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BI 101: Invertebrate Animals

Hornwort- a bryophyte

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Announcements • Lab tomorrow: Invertebrates ( lab worksheet provided) – No prelab

• Extra credit: Mycorestoration at Sequoia creek – Friday June 6th, 2014 3-4pm – the street Coffee culture, Corvallis

• Extra credit: World Oceans Day- beach cleanup – Sunday June 8th – Nye Beach, Newport

Classification The three-domains Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

The six-kingdom system Bacteria

Archaea

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Fungi

Animalia

The traditional five-kingdom system Monera

Protista

Plantae

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(Forams and Radiolarians) Rhizarians

Alveolates

Rhodophyta CHLOROPHYTA

Stramenopile Euglenozoa

AMOEBOZOANS

What are some characteristics animals share? List as many as you can think of. Discuss this in your groups

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Animal Cell

Fungus Cell

Evidence indicates that animals evolved from choanoflagellates (protists) ~ 570 mya • • • •

Single cells Often clonal Heterotroph No specialization or coodination between cells

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Animal Classification 1. DNA sequencing 2. Body Symmetry 3. Presence or absence of body cavity 4. Embyonic Development

Symmetry

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Body Cavity Most bilateral animals have body cavities – Body cavities are fluid-filled cavities between the digestive tube and the outer body wall – Functions: • skeleton, providing support for the body and a framework against which muscles can act • protective buffer between the internal organs and the outside world • They can allow organs to move independently of the body wall

Body Cavity?

epidermis

A No coelom (acoelomate animal)

gut cavity

organs packed between gut and body wall

Fig. 25-4a, p. 405

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Body Cavity? epidermis

B Pseudocoel (pseudocoelomate animal)

gut cavity

unlined body cavity around gut

Fig. 25-4b, p. 405

Body Cavity? epidermis

C Coelom (coelomate animal)

gut cavity

body cavity with a lining (dark blue) derived from mesoderm

Fig. 25-4c, p. 405

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Embryonic Development Protostomes

Blastopore forms mouth first

Deuterostomes Blastopore forms anus first

What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

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Porifora - sponges

• Sessile (Larva motile) • No true tissues or organs • Exhibit asymmetry or radial symmetry • Filter feeders

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Sponge Anatomy epithelial cell

spicules

(water flow out of the sponge)

pore

(water flow into the sponge)

amoeboid cell pore cell

collar cell

(water flow) Fig. 23-5

Sponge filtration/feeding

Collar Cell Collar Cell

http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=T7E1rq7zHLc&feat ure=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =29W77870BgE&list=PLVN5247pO BYcE1Mn_pWHIL9l0sMIx19TI

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Sponges for Breast Cancer Research! • The artificial component called eribulin mesylate imitates an element found in sponges. • It can check cell division, which is a reason of cells to self-damage. • http://www.topnews.com.sg/content/22106-marinesponge-probable-treatment-breast-cancer

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Cnidaria – Sea Anemone • Radial symmetry • Two tissue layers • Filled with water– supports body • Nerve net • Nematocysts -stinging organelles that release toxins

Cnidarian Weaponry: The Cnidocyte trigger filament

trigger nuclei

(b) Cnidocytes

Fig. 23-8

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Cnidaria: Symbiosis Coral is a mutualism between photosynthetic dinoflagellates (protist) and a cniderian (animal) • Algae in coral called zooxanthelle

In many coral species polyps form colonies Cnideria video

Colonial polyps secrete a hard external skeleton of calcium carbonate The skeleton remains after the polyp dies New polyps build on the skeletal remnants of earlier generations

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Platyhelminthes - flatworms • Bilateral symmetry • 3 tissue layers • Cephalization (nerve mass) • True organs and organ systems • Aceolomate (no body cavity) • Parasitic forms but some free living

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Evolved ~500 mya

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Fig. 32-8

Nematoda - Round worms Coelom

Body covering

25,000 (from species ectoderm)

• Exoskeleton (molts)– body coved in a thick cuticle Digestive tract • Psuedocoelom (false (from endoderm) body cavity) • Bilateral worms (a) Coelomate • 3 tissue layers • Unsegmented Pseudocoelom • Parasitic (50%) and free-living (50%)

Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm)

Body covering (from ectoderm) Muscle layer (from mesoderm)

Digestive tract (from endoderm)

(b) Pseudocoelomate

Body covering (from ectoderm)

Tissuefilled region (from

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A Freshwater Nematode posterior end intestine anterior end

ovary

vagina

eggs

mouth

cuticle Fig. 23-25

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Arthropoda– Earth’s most diverse phylum Billions of species! Major groups: • • • •

Crustaceans Myriopods Arachnids Hexapods

Arthropoda Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Exoskeleton= External skeleton Specialized body segments Jointed appendages Bilateral symmetry True coelom (body cavity)

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Arthropoda respiratory system: Trachea

Arthropoda respiratory system: Example: Grasshopper • Spiracles: pores in exoskeleton • Trachea: connect to spiracles, carry oxygen to the body cells

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Arthropoda respiratory system

Arthropod Phylogeny

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Chelicerata 8 legs • Arachnids – spiders, – Mites – Ticks – scorpions

• Horseshoe crabs • Pseudoscorpians

Arthropod Phylogeny

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Crustaceans Rolly pollies– Isopods Lobsters Crayfish Crabs Shrimp Krill Baracles

Arthropod Phylogeny

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Myripoda • Class: Symphyta

• Class: Chilopoda (centipedes)

• Class: Diplopoda (millipeds)

Diplura

Protura

Collembola

Arthropod Phylogeny

Insecta

Hexapoda: Reduction in body segments to 3 Reduction in legs to 6

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Archaegnatha

Diplura

Protura

Collembola

Arthropod Phylogeny

Slverfish: Thysanaura

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Wings! Insecta: mouthparts outside head capsule

Hexapoda: Reduction in body segments to 3 Reduction in legs to 6

Figure 23-19 Segments are fused and specialized in insects antennae head thorax abdomen

compound eye mouth parts

wing

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Specializations for Feeding Grasshoppers (a) – mouth has numerous manipulating and shearing parts for eating vegetation. Flies (b) – has a labium mouth part that has a sponge like end for absorbing nutrients from moist foods. Butterflies & Moths (c) – mouth part is a tube like maxilla for sucking up nectar from flowers. Mosquitoes (d) – have a stylus for piercing their prey to draw blood like a hypodermic needle.

Insect Development

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Discussion Why might it be advantageous for insects to have complete metamorphosis?

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Annelida - segmented worms Fig. 32-8

Coelom

• • • •

Segmented body Bilateral symmetry Digestive tract 3 tissue layers (from endoderm) Coelom (fully enclosed (a) Coelomate body cavity) • Organ systems are more fully developed Pseudocoelom • Decomposers and Digestive tract (from endoderm) Parasites (b) Pseudocoelomate

Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm)

Body covering (from ectoderm)

Body covering (from ectoderm) Muscle layer (from mesoderm)

Tissuefilled region (from mesoderm)

Wall of digestive cavity (from endoderm)

Annelida - segmented worms (c) Acoelomate

• Class: Polychaetes

– Each segment with many hairlike chetae – 12,000 species – Mostly marine

• Class: Clitellata – Earthworms - Oligochaete 10,000 species Terrestrial Decomposers

– Leeches – Hirudinea 700 species Predators or parasites Most freshwater

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Discussion questions 1. How do earthworms differ from tapeworms and planarians?

Discussion questions 1. How do earthworms differ from tapeworms and planarians?

2. How do earthworms differ from nematodes?

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Mollusca Characteristics:

• • • • •

bilateral symmetry Coelomates- true body cavity Unsegmented aquatic & terrestrial possess all organ systems

Mollusca Diversity 2nd most diverse animal group: 93,000 species

Gastropods

Cephalopods

Bivalves

80% of mollusk species • Snails • Slugs • Nudibranchs

Most neurologically advanced Marine predators • Octopus • Squid • Cuttlefish

Aquatic • Clams • Mussels

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Nudibranchs • 3,000 described species • Snails without a shell • Unique lifestyle and defense mechanisms Elysia– the photosynthetic animal (video) Glaucus atlanticus consumes ‘man of war’ jellyfish and puts the nematocytes on its own back!

Nudibranchs The Blue Dragon, Pteraeolidia ianthina, has a symbiosis with dinoflagellates. It also steals the armed tentacles of a sea anemone, a Cniderian, for defense and combat!

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Phylum Echinodermata 6,000 species Includes sand dollars, sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies

Three tissue layers True coelom

Echinodermata characteristics

1. Deuterostomes

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Echinodermata characteristics 2. Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry; adults show radial symmetry

Echinodermata characteristics 3. Endoskeleton (internal skeleton) that sends projections through the skin Composed of calcareous plates or ossicles

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Echinodermata characteristics 4. Water vascular system:  Food and waste transport  Respiration  Locomotion

Discussion question • How do sea urchins and sea stars differ from sea anemones and coral?

VS

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Phylum Chordata Contains both vertebrates AND invertebrates!

All Chordates share four characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Dorsal nerve cord Notochord (Primitive skeleton) Pharyngeal gill slits Post-anal tail

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Animal Diversity

Ancestral

Derived

Radial

Symmetry

Bilateral

0, 2

# of tissue layers

3

1

# gut openings

2

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

Type of coelom

Eucoelomate

Protostome

Type of development Deuterostome

Animal Diversity

Ancestral

Derived

Radial

Symmetry

Bilateral

0, 2

# of tissue layers

3

1

# gut openings

2

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

Type of coelom

Eucoelomate

Protostome

Type of development

Deuterostome

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Animal Diversity

Ancestral

Derived

Radial

Symmetry

Bilateral

0, 2

# of tissue layers

3

1

# gut openings

2

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

Type of coelom

Eucoelomate

Type of development

Protostome

Deuterostome

Animal Diversity III

Ancestral

Derived

Radial

Symmetry

Bilateral

0, 2

# of tissue layers

3

1

# gut openings

2

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

Type of coelom

Eucoelomate

Protostome

Type of development

Deuterostome

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Animal Diversity III

Ancestral

Derived

Radial

Symmetry

Bilateral

0, 2

# of tissue layers

3

1

# gut openings

2

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

Type of coelom

Eucoelomate

Protostome

Type of development Deuterostome

Animal Diversity

Ancestral

Derived

Radial

Symmetry

Bilateral

0, 2

# of tissue layers

3

1

# gut openings

2

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

Type of coelom

Eucoelomate

Protostome

Type of development

Deuterostome

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