BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMATS A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech—including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are provided below. Book: Single Author

MLA

Ramos, Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005.

APA

Ramos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins. Book: Two or More Authors

MLA

Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005.

APA

Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow. Book: Second or Later Edition

MLA

Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004.

APA

Fishman, S. (2004). The public domain: How to find & use copyright-free writings, music, art, & more (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo. Book: Corporate Author

MLA

Mayo Clinic Health Information. Mayo Clinic Guide to Women’s Cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005.

APA

Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005). Mayo clinic guide to women’s cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information. Book: Anthology or Compilation

MLA

Sloane, Thomas O., ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

APA

Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001). Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chapter in Anthology or Compilation

MLA

Lucas, Stephen E. “Public Speaking.” Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47.

APA

Lucas, S. E. (2001). Public Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press. Signed Magazine Article

MLA

Johnson, Steven. “Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?” Discover July 2005: 38-43.

APA

Johnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you? Discover, 26, 38-43. Unsigned Magazine Article

MLA

“Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail.” Economist 19 Feb. 2005: 70.

APA

Banking for Native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19). Economist, 374, 70. Journal Article, Continuous Pagination

MLA

Molinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. “Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (2005): 380-395.

APA

Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y.S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395. Journal Article, Noncontinuous Pagination

MLA

Gómez, Christina. “Latino Diversity and Political Representation.” Journal of LatinoLatin American Studies 1.2 (2004): 19-32.

APA

Gómez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32. Signed Newspaper Article

MLA

Elliot, Andrea. “In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination.” New York Times 30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13.

APA

Elliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination. New York Times, p. 13A.

Unsigned Newspaper Article

MLA

“Fatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups.” Chicago Tribune 16 May 2005, Midwest ed., sec.1: 6.

APA

Fatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 16). Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6. Signed Newspaper Editorial

MLA

Reyes, Raul A. “Cinco de Mayo and Social Security.” Editorial. USA Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A.

APA

Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security [Editorial]. USA Today, p. 13A. Unsigned Newspaper Editorial

MLA

“Sesame Street’s Private Road.” Editorial. Christian Science Monitor 12 May 2005: 8.

APA

Sesame street’s private road [Editorial]. (2005, May 12). Christian Science Monitor, p. 8. Government Publication

MLA

United States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Indicators of Equal Employment Opportunity—Status and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004.

APA

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Indicators of equal employment opportunity—Status and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Signed Article in Reference Work

MLA

Alvarez-Smith, Alma. “Pantoja, Antonia.” Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Chávez Candelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.

APA

Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Unsigned Article in Reference Work

MLA

“Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart.” African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004.

APA

Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.), African-American political leaders (pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File. Personal Interview

MLA

Velasquez, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005.

APA

A. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005) Letter or E-Mail Communication

MLA

Ahmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005.

APA

M. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005)

Speech or Lecture

MLA

Huang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University of Florida. 25 Feb. 2005.

APA

Huang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution [Lecture]. In Geography 212: Environmental science. University of Florida. Television Program

MLA

“Medical Tourists.” Narr. Bob Simon. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005.

APA

Olian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists [Television broadcast]. In Sixty minutes. New York: Columbia Broadcasting System. Film

MLA

The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004.

APA

Beauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004). The untold story of Emmett Louis Till [Motion picture]. United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York, NY 10022) Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted Online

MLA

Frith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. “The Construction of Beauty: A CrossCultural Analysis of Women’s Magazine Advertising.” Journal of Communication 55.1 (2005): 56-70. 27 Apr. 2005 .

APA

Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Chen, P. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women’s magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from http://joc.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf Article in Online Scholarly Journal

MLA

Kelsey, Kathleen D., and Alan D’souza. “Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: Does Interaction Matter?” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 7.2 (2004): 13 pp. 30 Apr. 2005 .

APA

Kelsey, K. D., & D’souza, A. (2004). Student motivation for learning at a distance: Does interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from http://www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/ kelsey72.html Online Government Publication

MLA

United States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 .

APA

United States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005, February). Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved

May 13, 2005, from http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf Online Newspaper Article

MLA

Wulfhorst, Ellen. “Study: Blogs Haven’t Displaced Media.” Washington Post 16 May 2005. 17 May 2005 .

APA

Wulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs haven’t displaced media. Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from http://www.washingtonpost.com Online Editorial

MLA

Kinsley, Michael. “Remember: You Can’t Swat a Fly With a Computer.” Editorial. Los Angeles Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .

APA

Kinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You can’t swat a fly with a computer [Editorial]. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http://www.latimes.com/news/ opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,1,7723084.column?coll=la-util-op-ed Online Magazine Article

MLA

Herper, Matthew. “Race-Based Medicine Arrives.” Forbes.com 10 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .

APA

Herper, M. (2005, May 10). Race-based medicine arrives. Forbes.com. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http://www.forbes.com/business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html Document Accessed from Online Service

MLA

McCartney, Anthony. “Online Thieves Are Fishing For Suckers.” Tampa Tribune 9 Feb. 2005: 9. Academic Universe: News. Lexis-Nexis. Memorial Library, Madison, WI. 4 June 2005 .

APA

McCartney, A. (2005, February 9). Online thieves are fishing for suckers. Tampa Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2005, from Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe database. Online Document from Broadcast

MLA

“Paleontologist Disputes Altering Discovery.” CNN.com. 2005. Cable News Network. 13 May 2005 .

APA

Paleontologist disputes altering discovery. (2005, May 13). Cable News Network. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/13/ paleontologist.movies.ap/index.html