"4 Analytical Biogeography AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT DISTRIBUTIONS
Edited by
A.A. MYERS and
P.S. GILLER
London
New York
-CHAPMAN AND HALL-
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE PART I
BIOGEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES
1
PROCESS, PATTERN AND SCALE IN BIOGEOGRAPHY A.A. Myers and P.S. Giller
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Introduction Processes Pattern analysis Scale
PART II
BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS Introduction
A.A. Myers and P.S. Giller
2
BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS: A PERCEPTUAL OVERVIEW B.R. Rosen
2.1 2.2 2.3
Introduction Patterns Approaches to biogeography Aims of biogeography: a question of levels Pure biogeography: the biogeographical system Levels, and their implications for historical patterns Summary and conclusions
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3
SPECIES DIVERSITY J.H. Brown
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Introduction Definition and measurement The patterns Hypotheses Evaluation of hypotheses Conclusions
IX
xi
3 4 5 10
15
23 24 28 31 36 52 53
57
58 60 68 72 88
vi
Contents
4
RELATIONSHIP OF SPECIES NUMBER TO AREA, DISTANCE AND OTHER VARIABLES M. Williamson
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5
, Introduction Description of the phenomena Explanation of the species-area effect The nature of environmental heterogeneity The effect of other variables on the species-area relationship Consequences of the species-area effect
91 92 99 106 110 114
ENDEMISM: A BOTANICAL PERSPECTIVE /. Major
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7
Introduction Biogeographical significance A measure of endemism Extent of and ecological variation in endemism Endemism from various viewpoints Endemism in contemporary biogeography The future
117 118 120 122 133 145 146
PART III BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN BIOGEOGRAPHY Introduction
A.A. Myers and P.S. Giller
6
ADAPTATION P.A. Parsons
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
What is adaptation? Species' distributions Comparisons among species. Mole rats - a transition to the genetic level Variation within species Adaptation and stressful environments Conclusion Summary
7
149
165 167 170 173 175 180 183 184
SPECIATION N.H. Barton
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
Introduction The nature of species Modes of speciation Biogeography and speciation Conclusions
Introduction Background Community characteristics Species' characteristics Complementarities in species' distributions and abundances: bridging the community and individualspecies approaches Conclusion
9.6
PART IV BIOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION Introduction A.A. Myers and P.S. Giller 10
Introduction Phylogenetic biogeography Vicariance biogeography Dispersal biogeography Significance of fossils to biogeographic hypothesis Conclusions
311 314 324 341
343 348 348 356 366 368
Vlll
contents
12
CLADISTIC BIOGEOGRAPHY C.J. Humphries, P.Y. Ladiges, M. Roos andM. Zandee
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5
Introduction Cladistics and biogeography Applications of cladistics to biogeography Cladistic biogeography Conclusions
13
PANBIOGEOGRAPHY: METHOD AND SYNTHESIS IN BIOGEOGRAPHY
371 372 377 394 404
R. Craw
13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5
Space-time and biogeography: philosophical considerations Panbiogeography and phylogeny Spatial analysis in biogeography Dispersal, vicariance and panbiogeographic models of Southern Hemisphere and New Zealand biogeography: a comparison Conclusions
14
FROM FOSSILS TO EARTH HISTORY: APPLIED HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY B.R. Rosen
14.1
Relevant parts of the biogeographical system and overview of methods Constraints Methods based on distributional change Methods based on originations Discussion Conclusions
14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 15
405 407 409
417 434
437 441 449 469 473 478
EXPERIMENTAL ISLAND' BIOGEOGRAPHY A. Schoener
15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4
Introduction An equilibrium theory Implications of island biogeography theory Summary
