BAHN 3.83 - Railway simulation (Introduction)
This short manual is made as an introduction. That makes no claim to completeness, due to the limited size. More detailled information comes from the BAHN help system when the program is running. You can call up the help system at any point in the program by using F1 . If BAHN runs different than written in this book, the error may be in the manual, too. Changes and corrections on the software and documentation are reserved. If you already know an older version of BAHN then please pay attention to the files readme.txt and news.txt. These contain update information and a list of changes. MS-DOS and MS-Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft.
My BAHN registration number: (Please state it when requesting service)
Printing, copying and translation, even in parts, only with the author’s permission
c Jan Bochmann BAHN 3.83 - Introduction °
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Contents 1 Introduction and Installation 1.1 BAHN - What is that? . . . 1.2 Technical requirements . . . 1.3 Installation process . . . . . 1.4 Off we go... . . . . . . . . . 1.5 De-Installation . . . . . . . 2 The 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
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user interface Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviation keys (“hot-keys”) . Modes of view . . . . . . . . . . . Display settings . . . . . . . . . . Zoom (magnify and reduce view) Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Viewing and editing 3.1 Cursor movement . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Building, modifying and clearing 3.3 Selecting graphic symbols . . . . 3.4 Clicking symbols . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Editor and mouse . . . . . . . . . 4 File 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
functions Filenames and file dialogs . . Delete, Load and Save layout Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistics output . . . . . . . Graphics output as PCX file . Keyword/Password protection Terminate program . . . . . .
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5 Trains 5.1 Train set / Vehicles (cars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Routes and train numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Status of a train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Home depot, Going on-duty and off-duty (on/off service) 5.5 Train type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Speed and acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Further parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Create, Edit, Remove and Search trains . . . . . . . . . .
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18 18 18 18 20 20 21 22 22
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6 Editing and Searching 6.1 Information about the netfile (layout) . . . . . 6.2 Edit / alter text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Build connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Rebuild connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Build area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Select an area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Shifting, Cutting, Copying, Inserting, Deleting 6.8 Search for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25
7 Options / Parameters 7.1 Stopping the simulation . . . . . 7.2 Speed of simulation . . . . . . . . 7.3 Simulation time, Auto stop time 7.4 Scale and Grid . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Miscelleanous options . . . . . . 7.6 Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Fonts / Character sets . . . . . . 7.8 Language settings . . . . . . . . .
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26 26 26 26 26 28 28 29 29
8 Information about operation 8.1 Status information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Dispatcher messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Protocolling / Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9 Graphic symbols / Function elements 9.1 General / Driving ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Scenic symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 User-defined symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Graphical versions / designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Simple driving way (without additional data) . . . 9.5.1 Straight way, curves, crossings . . . . . . . 9.5.2 Platforms (lengthenings) . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.3 Bridges and tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Track symbols with additional data . . . . . . . . . 9.6.1 Turnouts (points/switches) . . . . . . . . . 9.6.2 Stops / stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.3 Timing points (termini) . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.4 Depots/carbarns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.5 Track termination, buffers/bumpers . . . . 9.6.6 Signal systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.7 Shunting points (Turning/Reversing points) 9.6.8 Speed restriction sections . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.9 Data change points . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 35 36 38 38 38
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c Jan Bochmann BAHN 3.83 - Introduction °
4 A Use A.1 A.2 A.3
of the software and service Shareware - What is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditions of use (partially) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Program’s author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 39 39 41
B Additional parameters while starting
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C Update of layout files
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D Error messages
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E Index
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List of Figures 1 2 3 4
Bridges and tunnels . . . . . Turnout constructions . . . Directions at turnouts . . . Securing a single line section
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Settings in the status window right above . . . Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keyboard commands for clipboard (selection) Cursor movement by keyboard . . . . . . . . . Letter keys for graphic symbols . . . . . . . . Mouse cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Train states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Train types and train categories . . . . . . . . Accelerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scale of maps and in BAHN (examples) . . . . States of the dispatcher telephone . . . . . . . Parameters while starting . . . . . . . . . . .
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8 9 11 12 14 15 19 20 21 27 29 41
List of Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
c Jan Bochmann BAHN 3.83 - Introduction °
1 1.1
5
Introduction and Installation BAHN - What is that?
BAHN is a program for simulation of railway networks. Originally made for trams or
streetcars, but today it also allows to show train lines. The first published version was BAHN 3.11 for MS-DOS (1993). Into the current version 3.83 there have been worked in countless hints and criticisms of BAHN users. As a model rail enthusiast you often have the problem that you don’t have enough place to build a layout as you like. With BAHN train systems of quite respectable size can be built up and put into motion (eg metro London, Paris or New York, or of the entire rail lines of Saxony). You can assemble trains from a stock of over 6000 different streetcars and other rolling stock in a bright array of colors. But BAHN is not only a simple enlarged model railway: The trains run full-automatic, over 100 trains simultaneously, and largely by schedule. For the hobby traffic engineer BAHN is an interesting thing in any case: If you have been disappointed that your city’s public transportation system doesn’t run often enough, or doesn’t run at all, BAHN lets you see how things could be if you were in charge! The view in the BAHN-world is a mixture of side view and view from top, resulting in a kind of living map. While running the trains you can edit and extend your layout. On the other hand one should proceed with caution when influencing the traffic flow. Otherwise interruptions in traffic flow could occur. ˇ There are many types of European streetcars available (among others: Gotha, CKD, Konstal, ABB, Siemens, Alstom), some in certain colorings. There is a choice of several ¨ locomotives and other rolling stock from certain railways (eg BR, DB/DR, SBB, OBB, SNCB, SNCF, NS, Amtrak), including passenger and freight trains from the days steam to today’s fast trains. The elevated and subway/tube are also represented, further some buses, trolley buses and ships.
1.2
Technical requirements
Minimum configuration: IBM-compatible PC with Intel 80386 CPU (or compatible), 128 Megabyte main memory, 15 MB free hard disk capacity, MS-Windows 98 or higher or compatible system, installed with at least 32768 colors (HIGHCOLOR / 15 bit per pixel), resolution 800x600 pixels Recommended configuration: CPU Intel Pentium or compatible (or higher) with 500 MHz clock (or more), 512 MB main memory, 30 MB free hard disk capacity, mouse (2 buttons), MS-Windows 98 or higher or compatible system, installed with 16.7 Mio colors (24 bit per pixel), resolution 1024x768 pixels, sound card BAHN has been tested using MS-Windows 98, ME, 2000 and XP. Compatible OS also should be usable.
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1.3
Installation process
The CDROM or your hard disk must contain the following files: readme.txt: information, may be additions to the manual b383en.exe: self-extracting archive containing the BAHN software For extracting you need about 15 Megabyte of harddisk space. • Installation from CDROM: Insert the CD and start the b383en.exe file via “Execute/Run”. The program is stored in the directory (folder) English. Do not use the “Install software” function from the Windows system control panel. • Installation from the Internet: In the Internet the software mostly is stored as archive file, ie the files mentioned above are packed to a large single archive. Download the archive and save it somewhere to your hard disk. See the manual or online-help of your web browser for details. If the archive is an executable file (xxx.exe), then run it. After that the files mentioned above should be visible. Then run b383en.exe. If the archive is non-executable, then extract it using a suitable software (eg. WinZip or PkUnzip for the common ZIP file format). Eventually your browser will offer that itself. Afterwards run b383en.exe. b383en.exe starts a Wizard (assistant) for installation. It needs to input or to confirm the path where BAHN should installed to. The path is c:\bahn383 by default, but you can enter a different drive and directory (folder). The needed files will be extracted and copied there. The installation will be completed if no error messages occured.
1.4
Off we go...
Start BAHN by calling the icon from the desktop or from the Windows Start menu. BAHN does not need many memory until no large files will be loaded. If there is not enough memory for loading a layout, then an exiting and starting again of BAHN may help. Also try to close other simultaneously running programs. On startup the program makes itself known with a title picture, which contains the version number. To proceed from the title picture, use the Enter or Return key (denoted ET in what follows) or the left mouse button. The title picture is erased and the actual program begins. Two windows are opened: The upper one is called the Status window, the window below is an Edit window. Initially, in the edit window a small start example runs with one streetcar train. If the edit window is shown maximized, give it the normal size first: Otherwise the Status window will remain invisible. In the center of the edit window a white rectangle can be seen. This is called the cursor, and marks the spot at which you can undertake changes in the network. If the mouse and mouse driver are working, a mouse cursor in the form of a white mouse can also be seen.
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If any error occurs, then an appropriate report is output. After pressing ET or Esc it continues. At any point you can get a help summary of the current actions by pressing the F1 key. If a button marked “Help F1” can be seen, you can left-click this with the mouse and also get help. The key combination Shift+F1 shows a list of all help topics (the help index). If you don’t yet know BAHN then you can best get to know the program by looking at the accompanying networks. To load a layout file, press F3 and select the desired file in the dialog box. Furter, you will find a short introductional text in the “Help” menu at “First Steps”. If the program finds any obstacles, it aborts with an error report (eg “Not enough memory”). A list of the possible error reports with advice is found in appendix D.
1.5
De-Installation
To remove BAHN use the entry “Delete BAHN” in the Windows Start menu or the “Software” icon in the Windows System control. Also you can start the program Unins000.exe in the BAHN folder (mostly c:\bahn383). After de-installation the BAHN folder and some files in it may remain, eg the option file bahn.ini. In that case, delete them manually.
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2
The user interface
The user interfase does not differ from common Windows programs. If you know how to use windows and dialogs of other software, you should not get any problem. But, a few special properties exist. The following sections describe them.
2.1
Windows
At least 2 windows belong to BAHN and are opened on starting the program: The upper one is called the Status window, the other (and larger) is an Edit window. You can alter the positions of the windows by mouse or keyboard. The status window has a fixed height, the width can be set to 800 pixels or to screen width. You can open some edit windows, but there is only one status window. At least one edit window exists. You can change between the windows by F6 , mouse click into a window or by Alt+digit , where digit is a key from 0 to 4 (0 means the status window). The Status window displays some information, eg the simulation time and simulation speed, further the name of the current layout file. In the center of the window the 10 current graphic symbols are shown, at the right there is the dispatcher phone. Above the phone some letters show certain settings (table 1). In difference to edit windows, the status window does not have a menu. Letter (ON/off) A/a C/c I/i L/l T/t V/v W/w B/b D/d X/x O/o #/– N/n G/g M/m R/r U/u
Meaning Animations Display of switching contacts Marking of positions with info text Marking of positions with log point Display of trains and switching signals (“moving graphics”) Display of gravel Display of marking points for water way Display of marking points for road/bus way Display of data change points Display of text in the layout Display of current route of trains in the layout Display of train numbers in the layout Day-night-switching Grid lines Display of marked area Reverse cursor direction while building Acoustic signals (except telephone) Table 1: Settings in the status window right above
The Window Menu serves for managing the windows. You can open up to 4 edit windows for visiting some positions of the current network the same time.
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The windows can overlap. Then the edit windows cover the status window, even when this is active. The Arrange windows function mostly organizes a useful placement (hot-key Shift+F6 ). If you maximize an edit window, you cannot see the status window and its contents. Only the simulation time and speed are shown right above. Additionally, you can open a Clock window. It contains the simulation time only. This window has the so-called “Top most” property, ie it covers all the other windows, even if it is inactive.
2.2
Menus
Most functions are called up via menus (Table 2). Each edit window owns a menu. If the status window is active and you want to open a menu, then at first activate an edit window (hot-key F6 ). Further, in edit windows there is a local menu (“Context menu”), that is opened by the right mouse button or using the menu key (“Application key”). Menu Functions (Overview) File File functions (Load/Save/Outputs/Exit) Edit Editing, Searching View Changing the display (Zoom) Trains Create, edit, delete and show trains Options Program settings Window Open, close and arrange windows Help Help system, information and lists Table 2: Menus
2.3
Abbreviation keys (“hot-keys”)
Several functions can also be called up via so-called “hot-keys”, thereby avoiding the trip via the menus. In the menu entries of these functions there is shown a key or key combination, the so-called “hot-key” or “shortcut-key”. The direct call works by pressing the hot-key, without opening a menu before. You find a list of these key combinations at the back side of this manual. Some of them work only if an edit window is active.
2.4
Modes of view
The functions of the “View” menu change the display in the respective edit window. The menu item Driving way and trains only (hot-key Ctrl+U ) switches off the display of the scenery. Show all turns it on again. “Scenery” means all graphic symbols which do not have a function as driving way. This limitation gives a useful overview in densely built areas. Hide scrollbars resp. Show scrollbars turns the scrollbars on the right and bottom of the edit window off or on again.
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2.5
Display settings
The data in this dialog window are the only ones in the View menu that are valid for all edit windows together. Turning off the display of some elements does not influence their operation, eg for signal contacts, data change points and log points. Details about some options: Mark Infos You can incorporate information texts at any point in the layout, e.g for explaining details. When this option is enabled, the positions in the layout at which info texts are located will be denoted by a blue sign. For locating such info texts, the submenu Search functions contains a function Next info text (Hot-Key Alt+I ). Show train texts (current route resp train number) (hot-Key Ctrl + Y ) If turned on, for all trains the current route, the train number or both are shown. Show train texts on transparent background The data are displayed on a small rectangle as background or without it (“transparently”). Animated graphics (hot-key
Ctrl + Z
)
When this option is turned off, train movements and signal changes are no depicted on the screen. The simulation runs 40%-90% faster. Show animations (hot-key
Ctrl + A
)
Some graphics are animated, e.g smoking chimneys or “living” animals. You can switch them off, to speed up the simulation and save memory. That influences smoking steam locos and blinking signals, too. Show marked area (network part) (hot-key Ctrl + M ) For some operations (eg copy and cut) an area must be marked. That will be done by light gray pixel lines and can be switched ON/OFF here. For using the marked area see Edit menu, 6.6. Use extra graphics for Zoom2 In the magnified views (see 2.6), graphics can be used with higher resolution, ie showing more details. However, that needs more memory space. Such graphics are available for a part of the scenic symbols and vehicles only. For vehicles, you can create and edit these graphics, see 5.8.
2.6
Zoom (magnify and reduce view)
After first start of BAHN the program runs in so-called Standard mode (scale 1:1). That means that you see only a rather small section of the available area, but can see all details. In the “View” menu the display can be magnified and reduced. For changing the display there are the menu items Zoom In (hot-key * ) and Zoom Out (hot-key / ). The normal view is 1:1. Then a simple graphic symbol is 32x16 pixels size. You can magnify this view in 4 steps (2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1). If available and turned on, graphics with more details are displayed (see 2.5). When reduced, a more abstract depiction is used, in which not all details can be seen (similar to the diagrams in railway signalling centres). There are 4 sizes of schematic view: 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16.
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When you continue to reduce the view then the map modes will be used. Here more details will be omitted, eg no signals will be shown. The cursor is shown as a cross in these modes. In the map mode 1:32 one graphic symbol is represented by one pixel. All tracks are shown red, all trains according to their length shown as white dots or snakes. Tracks on roadway are shown paler than tracks on private way. Roads without tracks are shown grey (path brown), water as blue area, trees green, residential houses orange, industrial buildings dark grey and user-defined scenic symbols yellow. If needed, these colors can be changed, see section 7.6). In the modes 1:64, 1:128, 1:256 and 1:512 adjacent graphic symbols are combined. Trains and tracks have highest priority. In these modes the cursor can be set to certain positions only.
2.7
Instances
You can start BAHN multiple and run it simultaneously. In that case we speak of multiple Instances of the program. This can be used for exchanging data between different layouts via the clipboard. All instances except the first one are marked by “BAHN(2)” in the window title lines.
2.8
Clipboard
In some dialog windows you find the buttons “To clipboard” and “From clipboard”. Using the first one you can store current data into the clipboard, to use them again at another position later. The previous contents of the clipboard are deleted, because only one data set can be stored. The second button copies data from the clipboard into the dialog window. Doing so, the clipboard contents remain unchanged. So you can repeat this copy as you like. Both buttons always copy the contents of ALL edit fields in the dialog, independent from eventually selected text! When inserting, the data in the dialog will be overwritten. If you like to copy the (marked) contents of a single edit field to resp. from clipboard, then use the key combinations of MS-Windows (table 3). US keyboard Shift+← Shift+→ Ctrl+C, Ctrl+Ins Ctrl+V, Shift+Ins
German keyboard Umschalt+← Umschalt+→ Strg+C, Strg+Einfg Strg+V, Umschalt+Einfg
function Selecting of text (resp. remove selection) Copy to clipboard Insert from clipboard
Table 3: Keyboard commands for clipboard (selection) You can also interchange data (text) with other programs via the clipboard. But you should use only data that make a sense in the resp. dialog window. Also you can copy whole layout parts into the clipboard and paste them from there, for details look beginning at section 6.6, page 24.
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3
Viewing and editing
The operation of BAHN prefers the keyboard. However, the most actions can be done by mouse also. The section 3.5 gives the differences.
3.1
Cursor movement
The current position of the cursor is shown in the status window as a co-ordinate pair. The co-ordinates (x horizontal, y vertical) move in the range 0 to 16384. The point (0,0) is at Northwest (upper left). As the entire space available for the network cannot be fitted all at once onto the screen, only a section of the network is shown, such that the cursor is always visible. With the cursor keys (arrows) you can move the cursor by one position. As you will soon find out, movement by 1 position is often too slow and tedious. Therefore you can move the cursor by wider steps (table 4). US keyboard
German keyboard
Del
Entf
Ctrl +
←
Strg +
→
Strg +
End Ctrl +
Ende
Pg Up Ctrl +
↑
Pg Down Ctrl +
←
↓
Alt + any arrow
→ Bild ↑ Strg + ↑ Bild ↓ Strg + ↓
Alt + any arrow
function 1 page to West ditto 1 page to East ditto 1 page to North ditto 1 page to South ditto 1 step in the distance of the principal grid lines in the respective direction
Table 4: Cursor movement by keyboard If you get lost, you can set the cursor to a central point of the layout in the most layouts, by the Home key. Furthermore, you can revoke the last cursor movements by using the Backspace (⇐) key. With Ctrl + Backspace (⇐) you can re-instate the movement, if you have revoked too much. In the Edit menu there are the functions Manage positions (hot-key F5 ) and Set cursor position (hot-key Ctrl+F5 ). For each layout, 32 different positions can be stored. That makes it possible to quickly return back there or to be called there at a later time. Additionally one position for the Home key can be recorded. It is recommended to set it to a central node of your network. Further you can set the position of the corners of the editing area and the start position for building connections (see 6.6 resp. 6.3).
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3.2
13
Building, modifying and clearing
Each BAHN-layout consists of single graphic symbols. The function of the different symbols is declared in section 9. To set a graphic symbol into the layout, press one of the digit keys 0 to 9 . That deposits a graphic symbol at the cursor position and moves the cursor by 1 step. The direction depends on the graphic symbol. In the status window, a symbol bar shows which symbol belongs to which key (from 0 to 9 ). Each symbol has a number directly above it. Depositing graphic symbols sometimes does not work, eg when a train stands at the position. For erasing there is no specific function. Instead you simply deposit the empty symbol (area of background color, standard is green) at the respective spot. This symbol can be reached by the 0 key in the most symbol sets.
3.3
Selecting graphic symbols
You can reach other graphic symbols by using the function Graphic symbols on the Edit menu, or by pressing various keys (overview in table on the back side and table 5). The graphic symbols are collected into groups of 10, between that F7 moves in one direction, and F8 in the other. The ten symbols of each group mostly belong together; some symbols appear in several different groups. The order of the graphic symbols in the block of 10 may seem somewhat unlogical to you. Several symbols are present repeatedly, and one behind the other they mostly don’t seem to fit. If you turn on NUM LOCK and use the digit keys on the numeric pad, then the driving way symbols are mostly ordered for creating an anti-clockwise ring (ie in right hand running). As several graphic symbols are not so simple to recognize, the fundamental function of the 10 current graphic symbols is given as text. With F10 you can inspect the exact geometry of track symbols instead. This avoids confusion, because some curves, turnouts and crossings look very similar. Moving serially between symbol groups with F7 or F8 would take much too long, so there’s a division into driving ways, roads, scenic and userdefined symbols. Switch between these groups using the function Graphic symbols of the Edit menu and the key combinations Ctrl+F7 resp. Ctrl+F8 . Whenever driving way elements are selected, then by F9 you can toggle between driving way versions (track with and without road, water way and bus way/road). In the case of scenic features (as buildings, trees, animals), F9 produces a mirror image of the symbol. When building a stretch on the road in 45◦ angle you may need not only the relevant track but also the street edges. Toggle between both by Shift+F9 , and similar by Alt+F9 for the bus ways. Both hot-keys also turn between water way and water areas. Using several letter keys you can switch directly to specific groups of symbols (table 5). When a group is selected to which such a letter is assigned, the letter will be displayed to the left of the designation “F9” in the status window.
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14 Letter
Symbols
A
Platforms (straight) Bridges/Tunnels (Car/motor) roads (no driving way) Depots Rail installations / buildings Water areas (no driving way) Shunting points (Turning points) Halts (stations / stops) Industrial objects Data change points Simple English points (slip points) Speed limit signs Nature symbols (trees) Crossings 45◦ and 90◦ straight Buffers / track terminations / line endings ª-contacts for signal systems Tracks/driving way and crossing 90◦ Signals Timing points User-defined scenic symbols Tracks / simple driving way and curves 45◦ Turnouts 45◦ Houses, single Housing blocks Turnouts 3-way 45◦
B C D E F G H I J K L N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Table 5: Letter keys for graphic symbols
3.4
Clicking symbols
Pressing the ET key opens a dialog window, depending on the graphic symbol at the cursor position. With trains, halts, turnouts (points:GB/switches:US), signal systems and similar objects, you can alter specific parameters or get information about their properties. With most symbols you can input or edit information texts. Should you wish to access a symbol that is located under a train, then try Ctrl+ET .
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3.5
15
Editor and mouse
In BAHN there are different mouse cursors (see table 6). By default, the mouse cursor is represented as a white mouse. In the function Mouse options of the Option menu this can be replaced by an arrow. There are some ways for moving the cursor using the mouse: 1. When you click with the left mouse button on a position in an edit window, the cursor will be placed at this point. 2. Clicking to the scrollbars on the edit windows’ border moves the cursor to the respective direction. The window contents will scroll when the cursor reaches the window’s border (or shortly before). The scrollbars can be turned off in the “View” menu. 3. If the mouse is near to the window’s border, then also pressing the right mouse button moves the cursor. While the mouse cursor is in the appropriate border area, it will be shown as compass card (with arrow to the respective direction). You can brake or deactivate this method using the Mouse Options function. With a double-click (left mouse button) the program proceeds as if you had hit ET , ie it opens a dialog depending on the symbol at this position. For clicking on a train, a single click suffices. By pressing the right mouse button, the context menu is opened. Mouse cursor White mouse Arrow Compass card with arrow Crane Snail
Meaning Normal cursor Normal cursor (other variant) at window border Building mode Waiting
Function Setting the cursor, Clicking graphic symbols, menus a.o. Same as white mouse right mouse button moves cursor Clicking into the layout sets the selected graphic symbol to this position No (please wait, BAHN is busy)
Table 6: Mouse cursors The scrollbars in the status window serve for selecting graphic symbols, similar to the keys shown beneath. Also the symbols right from the scrollbars can be clicked for fast choosing. Clicking on a symbol in the symbol bar turns the mouse cursor into a building machine, that looks like a digger or crane. The clicked symbol is marked with a white frame. If you click with the building machine cursor in the edit window, then the marked graphic symbol is deposited there. So, you can also make network changes and extensions with the mouse. Opening a menu will reinstate the normal mouse cursor. In the status window you can click on the various infos and thereby activate an associated menu function (for example, by clicking on the telephone, the function appears for dealing with dispatcher messages).
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4 4.1
File functions Filenames and file dialogs
BAHN 3.83 has been designed for MS-Windows95 and higher. So it supports long file-
names up to about 250 characters. The names of files and directories (folders) should not contain empty characters (spaces). Also it is not recommended to use special characters like German umlauts. When doing so, BAHN tells a warning, but you may turn off the warning (see 7.5). There is no difference between upper or lower case in MS-Windows, ie it is case insensitive. Examples: c 1999.nt3, dresden 2000.nt3 All dialog windows for input and selection of filenames can be shown in the Windows’ Explorer style, optionally. That results in some restrictions (no display of path, no BAHN help, “Options” button missing) and extensions (direct help, display of details about the files possible). You find the setting in the Options menu (section 7.5).
4.2
Delete, Load and Save layout
The standard file extension is .nt3. This extension does not need to be given. The individual functions: New: Clear all and start again With this command, all available data are cleared, so that you can build a completely new layout. After New the dataset name noname.nt3 is set. Further, the dialog for setting a scale factor (see 7.4) will be invoked. Open/Load: Open and load netfile (hot-key
F3
)
With this function, a file is loaded. In an editline you can enter the name of the file. The two listboxes display the available files and directories (folders). When an error occurs in loading, then an appropriate report is given and the function New is carried out, ie a defective file can not be loaded partially. Before loading files that were created with program versions prior to 3.40, they have to be converted (see appendix C). Save: Store layout to disk (hot-key
F2
)
The current file will be saved without any dialog and thereby possibly overwriting an older version on hard disk or diskette. If the Backup depth is set higher than 0, then the most recent version of the file will not be overwritten, but renamed. It gets file extension .000.nt2. Depending on the backup depth more old versions are stored. They get the extensions .001.nt2, .002.nt2 and so on. At maximum 1000 copies are possible, in case of 0 the backup mode is turned off. The backup depth can be set in the Options menu (see 7.5). If you want a different filename, please use the Save As. In the case that the name is noname.nt3, then Save As will be automatically called.
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Save As: Store file using a new name A dialog window appears, which looks like the one used by Open. You can input the new name, and inspect the existing file names. Further you can change the path, ie drive and directory (folder). At the end of the File menu the last recently used layout names are stored. The maximum number can be set in the Options menu (see 7.5).
4.3
Import
This function loads a layout from a BNA file or merges such data to the current layout. BNA files are text files, similar to a simple programming language. Using them you can transfer data from other co-ordinate systems or from other software, if there is suitable conversion software. Also manual input is possible, using a text editor. The BNA file format is published on the program author’s website.
4.4
Statistics output
Here you can get statistics output about the current layout. Included are train, depot and route lists, departure times at timing points, and further details. The output file is a text file with the filename extension .dat. This file can be read and printed by the most text processors. In the Options menu you find the function for choosing the data which should be reported.
4.5
Graphics output as PCX file
With this, the current layout can be output in the form of a map as a graphic dataset. PCX-format is a bitmap graphics format, which can be processed by many graphics programs. The scale of the map (1:1 to 1:16) is similar to the view in the map mode (1:32 to 1:512). In the Options menu you find the function for setting some output parameters (color / black-white etc.). The function works in the marked area (see 6.6) or in the whole layout if no area has been selected.
4.6
Keyword/Password protection for layout
Using this function, you can give, edit or delete a keyword for the current layout file. So the layout can be protected against changes. BAHN loads and runs such files normally. But before storing the layout, the password must be typed. The change of the password is stored with the next save to disk operation. This function does not work in the unregistered Shareware version.
4.7
Terminate program
BAHN is ended by the menu entry Exit of the File menu or with the hot-key Alt+X .
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5 5.1
Trains Train set / Vehicles (cars)
In BAHN a train is any unit consisting of one or more cars, which can be used on the layout. “Cars” stands for all vehicles, incl. locos, buses, trolley buses and ships. A single loco or coach is a train, too. The train set (make-up) specifies the vehicles and thus defines the view and length of the train. A train can consist of 100 cars at maximum, but the maximum length is limited to 100 driving way symbols. If you use cars which are longer than one symbol then you can couple less cars. Not all vehicles are available at all times, because the memory is limited. First you must use the function Install car fleet of the train menu to install the ones you need. When loading a layout, that is made automatically. The program BAHN handles all vehicles the same, that means you can certainly drive a tram as an express train at 350 km/h, run steam locos on streetcar tracks, buses on the water or ships on rails. The train set of a train can be altered only if the train stands parked in a depot.
5.2
Routes and train numbers
Each train in BAHN is uniquely identified by its route code and its train number. Each train is assigned a fixed route code (base route), under which it is registered and can be found. This route code is generally required for functions of the Train menu. Further a current route code is defined for each train, which is used for decisions eg at turnouts and at timing points. Mostly both designations are the same, but the current route code is changeable underway. You can create, delete, rename and view route codes in the “Routes” dialog box of the Edit menu. Trains are sorted in the same order as the route codes. When renaming a route this order can be altered. To each route code there can be many trains. Names of max. 8 characters are allowed as route code designations. The letters ’A’ to ’Z’, digits ’0’ to ’9’ and the signs ’–’, ’/’, ’ ’ and ’.’ can be used (no accented letters or special characters). Examples: 1 12 407 E7 12E A U5 S75 6/9 500G 2-7 241.1 S1 A The Train number (equiv. German “Kursnummer” in tram operation) is a number in the range 1 to 999 and serves to distinguish between the separate trains of a route. Train numbers don’t have to be sequential, they can certainly have gaps. The train number can be altered underway. Current route code and number of the trains can be displayed in the layout (in normal display mode, see 2.5, page 10).
5.3
Status of a train
Each train has a current status, made up of partial states which are determined and changed by the program. Table 7 shows the partial states.
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Status Shortcut
Explanation
On way ’O’
The train is travelling its current route and serving the stops and timing points in accordance with their times, in so far as they apply to a train of its type and route code. If the train just came on-duty, it might travel, according to its On-duty technique, as a nonrevenue trip to the first applicable timing point. The train is underway but actually blocked by an obstacle. That can be another train or a signal showing “Danger” or an incorrect built line, also a reservation made by another train. When the reason of the blocking disappears, then the train continues to travel. The train is standing and waits a certain time. Then reverts to underway status. This occurs at stops and while shunting.
blocked ’B’
Halt (at stopping pt) ’H’ Halt at Timing point ’T’ Going to depot ’R’
In depot ’D’ STOP ’S’ Coupling status ’C’
The train is standing at a timing point and waiting for the next listed departure time. If before departure time the clock reaches a go-off-duty time for this train, then it will move off at that time. At each junction and shunting point the train seeks the way to the designated depot, otherwise it follows its normal route if the points have no indication towards that depot. At timing points it will not wait for a departure time, but behave like at a stop/station and then travel on. Depending on the off-duty technique the train runs as non-revenue movement. The train is standing in a depot (not necessarily its home depot). You don’t see it when in this status. The train stays where it is, until the STOP status is removed. It needs no CPU time and ignores the automatic into- and out-ofservice mechanism. Steam locos do not smoke. The train waits, until another train approaches from front or rear. Then the trains are coupled together to form a new train. Most data are taken from the train with the lower train-number. Table 7: Train states
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5.4
Home depot, Going on-duty and off-duty (on/off service)
The Home depot is of importance when you deploy a train and when it goes to depot. The name of a registered depot must be given (see 9.6.4). For trains that are not meant to go to depot, you can erase the indication of their home depot after they have been put into service. The go on-duty time determines at what time the train automatically goes into the status on way, and leaves the depot that is indicated against this time. Should the train not be in a depot at this time, it does not change its status. The same applies for the status going-to-depot, ie a train heading for depot does not change its mind on the way. The go off-duty time determines at what time the train goes automatically into status go-to-depot. When and whether the train actually goes into a depot depends on the stretch to be travelled. In the event of the train being at a timing point at this time, it heads off immediately. There is no requirement to give off- and on-duty times: such trains never change their status by themselves. As especially with tram operation there are extras operated in peak periods, you can give up to three sets of on-duty/off-duty times and depots. Thus the train/tram can spend the middle of the day in a depot and be deployed again in the afternoon. It can also be parked in a different depot for an interval. Going on-duty/offduty can be implemented as empty (or non-revenue) movement or as normal journeys. A non-revenue trip runs through stops without stopping.
5.5
Train type
The current train type determines which actions occur at stops and timing points. In addition it is needed for choosing the direction on train type turnouts and for setting the speed at speed-restrictions. The current train type can change at data change points. The base train type serves as storage for the train type and can be altered manually only. All values for the train types are shown in table 8. Train type shortcut ’L’ ’A’ ’E’ ’F’ ’X’ ’G’ ’S’
Recommended train category Local passenger train, regional train, suburban, commuter railway, metro/subway, streetcar, bus Accelerated service Semi-fast, regional fast train Fast (long distance) train, interregional train Express, InterCity/EuroCity, ICE, TGV Goods train / freight train, postal (mail) train Special train, non-revenue movement, transfer, operational trip Table 8: Train types and train categories
These types seem to define a priority, but this is only a question of interpretation: The types ’L’ to ’X’ are equal in handling and rights. G-trains serve only timing points, and go right through stops. Specials do not serve stops or timing points. Compulsory stops are an exception: all trains stop.
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5.6
21
Speed and acceleration
Each train has 3 speed values. The top speed (Vmax ) is the speed at which the train can move. At data change points it may be altered. The target speed (Vtarg ) is the speed the train is allowed to travel in the moment. It can be set eg at speed restriction points, but it never becomes greater than Vmax . The current speed (Vcurr ) is the speed at which the train is moving actually. It is 0 when the train has been stopped. While moving, the current speed is adapted to Vtarg until both are equal. The speed of this adaption depends on the acceleration. Allowed values for speeds are 0.001 to 400 km/h. Each train has two acceleration values. The Speeding up acceleration defines as quick the current speed Vcurr increases while speeding up. The Braking acceleration (or retardation) defines as quick the current speed Vcurr decreases while braking. For both, values from 0.05 to 3.00 m/s2 are valid. Alternatively they can be set to 0.00: In BAHN that means “infinite acceleration”, ie the current speed will change suddenly (compatible with previous BAHN versions). Way of traffic Innercity tram LRT car B80 (Germany) Regional railway service
Acceleration (speeding up) 0.60 m/s2 1.10 m/s2 0.50 m/s2
Retardation 1.00 m/s2 1.30 m/s2 1.00 m/s2
Table 9: Accelerations Dependent on car type and driver’s style accelerations of 1.2 to bis 1.4m/s2 are possible. That is not comfortable for the passengers, ofcourse. Freight trains and ships have low accelerations. In BAHN there is no “Target braking” when stopping, eg before stops or in case of obstacles on the way as signals showing “Danger” or other trains. In that situation the current speed Vcurr is set to 0 immediatly. The braking acceleration is of importance only at speed restrictions. A normal braking before stops and timing points can be done using speed restrictions.
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5.7
Further parameters
Waiting time at stops is given as Stopmin and Stopmax. BAHN selects a value in this range at random (evenly distributed), making the train waiting a different time at any stop. To specify an exact value, set equal the Stopmin and Stopmax values. Any values from 1 to 960 sec can be chosen. For train types ’G’ and ’S’, waiting time is only needed at compulsory stops, and set to (1..1) if none are input. However, at certain stopping points a list of waiting times can be defined alternatively. By means of option keep crossings clear (intersections) the trains try to avoid node points getting tied up. It is recommended to always have this option turned on. Otherwise you need to keep critical nodes problem-free by designing signal systems. The train’s driving way determines at which symbols it can travel. You find details in the 9.1 section. A train is a shuttle train if it should never be split at shunting points. Eg, that is appropriate for multiple units. The shunting length denotes where the train should normally be split at shunting points. That is normally the number of power vehicles, i.e 1. Often this number is not needed at all, as the split position can be fixed at the shunting points. For each train an information text can be given.
5.8
Create, Edit, Remove and Search trains
You find the functions for managing trains in the Train menu: Create train: Create a new train A dialog box appears, for input of train parameters. The button Select train’s cars (specify make-up) opens an appropriate window. There, vehicles can be selected from the installed car fleets (vehicle collections) and coupled together. Also, further vehicle collections can be loaded. The button OK, leave depot now puts the train immediately into service. OK leaves the train in depot status in its home depot. Go on-duty: Leave a depot for service Puts one or more trains into service from a depot. Trains get the new status on way and, provided track and space are available, they set off in the appropriate direction from the depot. Go off-duty: Go to depot for parking Puts a train, or all trains of a route, or all available trains, into the status goingto-depot. At junctions and shunting points the trains will principally follow the direction to their home depot; they will continue along their normal route at junctions where there is no indication towards their depot. When they reach a depot, they go into status in depot i.e disappear from the screen, although they still exist. The function “Go off-duty” is only meaningful if there exist tracks that make it possible to reach a depot. This function is inoperative for trains that are in STOP status or that do not have a home depot.
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Delete train: Remove trains The route code/train number and associated memory are freed, and available for further allocation. This function does not allow erasing a train when out on the track. Edit train: Change train’s parameters, Stop and start train Most parameters of a train can be altered. If you give train number 0, the dialog box Edit train will appear in sequence for each train of the given route code. Even if you exit from the dialog box with Esc you will still be taken through the dialog for the remaining trains. The train set can be altered only for trains in in depot status. Follow: Following and observing a train The location of the chosen train will always be shown on the screen. Manual control of a train is possible. That means that at specific points you can manually control the train’s new driving direction. If required, all info texts that the train passes can be displayed. While train-following, all program functions are available, but it is not useful to build anything, because the screen may switch to another location. If you open more than one edit window, then you can watch a train in one window and edit in another window the same time. The followed train can be held in the middle of the window, but that is only advisable on fast computers. While train watching, the cursor can be turned off by the Esc key. Table: List a table of trains This gives an overview of all trains or of trains belonging to a specific route code or to a depot. From inside the table you can edit single trains and create new ones. Further, a rough overview of the service times is shown. Install car fleet and Remove car fleet: Install/Remove vehicle collections Here you can load and remove collections of vehicles. Only vehicles of installed car fleets are available for assignment to trains. Car list: Table of vehicles currently present / Zoom2-Car-Editor Shows all vehicle types of that at least one is in use in some train. These trains can be displayed. Further, from here you can edit the Zoom2 graphics for vehicles (see 2.5). These are stored in extra files with the .fzz extension. Search for train: To find a certain train, use the functions Table or Follow of the Train menu.
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6 6.1
Editing and Searching Information about the netfile (layout)
To each layout file there belong a title, the author details, and a text of 20000 characters, in which you can enter explanations. Use this possibility, especially if you want to publish layouts. With New these texts are set to “No information available”, “Unknown” resp. You can alter the texts with the menu item Edit Info of the Edit menu.
6.2
Edit / alter text
By the function Edit Text of the Edit menu (hot-key text in the layout at the cursor position.
6.3
Space bar
) you can input or alter
Build connections
This possibility was created for fast building of extended layouts. You can achieve a connection from the cursor position to another point, be it as rail track, road, path or river. In the same way you can erase such a section. Mostly the stretch has to be corrected manually later, because BAHN does not correctly connect the ends of lines. Further, no graphic symbols will be overwritten except empty symbols, resulting in an interrupted connection. Exception: water areas when building water ways.
6.4
Rebuild connections
There you can replace driving way symbols by other driving way. For instance you can give a paved road a new asphalt surface or exchange a bus line to tram service. The function works in the marked area (see 6.6) or in the whole layout if no area has been selected. At the cursor position, the driving way of a single driving symbol can be altered simply by the hot-key F12 or Ctrl + F12 .
6.5
Build area
Here you can let the computer design a landscape (scenery), although, mostly, manual adjustment will be wanted. Building can be around the cursor position, or random in a specific area. Thus in a short time you can create random estates and then get down to the task of joining them up with traffic arteries.
6.6
Select an area
Marking a selected area is needed for some functions. The area is rectangular and is defined by 2 opposite corners. The selection is defined when the marking is ON (function Miscelleanous options of the Options menu, see 2.5, hot-key Ctrl + M ). The both corners are to be set in the context menu or using the Manage positions function of the Edit menu (see 3.1, hot-key F5 ). If the selection is turned on, you can also shift the marking lines by the mouse.
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6.7
25
Shifting, Cutting, Copying, Inserting, Deleting
These complex operations work with areas of unlimited size or with the entire network. However, that may be very time consuming. Activating Shift you can shift the whole layout or a partial area. If no area is selected (marked) then the shifting works with the whole layout. The operations Cut, Copy, Insert and Delete work similar to other programs. The Windows clipboard is used as temporary memory. If no area is selected (marked) then some of the functions don’t work. Using these functions you also can interchange data between different layouts: You can load another layout after copying, or work with more than one BAHN instance. Some data never will be copied, eg no trains. Signal systems are copied only if all elements are inside the selected area. While inserting, all elements with numbers or names get new ones (eg turnouts and timing points). Depots are not inserted if there exists one with the same name.
6.8
Search for...
Text With the function Search text (Submenu “Search” of the Edit menu) you can search for a text in the layout (Hot-Key Ctrl+F ). This finds places, streets, squares etc. if they have been correctly captioned. You can choose if searching in visible texts or in local info texts. Info texts are also reachable with the function Get next info text in the same menu (hot-key Alt+I ). Graphic symbols Also to be found in the “Search” submenu of the Edit menu. Here you can look for the ten graphic symbols that are currently displayed in the status window. Signal systems You can get a list of all signal systems using the function List of signal systems in the Help menu. In addition the Signal system function shows the elements of a certain system (submenu “Search” of the Edit menu). Turnouts All turnouts are shown in the function List of turnouts in the Help menu. Further Turnout searches for a turnout if you know its assigned number (submenu “Search” in the Edit menu). Depots, Timing points, Data change points, Shunting points, Log points The Help menu contains functions that show all these elements. Trains To search trains, use the functions Follow or Table of the Train menu.
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7
Options / Parameters
The “Options” menu offers functions for setting various parameters. The most of them are stored in the option file bahn.ini, so that they will be used again when BAHN is next started.
7.1
Stopping the simulation
The menu entry STOP of the options menu stops the simulation. If the simulation has been stopped, the menu entry shows CONTINUE (in both cases hot-key Alt + S ).
7.2
Speed of simulation
Speed is in the range from 1 (very slow) to 20 (less slow). It can be altered with the entry Speed of the Options menu (hot-keys + / = and – ). Speed is controlled by having time lapse more slowly or quickly: the speed of the trains (in distance units per time unit) is not altered. A simulation speed of 1 is similar the “Real time”, ie the normal clock. A value of 20 means “As fast as possible” and depends on the loading of the computer. The braking multiplier and the setting control via Windows timer are important for speeds 2 to 19 only. This way these can be adjusted altogether, to adapt them to the computer’s speed. “Control via Windows” reduces the CPU’s loading. This is recommended for computers with battery power supply or with overclocked CPU. However, it can result in an irregular display. In this case you should turn off this setting.
7.3
Simulation time, Auto stop time
Both can be altered with the functions Set Time and Auto stop time of the Options menu. Altering the simulation time does not change anything else in the simulation (positions of trains etc.). As a result the schedules will become disordered. Trains at timing points amend their departure time according to the new clock. Depot status is unaffected. If the clock is moved from 5:31 to 6:45, a train that should start service at 5:45 remains in the depot, until the next time it’s 5:45. The auto stop time is a (simulation) clock time at which the simulation is to be ended, and a report output. It can count for more than one day, too. The auto stop time is shown in the status window when simulation is running. Otherwise, this status field shows “STOP”.
7.4
Scale and Grid
Scale is a conversion factor used for time and speed control. It is appropriate to choose the scale of a new network at the start, and not alter it subsequently. On a later change of the scale factor, only the time behavior changes: The trackage is neither streched nor shrunk. This can have severe consequences, because the trains will need another time for running the same number of elements.
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The units of scale are elements (cells) per Kilometer. Values between 2 (500 m or 1640 ft per cell) and 90 (11.1 m or 36.5 ft per cell) are permitted. The scale depends on the size of the area that you want to depict. You need to choose the scale such that the depicted area lies within the available 16384x16384 elements. The Status info dialog in the Help menu shows the scale and the computed size of the network in km1 . Scale of the map 1:10,000 1:20,000 1:20,000 1:20,000 1:20,000 1:25,000 1:30,000 1:50,000 1:100,000 1:100,000 1:100,000 1:200,000 1:200,000 1:200,000 1:200,000
Scale in BAHN [elements/km] 60 30 40 50 60 64 60 64 10 20 64 2 10 20 64
Maximum layout extent [km x km] 273x273 546x546 409x409 327x327 273x273 256x256 273x273 256x256 1638x1638 819x819 256x256 8192x8192 1638x1638 819x819 256x256
Elements in BAHN for 1cm on map 6 6 8 10 12 16 18 32 10 20 64 4 20 40 128
Table 10: Scale of maps and in BAHN (examples) Vehicles and buildings are always depicted at the same size in elements, irrespective of the scale chosen. At a scale of 2 el/km, trains of over 1km length can readily be created. If you are interested in a realistic simulation of traffic flow, then choose trains of suitable length (eg less cars). The vehicles correspond to an approximate scale of 60 to 70 elements per km. To help orientation, grid lines can be shown. You can choose the origin and step size of the grid, which has main divisions and subdivisions. Display of grid lines can be turned on and off with the hot-key Ctrl+G . By means of Alt and the appropriate arrow key, the cursor can be moved by one main division of the grid line in the relevant direction, even when the grid lines are turned off. The function Scale/grid belongs to the Options menu.
1
Translator’s note: If you prefer to think in miles rather than km, you might want to just pretend that the program works in miles. The range of scale factors, vehicle speeds etc. available in the program seem to make this a feasible suggestion. Naturally, you can convert your distances and speeds into metric units if you prefer. You’d need to take this decision, and choose an appropriate scale in elements per (mile or km), before starting to build the network.
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7.5
Miscelleanous options
You find this dialog in the Options menu. Here you can alter the following parameters: Auto-save options on exit When this option is enabled, then the currently selected parameter settings will be written to bahn.ini automatically, when the program is terminated. So these will be set to the same values again when BAHN is next started. Acoustic signals (except phone) Some operational errors are reported via sounds. For that a correct installed sound device and turned-on loudspeakers are required. If the acoustic signals are annoying you can turn off them here. But, for the “ringing” of the dispatcher telephone there is an extra setting (see 8.2). The sounds are stored in WAVE files which must be stored in the same folder (directory) as the bahn383.exe file. The files can be replaced by any other .wav files. You find the assignment and details in the BAHN help at “Acoustic signals”. Reverse cursor direction while building (hot-key Ctrl + R ) When building or erasing graphic symbols, the cursor moves in a direction determined by the respective symbol. However, sometimes the exact opposite movement is preferred. Explorer style file dialogs see 4.1, page 16 Store stopping point options / signal system options When creating such an object, default values are pre-defined. Activating these options results in use of data of the last recently edited object of this kind, instead. Warning before deleting data objects Turn off some warnings when overwriting objects in the layout Warning for dangerous filenames see 4.1, page 16 Backup files per layout see 4.2, page 16 Number of layout file names in the File menu see 4.2, page 17
7.6
Colors
The submenu “Colors” in the Options menu offers functions for setting various colors. E.g useful when dealing with black-and-white screens. Of course, the descriptions in this document and in the BAHN help refer to the standard colors, i.e they are no longer correct if you re-assign the colors. Day-night-switching: Depending on the simulation time, BAHN can alter the colors more darkely. Nevertheless, lamps and windows may light. You can set the begin of dawn, day, dusk and night. Also you can deactivate the day/night feature. For that the hot-key Ctrl+T is available, too.
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7.7
29
Fonts / Character sets
The function for selecting fonts belongs to the Options menu. That changes the appearance of the letters, digits and special characters. The other design (number of lines, size of windows etc) remains unchanged. This is made for adapting to foreign languages which use other codings (eg cyrillic) and for choosing fonts of suitable size. Unfortunately there is no general rule, because the fonts differ between the computers. The available variety depends on the fonts which are installed on the computer. For tables and multiline edit fields only fonts with fixed character size are accepted.
7.8
Language settings
The “Language” submenu in the Options menu makes it possible to adapt BAHN to other languages. You can select a text resource file and a help file. Both must stand in the same folder (directory) as the bahn383.exe file. The text resources contain nearly all texts, which are shown in the windows, dialogs and menus. These resources are stored in files with the .lng extension. A bahn.lng must exist in any case, even when another file has been selected. The help file contains all help texts. Help files have the .hlp extension. You can find .lng- and .hlp-files for BAHN in other languages in the Internet (see appendix A.3).
8 8.1
Information about operation Status information
In the Help menu the function Status Info can be found. It shows statistics (number of trains and many other elements) and details about memory usage.
8.2
Dispatcher messages
BAHN informs you about various operational problems via dispatcher messages. In the
status window right there is a telephone, whose appearance shows if messages have been received (table 11). View (color)
Meaning
GREEN YELLOW(ringing) YELLOW(silent) RED
No messages At least one unseen message has arrived Only messages that you have already seen Too many messages (at maximum 200) New ones will be ignored
Table 11: States of the dispatcher telephone
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Using the function Messages of the Help menu (or hot-key Alt+M ) you can read current messages, and delete them. There are various settings related to the messages, which you can change via the submenu Messages of the Options menu. • Control Here you can determine whether simulation shall stop after arrival of a message, or when the message storage is full. Further, you can turn the acoustic alert on and off. • General, Scheduling, Shunting Here you can turn on or off each type of message. “General” consists of all messages concerned with problems on the track, on signal systems or in operating BAHN.
8.3
Protocolling / Logging
The traffic flow can be reported in text files. These files get a name generated by BAHN automatically: The scheme is BAHN nn.log where “nn” is a number from 00 to 99. The report contains incoming dispatcher messages and passing of log points. The hot-key F11 starts and ends the logging process. While running, the name of the current log file ist shown in the status window’s title line. The function for general settings of logging belongs to the Options menu. A Log point (protocol point) reports all trains to the log file which pass the log point. To each log point a name is assigned. Several log points can have the same name. You can place log points anywhere, but it makes sense on driving ways only. Log points can report incoming, leaving, arrival and departure at stopping and timing points. All events are reported for the train’s head. Log points are marked by a red sign in the layout, inactive ones by a gray sign. You can turn off these signs (see 2.5). The function for editing log points belongs to the Edit menu (Hot-Key Ctrl+P ), the Help menu contains a list of all log points. Further, there is a function Next Log point in the Search submenu.
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31
Graphic symbols / Function elements
9.1
General / Driving ways
The graphic symbols in BAHN can be divided in driving way symbols and scenic (landscape) symbols. Driving ways can be driven in some direction, but scenic symbols never can be driven. There are three different driving ways: tracks (rails), roads/paths (bus lines) and water ways (ship lines). Each train moves only on symbols of its driving way. Tracks on the road are both driving way “track” and driving way “road”. Vehicles with driving way “road” follow the tracks. However, there is an exception for crossings between cars and rail vehicles: If a train with driving way “road” reaches a driving way symbol (on road), where the track is not correctly connected for the train, then it continues moving straight on. This situation is handled like a crossing and makes it easy to build grade crossings. The most driving way symbols exist in several variants: 4 for street running (with and without tracks each) and 4 versions for tracks on private way, separated from the road. Additionally there are a path (road) and the water way. The road and water variants exist with and without borders, that overlap the next symbol. For some driving symbols additional data must be entered for correct operation.
9.2
Scenic symbols
BAHN contains many ready scenic symbols for designing the environment. They consist
of roads (no driving way), railway buildings, industry, nature, residential, animals and others. Some symbols are fitted with small animations.
9.3
User-defined symbols
BAHN supports “user defined” scenic and car symbols. They are stored in extra files, which you can create yourself using a suitable editor (eg B34EDI2 ) Via the User graphics
submenu in the File menu these symbols can be loaded. The files must be located in the same directory (folder) as the layout file. The user defined scenic symbols are up to 1800 graphic symbols without function, that are distributed in 50 files (36 symbols each). These files have the .uzg extension. The user defined vehicles are stored in files with .nfz extenstion or in pairs of .ufg and .uzz files. Each .nfz file can contain up to 10 car fleets with at maximum 16 vehicles each. A pair of .ufg and .uzz files contains up to 10 car fleets with at maximum 8 vehicles each, but maybe less, depending on the car length.
9.4
Graphical versions / designs
For many driving way symbols, there are several graphics or designs. These graphics look different, but do not influence the function. Examples are different kinds of stop signs or signals for right- and left-handed traffic. When building the symbol, the graphic can be 2
Distribution via the BAHN-program author, address see appendix A.3, more software in preparation
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set by a scrollbar, and later you can alter it. The number of available designs depends on the driving way.
9.5 9.5.1
Simple driving way (without additional data) Straight way, curves, crossings
Vehicles follow the driving ways, at curves the driving direction changes. In the event of a track ending or not being correctly connected, an arriving train will stop and wait for you to build onwards. It is not recommended to put incomplete tracks into service. 9.5.2
Platforms (lengthenings)
The station platforms operate as simple driving way. They are useful for better view in stations, to lengthen the platforms of stops and timing points. They exist in straight version and for curves, inside and outside. For many driving symbols with an additional function there exist designs with a platform. 9.5.3
Bridges and tunnels
Tunnels are marked with entry and exit, which must be on the straight. Tunnels can cross, but not overlap in the same direction, except for different driving ways. Within a tunnel, trains are not visible. A train enters a tunnel entry only, if the exit is found and if no other train is inside the tunnel. Bridges in BAHN are simply short tunnels. -
HH j H
HH j H H YH H
H YH H
right
wrong Figure 1: Bridges and tunnels
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9.6 9.6.1
33
Track symbols with additional data Turnouts (points/switches)
BAHN supports simple left and right turnouts with 45◦ angle and some with 90◦ angle.
There are also Y-turnouts (double-45◦ ), 3-way turnouts and slip switches (English points). There are simple and double slip turnouts. These are combinations of a 45◦ crossing and 2 resp. 4 simple turnouts. Additionally there are special 3-way turnouts for separating the driving ways “track” and “road”. Left- and Right turnout 45◦
@ @
³ ¶ Left- and Right turnout 90◦ @ @
Y-turnout
@ @
3-way-turnout
@ @ H H H @ HH @ @H H H @ H
Simple slip turnout (English points)
Double slip turnout (English points)
Figure 2: Turnout constructions The possible driving directions are called direction0, direction1 and direction2. Further, 3-way-turnouts have a direction3. Turnouts can be driven “trailing” or “facing”.
¾
trailing point facing
direction0
*
direction2
-
direction1 Figure 3: Directions at turnouts
When driving trailing, then the new direction is defined uniqely. In BAHN this direction is always direction0. When driving facing, the further direction depends on the turnout type, the additional data of the turnout, if necessary on parameters of the train and on the simulation time.
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BAHN defines 7 turnout types by their function:
Trailing point: These should be driven trailing-point only. Then the driving direction is uniquely defined. However, if driven facing, the train goes direction1. Sprung turnout: Running facing always the same direction is used. Sprung turnouts often appear at the start or end of single-track sections. In practice they are very common in tram tracks, whereas with railways they are rare. Junction/Branching: Decision by current route and eventually by simulation time. Trains going off-duty look with priority for the depot where they go. Alternating turnout: Decision by a numerical relationship. This number ratio controls an internal counter, what determines the driving direction. In the simplest case (1:1) trains alternate between direction1 and direction2. With 2:2 first there would run two trains in direction1, then two in direction2. Random turnout: Choosing a direction at random. The certain directions can get different probabilities. Train type turnout: The current train type determines the driving direction. This also can be “at random” for certain train types. Trains going on- and off-duty can be handled separately. Signal-dependent turnout: Choosing a direction depending on the status of signal systems. If no track free, train waits before the turnout. If more then 1 track free, selection by defined priority or at random. 9.6.2
Stops / stations
These symbols are denoted by a sign beside the driving way. There are versions with small and large signs in different colors, with and without platform. An arriving train waits for a while and then proceeds. By default, the waiting period is taken from the train’s Stop time interval. Alternatively you can enter a list of waiting times, which can be defined for each stop separately. You may specify which train types and routes should stop, and in which direction the stop is valid. A Compulsory stop is defined by marking all train types. Such stops are placed in tram operation at steep downhills. A Double stop can be served the same time by 2 trains standing one after the other. Stopping trains can get a new target speed Vtarg .
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Timing points (termini)
These symbols are denoted by a ’T’ letter. In addition, most of them are similar designed as stops. Timing points are mostly located at termini (end stations), which is why in BAHN versions to 3.20 they were called “End points”. At these points you can lay down the times at which trains shall depart. You have to enter a list with departure times for 24 hours. You can give the departure minutes for each hour, if needed you can give exact seconds. A train arriving at a timing point does not leave until the next listed departure time is reached. You can operate a timetable by this means. The action can be restricted to specific route-codes and time periods. It is possible to have trains change their current route-code at a timing point. Trains for that the timing point is inoperative can run through optionally, or stop as at a normal stop. Waiting trains can get a new target speed Vtarg . Timing points can count a certain number of failed departures. If trains will arrive later, then they only will stop shortly, to compensate the fault. You can set the maximum value and up to 3 reset times for the counter. The reset times prevent transmission of faults to a longer period (eg the next day). If you assign the same name to several timing points, then these are combined into a single timing point with multiple tracks. Then at each assigned time, just one train departs, chosen in the order in which they arrived (“first-in-first-out principle”, FIFO). 9.6.4
Depots/carbarns
A depot (carbarn) is a point where trains can be created and parked. Depicted normally as a hall, out of which a driving way can lead on two sides. On private way there are pseudo-depots instead, marked only by a working pit or the letter ’D’. A depot must be assigned a name (become registered), before it can be used: put the cursor on the depot and hit ET . Now you can enter the name and further parameters. Use ’A’ to ’Z’, ’0’ to ’9’ and ’–’, ’/’, ’ ’, ’.’, i.e no accented letters or special characters. The length is limited to 8 characters. You can rename or erase depots. After erasing the depot cannot be used for trains, and all references to the depot at turnouts and shunting points will deleted. When renaming, all references will get the new name, too. That is valid for turnouts and shunting points as well as for the train’s home depots and off-duty/on-duty depots. Depots can be associated with signal systems, in order to avoid collisions when entering or leaving. 9.6.5
Track termination, buffers/bumpers
These are shown on street tracks as a straight section with a red plate, on private way as buffers. For roadway there is a traffic sign with barrier, on water a yellow buoy. On reaching a track termination, the train proceeds backwards. That is appropriate for shuttle operation with multiple units, for turnaround at terminal stations, or for tram turning wyes. The section that is operated in both directions should be protected with a signal system. You can set a reversing time, for which the the train stands in Halt status.
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Signal systems
Operation Can be used for securing all sections that may only be used by a specific number of trains (mostly one) at a time, eg single track sections, turning wyes or block sections. Furthermore, rail/road crossings (level/grade crossings) can be protected, and timetables imposed (similar to timing points). The signal systems can be switched automatically by the trains, as is usual with tramways or with railways using automatic block sections. They can also be time dependent, and it is possible to combine both together. Signal systems consist of signals and switch contacts. Signals can show “Proceed” or “Danger”. Depending on the design, they stand to the right or to the left of the train’s direction of travel. They block only one direction. Off-contacts are denoted by a ª and arrows denoting the direction in which they act. On-contacts are marked ⊕. Additionally, signals can act as ⊕-contacts. Further, all elements can act as ª-contact when passed in the reverse direction. Signal for grade crossing are an exception: These do not have any switching effect. Each signal system consists of at least one element, but mostly of several signals and contacts. At most there can be 255 elements per system. Each signal system has a counter. When an on-switch element is passed, the counter is stepped up by one. When a element with off-switch effect is passed, the counter is decreased by 1. Either trains or vehicles can be counted. In both cases the counting operation occurs when the part to be counted moves onto the graphic symbol with the signal system element, i.e not the last axle. The effect of the elements can be restricted to trains of certain routes and going offduty to certain depots. If a switching-effect is set, then it can turn back after a “switching back time” automatically. When a time list is specified, then counter operations are also performed at the listed times. If the time list contains a “switching back time”, the switching operation will reverted at the times which can be calculated as value from the list + switching back time. Each signal system has a “max trains or vehicles” number specified. When the counter reaches this value, all signals of this installation are set to “danger”. When the counter is smaller than this number, then the signals of the installation switch to “proceed”. So the signals always show “proceed” when the line is free, ie not only when a train approaches. Therefore you often will find many more free signals in BAHN than in reality. It is simple to set the counter to 0 or to the maximum value: Put the cursor on any element of the signal system and hit the hot-key F4 . If the counter is 0 it will be set to its max value; otherwise it’s set to 0. Each signal installation has a number. Each number can be allocated once only, to unambiguously identify the installation. BAHN allocates the numbers automatically, but you can alter them. In addition depots can be associated with signal systems. To do so you have to enter the number of the signal system at the depot. Such depot effects like a combination of signal, ⊕- and ª-contact. Furthermore there are signal-dependent turnouts, where the driving direction depends on the status of one or more signal systems.
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OFF-contact1
m m
Signal1
Signal2
@ I @
@ -
Turnout1
-
Turnout2
m m
-
OFF-contact2
Parameters: Count trains (number of cars per train is unimportant) Maximum counter value = 1 Maximum train number = 1 (at maximum 1 train in the section) Counter = 0 if free (start) resp. = 1 if blocked (1 train) Both turnouts are sprung turnouts. Figure 4: Securing a single line section Construction of a new signal system When you construct a signal symbol anywhere, you will be asked whether you want to build a new signal system. Reply in the affirmative, and complete the installation with all the required elements. The signal installation is now complete, but still inactive, i.e switched off. Place the cursor on any element of the signal system and hit the ET key (or double mouse click with normal mouse cursor). A dialog window appears, in which you operate the button “Put into service”. Thus the system will be made active and can fulfil its purpose. Now you may construct another signal installation in the same fashion. Altering or demolishing a signal system In order to alter an existing signal system, you first must take it out of service (set it inactive). That is again done with clicking on any element of the system. Note that at most one signal system can be inactive. All inputs or erasures of signals or contacts relate to the inactive system. On erasing the last element of a signal system, the system disappears entirely, and there is no longer any signal system inactive. For altering single parameters of a signal system (eg graphical design of an element) you don’t need to set it inactive before. To get an overview of the elements of the inactive signal system, use the function signal system of the submenu Search functions in the Edit menu. In the function Signal system list of the Help menu you get information about all signal systems. The design of single line sections and signal systems is not easy, and while doing so errors are made often. It is sensible to run a single test train over a newly built section first, to verify the correct operation on the screen.
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Shunting points (Turning/Reversing points)
These are recognized by a blue sign with the letter ’H’. In contrast to track termination, not all trains reverse here. You get to specify which routes turn and at which times - all other trains continue ahead. According to the shunting options chosen, trains can be split and re-coupled. The terms “Front train part” and “Rear train part” are defined according to the driving direction when arriving. 9.6.8
Speed restriction sections
You can define speed limits for individual sections. Depending on the driving way, there is wide variety of signs (graphical designs). The value “0” terminates the limitation, ie from here travelling is allowed with Vmax . All signs apply when the train’s head arrives there. In this moment the train begins to brake resp. to accelerate. The maximum speeds can be set for each train type separately. Trains that go on-duty or off-duty as non-revenue trip, can be handled as special trains. 9.6.9
Data change points
Denoted by a green sign with the letter ’D’. At this point, trains can change some parameters. The changes are made depending on current route-code and time period. If giving intervals, the 2nd minute belongs to the interval completely.
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A
39
Use of the software and service
A.1
Shareware - What is it?
The BAHN program is Shareware. Shareware is test-before-pay-software: You can try these programs for a certain period without paying. Only the (low) cost for the download or for a shareware CDROM are needed, but the programmers get nothing from this money. These amounts are for the distribution service only and are not a payment for the software. After the shareware trial period it is needed to enter registration number and password (key word) to unlock the program for further use. You will get these data from the program’s author or from someone who is authorized by the program’s author, after paying the registration fee. In case of selling “Registered full versions” you get the data together with the software.
A.2
Conditions of use (partially)
1. BAHN can be tested for a Shareware trial period of 92 days. In that time its operation is nearly no limited. After, some functions will be locked. You can unlock them by entering your registration data. This makes the program a “Registered full version”. The “Register” function belongs to the File menu. 2. Private Users: Please send a user fee to the author (address see appendix A.3) or transmit it to one of the accounts indicated below. We accept traveller’s checks (Amex, J.Cook; any currency, rounded). You can also send cash (Euro or foreign, rounded), stamps (German) or Postal Check. Current details about paying from out of Germany and/or by credit card can be found on the author’s website. 3. You can get information about current user fees at the author’s website. There may be special offers for upgrades, pupils and certain countries, also with limitations in time or country. Additional offers for registered users only are possible, too. 4. If you think that BAHN is worth more, please pay what you think it is worth. 5. There is no registration form, as many users write long e-mails or letters which would not fit on the form. Any size paper is acceptable. More important is readable handwriting! You may write in English too. 6. Registered users will receive information on updates, etc. To do so, we must store your address data (at least e-mail). These data serve for managing only, they are stored encoded and not published to 3rd parties. Phone numbers are neither stored nor used. Alternatively you can tell us not to store your data (“anonymous registration”). In that case you will not receive update information. 7. The registered version can be installed on more than one computer, but only one person is allowed to use it at any time. 8. CDROMs will be sent in a simple envelope - for ecological as well as economic reasons. Losses have not been a problem. Damaged disks will be replaced. 9. For the shipping of data media there are additional costs.
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10. If you want to use BAHN in any commercial way, please contact the author. Commercial use includes, but is not limited to, use for advertisement, instruction or resale - either as a stand-alone product or bundled with other programs. 11. Please feel free to copy the program and distribute it to others, provided you include the documentation files *.txt. Please do not alter in any way either the program or accompanying documentation. 12. No liability is accepted for any kind of damages or loss of hardware, software or data, incurred as a result of using this program. Responsibility is limited to the payed registration fee, at maximum. However, if you registered BAHN then we must assume you have tested the shareware version and found it suitable for your system and requirements. We cannot provide refunds for registration if you later change your mind, because there is no way to make you forget the keyword. Every effort has been made to make the program reliable. It has been thoroughly tested over a period of several months. Despite this, the possibility of errors remains. If you are not sure if BAHN runs correctly on your computer then do not use it. 13. If you experience a problem, that you think is a bug, please contact the author. Explain the circumstances that led to the problem and whether you were able to repeat the problem. Wire transfers: Bank (Germany) Dresdner Bank (Dresden) Postbank Leipzig Sparkasse Chemnitz
Bank code (BLZ) 850 800 00 860 100 90 870 500 00
Account 05 358 450 00 226 830 901 455 202 68 58
Bank (international) Dresdner Bank AG Postbank AG Sparkasse Chemnitz
SWIFT-BIC DRES DE FF PBNK DE FF CHEK DE 81XXX
IBAN DE47 8508 0000 0535 8450 00 DE69 8601 0090 0226 8309 01 DE83 8705 0000 4552 0268 58
Please state “Jan Bochmann” as the account’s owner. ! Important when wiring money to author’s accounts: Your address must be in the field: “Intention for use” of the transmission form. It is strongly advised that you also send an e-mail or letter stating the details of the transfer, because the banks often transfer incomplete or broken data.
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A.3
41
Program’s author
Up to date info on the WWW:
http://www.jbss.de
E-mail:
[email protected]
Standard mail:
Jan Bochmann, PF 32 02 53, D-01014 Dresden, Germany/Deutschland
Because of the small registration fees it is impossible to establish a phone support hotline.
B
Additional parameters while starting
When starting BAHN, some additional parameters can be given. These must be typed at “Program properties”, see your Windows manuals for details. All switches can begin with “–” instead “/” and should be separated by space characters. Parameter File name (layout) /? or /H /LE or /LD or /LFR, /LNL, /LPL /N /Q /TNR=number /NFC /STOP
Meaning Load a netfile immediatly after starting (extension .nt3 can be omitted) Shows all valid parameters Output at “/?” and in case of start errors English/German/French/Dutch/Polish Start without the small example Start without title picture Show a certain title picture No file self test when starting After start change to STOP status Table 12: Parameters while starting
C
Update of layout files
BAHN 3.83 reads files which have been created by older BAHN versions from 3.40 upwards. If you loaded such file then, when first saving, BAHN will tell you about saving in BAHN 3.83 file format. After doing so the file cannot be read by older BAHN versions. BAHN 3.83 can not read files created by older program versions than 3.40. The most
layout files of 3.11a/3.20 versions have been updated and you can get these via Internet. But if you have changed files or created new layouts, then these data have to be converted first. For that the program konvnt3.exe and an older BAHN version may be needed. You find more information about in the layouts.txt file.
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Error messages
The following list contains errors only, which can occur at program start and result in aborting the program. You can get information about error reports while program execution via the BAHN Help system (hit F1 key or click “Help F1” button with left mouse button). After some of the following errors, the program can start up nevertheless, but be prepared for problems during execution. • 1..14,25 Out of memory for... (Insufficient memory) Make sure that as much as possible main memory can be used by BAHN. Exit all nonneeded programs and close open windows. Minimizing of windows does not help. Follow the hints in your Windows manuals to make available more memory. Extend the main memory of your computer by inserting additional memory chips. • 21 File not found: bahn.gzg (dataset not found) This file needs to exist and be in the same directory (folder) as bahn383.exe. Otherwise you cannot run BAHN. • 22,23 File damaged: bahn.gzg (dataset defective) Could be defective, or from a different version of BAHN. Get a correct file (eg from a security copy) and copy this into the directory (folder) where bahn383.exe is to be found. • 24,32..34,46..48,56,67..73 as 21..23, but other file name bahn.??? Proceed as for errors 21..23. • 52,53 bahn383.exe damaged (defective file) The file is damaged. If caused by a virus, then the virus already is active! Restart your computer and run a virus test program. In any case you should erase the defective bahn383.exe file and replace it with a correct one (eg from a security copy). This message can also occur, if bahn383.exe has been processed with a so-called “EXE-packer”. The file has been changed, and BAHN cannot recognize the cause. You could then start BAHN with the “/NFC” switch, to suppress the self-test. • 85 At least Windows 98 needed BAHN needs MS-Windows 98 or higher or a compatible system (eg Windows ME, 2k, XP). With older Windows systems BAHN does not work. • 86 No timer available Timer are a limited Windows resource. Exit other programs and try it again. Minimizing of windows does not help.
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Index
Abbreviation keys, 9 Acceleration, 21 Acoustic signals, 8, 28, 30 Altering the layout, 13 Alternating turnout, 34 Animated graphics, 10 Animation, 8, 10 Author (of the software), 41 Author of a layout, 24 Auto stop time, 26 Backup files, 16, 28 bahn.ini, 7, 26, 28 BNA file, 17 Braking, 21 Braking multiplier, 26 Branching turnout, 34 Bridge, 32 Build Area, 24 Signal system, 36 Single symbols, 13 Stretch, 24 Bus, 18 Car (vehicle), 10, 18, 23, 31 Car fleet, 22 Character set, 29 Clipboard, 11, 25 Clock window, 9 Colors, 28 Compulsory stop, 20, 22, 34 Contact, 8, 10, 36 Context menu, 9, 15, 24 Copying in the layout, 25 Cursor, 6, 8, 23, 28 Movement, 12 Store and set position, 12 Data change point, 8, 21, 25, 38 Day-night-switching, 8, 28 De-Installation BAHN, 7 Car fleet, 23
Delete current data, 16 Depot, 20, 25, 34–36 Design of driving way, 31, 32, 34–38 Dispatcher messages, 8, 15, 29, 30 Driving way, 8, 9, 22, 24, 31–33 Editing the layout, 13 Edit window, 6, 8–10 English points, 33 Erasing in the layout, 13 Errors, 42 ET key (Enter key), 6 Explorer style, 16, 28 Facing direction, 33 Finding, 25 Follow a train, 23 Font, 29 Go off-duty (parking), 20, 34 Go on-duty (in service), 20, 34 Graphical design of driving way, 31, 32, 34–38 Graphics output, 17 Graphic symbol, 10, 31 Search for, 25 Select, 13 User-defined, 11, 13, 31 Gravel, 8 Grid lines, 8, 26 Hardware, 5 Head line (title), 24 Home depot, 20, 35 Hot-keys, 9 Import, 17 Information text, 8, 10, 23, 25 Installation BAHN, 6 Car fleet, 18, 22, 23 Instance, 11, 25 Junction turnout, 34
44 Keep crossings free, 22 KONVNT3.EXE, 41 Letters for graphic symbol groups, 13 Load netfile, 16, 18 Log point, 8, 10, 25, 30 Map mode, 10, 17 Mark area, 8, 10, 12, 17, 24 Menu Local, 9, 15 Menus, 9 Messages, 29 Mouse, 9, 15, 24 Cursor, 15 Moving graphics, 8 Non-revenue trip, 19, 20, 38 Option file, 7, 26, 28 PCX output, 17 Points, 33 Program’s author, 41 Protocolling, 30 Random turnout, 34 Registration, 39 Return key, 6 Route, 8, 10, 18, 34, 35, 38 Save netfile, 16 Scale, 26 Searching, 25 Select editing area, 8, 10, 12, 17, 24 Service address, 41 Shareware, 17, 39 Shifting in the layout, 25 Ship, 18, 21 Shortcut-keys, 9 Shunting point, 22, 25, 38 Shuttle train, 22 Signal-dependent turnout, 34, 36 Signalanlage, 10 Signal system, 10, 34, 36 Search for, 25 Simulation time, 9, 26, 28, 35 Slip points, 33
c Jan Bochmann BAHN 3.83 - Introduction ° Speed of a train, 21, 38 of the simulation, 26 Speeding-up, 21 Speed restriction, 21, 38 Sprung turnout, 34 Standard mode, 10 Statistics output, 17 Status window, 6, 8 Stop the simulation, 26 train status, 19, 23 Stop / station, 20, 22, 34 Stop time interval, 22, 34 Switch, 33 Switch contact, 8, 10, 36 Switches (command line), 41 Text in other languages, 29 in the layout, 8, 24, 25 Time, 9, 26, 28, 35 Timing point, 25, 35 Track symbol, 31 Trailing-point direction, 33 Trailing-point turnout, 34 Train, 18 Search for, 25 Train managing functions, 22 Train number, 8, 10, 18 Train set, 18 Train status, 18 Train type, 20, 34, 38 Train type turnout, 34 Trolley bus, 18 Tunnel, 32 Turning point, 38 Turnout, 33 Vehicle (car), 10, 18, 23, 31 Watching a train, 23 Zoom mode, 10, 23
