaft zwischen Qualitas und Quantitas (Basel 2003) pp. 91-128. • Isabelle Pantin, “Kepler’s Epitome: new images for an innovative book”, in: Transmitting knowledge (Oxford 2006) pp. 217-237. • Angelo Maria Petroni, I modelli, l’invezione e la conferma: saggio su Keplero, la rivoluzione copernicana e la “New philosophy of science” (Milano 1990). • Franz Pichler (ed.), Von den Planetentheorien zur Himmelsmechanik: die Newtonsche Revolution; Peuerbach-Symposium 2004 (Linz 2004). • A. Postl, “Correspondence between Kepler and Galileo”, Vistas Astronomicas 21 (1977) pp. 325-330. • Sheila J. Rabin, “Was Kepler’s species immateriata substantial?”, Journal for the History of Astronomy 36 (2005) pp. 49-65. • Bernd Reifenberg, Keplers Logarithmen und andere Marburger Fr¨ uhdrucke (Begleitpublikation zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung) (Marburg 2005). • Helmut Reis, “Keplers mysterium Cosmographicum oder Geheimnis der Weltbeschreibung”, in: Das Paradoxon des Ikosaeders (Bonn 2002) pp. 27-

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• Judith Veronica Field, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/ Kepler.html (26 March 2006). Author(s) of this contribution: Claudia von Collani

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