BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMATS A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech—including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are provided below. Book: Single Author
MLA
Ramos, Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005.
APA
Ramos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins. Book: Two or More Authors
MLA
Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005.
APA
Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow. Book: Second or Later Edition
MLA
Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004.
APA
Fishman, S. (2004). The public domain: How to find & use copyright-free writings, music, art, & more (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo. Book: Corporate Author
MLA
Mayo Clinic Health Information. Mayo Clinic Guide to Women’s Cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005.
APA
Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005). Mayo clinic guide to women’s cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information. Book: Anthology or Compilation
MLA
Sloane, Thomas O., ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
APA
Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001). Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.
Chapter in Anthology or Compilation
MLA
Lucas, Stephen E. “Public Speaking.” Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47.
APA
Lucas, S. E. (2001). Public Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press. Signed Magazine Article
MLA
Johnson, Steven. “Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?” Discover July 2005: 38-43.
APA
Johnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you? Discover, 26, 38-43. Unsigned Magazine Article
MLA
“Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail.” Economist 19 Feb. 2005: 70.
APA
Banking for Native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19). Economist, 374, 70. Journal Article, Continuous Pagination
MLA
Molinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. “Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (2005): 380-395.
APA
Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y.S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395. Journal Article, Noncontinuous Pagination
MLA
Gómez, Christina. “Latino Diversity and Political Representation.” Journal of LatinoLatin American Studies 1.2 (2004): 19-32.
APA
Gómez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32. Signed Newspaper Article
MLA
Elliot, Andrea. “In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination.” New York Times 30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13.
APA
Elliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination. New York Times, p. 13A.
Unsigned Newspaper Article
MLA
“Fatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups.” Chicago Tribune 16 May 2005, Midwest ed., sec.1: 6.
APA
Fatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 16). Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6. Signed Newspaper Editorial
MLA
Reyes, Raul A. “Cinco de Mayo and Social Security.” Editorial. USA Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A.
APA
Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security [Editorial]. USA Today, p. 13A. Unsigned Newspaper Editorial
MLA
“Sesame Street’s Private Road.” Editorial. Christian Science Monitor 12 May 2005: 8.
APA
Sesame street’s private road [Editorial]. (2005, May 12). Christian Science Monitor, p. 8. Government Publication
MLA
United States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Indicators of Equal Employment Opportunity—Status and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004.
APA
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Indicators of equal employment opportunity—Status and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Signed Article in Reference Work
MLA
Alvarez-Smith, Alma. “Pantoja, Antonia.” Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Chávez Candelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.
APA
Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Unsigned Article in Reference Work
MLA
“Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart.” African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004.
APA
Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.), African-American political leaders (pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File. Personal Interview
MLA
Velasquez, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005.
APA
A. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005) Letter or E-Mail Communication
MLA
Ahmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005.
APA
M. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005)
Speech or Lecture
MLA
Huang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University of Florida. 25 Feb. 2005.
APA
Huang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution [Lecture]. In Geography 212: Environmental science. University of Florida. Television Program
MLA
“Medical Tourists.” Narr. Bob Simon. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005.
APA
Olian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists [Television broadcast]. In Sixty minutes. New York: Columbia Broadcasting System. Film
MLA
The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004.
APA
Beauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004). The untold story of Emmett Louis Till [Motion picture]. United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York, NY 10022) Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted Online
MLA
Frith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. “The Construction of Beauty: A CrossCultural Analysis of Women’s Magazine Advertising.” Journal of Communication 55.1 (2005): 56-70. 27 Apr. 2005 .
APA
Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Chen, P. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women’s magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from http://joc.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf Article in Online Scholarly Journal
MLA
Kelsey, Kathleen D., and Alan D’souza. “Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: Does Interaction Matter?” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 7.2 (2004): 13 pp. 30 Apr. 2005 .
APA
Kelsey, K. D., & D’souza, A. (2004). Student motivation for learning at a distance: Does interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from http://www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/ kelsey72.html Online Government Publication
MLA
United States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 .
APA
United States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005, February). Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved
May 13, 2005, from http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf Online Newspaper Article
MLA
Wulfhorst, Ellen. “Study: Blogs Haven’t Displaced Media.” Washington Post 16 May 2005. 17 May 2005 .
APA
Wulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs haven’t displaced media. Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from http://www.washingtonpost.com Online Editorial
MLA
Kinsley, Michael. “Remember: You Can’t Swat a Fly With a Computer.” Editorial. Los Angeles Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .
APA
Kinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You can’t swat a fly with a computer [Editorial]. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http://www.latimes.com/news/ opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,1,7723084.column?coll=la-util-op-ed Online Magazine Article
MLA
Herper, Matthew. “Race-Based Medicine Arrives.” Forbes.com 10 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .
APA
Herper, M. (2005, May 10). Race-based medicine arrives. Forbes.com. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http://www.forbes.com/business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html Document Accessed from Online Service
MLA
McCartney, Anthony. “Online Thieves Are Fishing For Suckers.” Tampa Tribune 9 Feb. 2005: 9. Academic Universe: News. Lexis-Nexis. Memorial Library, Madison, WI. 4 June 2005 .
APA
McCartney, A. (2005, February 9). Online thieves are fishing for suckers. Tampa Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2005, from Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe database. Online Document from Broadcast
MLA
“Paleontologist Disputes Altering Discovery.” CNN.com. 2005. Cable News Network. 13 May 2005 .
APA
Paleontologist disputes altering discovery. (2005, May 13). Cable News Network. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/13/ paleontologist.movies.ap/index.html