Fri 23 January 2009, 4th class meeting
- Biogeography - Biodiversity Please read: E.O.Wilson Excerpt
Fri: Dillard Chapter Mon: Song of the Dodo Excerpt
Environmental Biology (ECOL 206) University of Arizona, spring 2009
Kevin Bonine, Ph.D. Tuan Cao, Graduate TA Mary Jane Epps, Graduate TA
Current Events Assignment 1st one due Today 9am -See Syllabus for Details -See Rubric on Course Website
Evolution & Ecology • Evidence • Energy • Ethics & Equality • Economics
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Questions 2
(23 Jan 2009)
• Define Adiabatic Cooling. • Why does Mt Lemmon get more rain than Tucson? • Why is the west coast of Washington quite wet and the eastern part a high desert? • Differentiate between habitat & niche. • Explain why there are seasons. • Why might you find a species in its realized niche and not its fundamental niche? • How does resource partitioning facilitate species coexistence. How are these related to the above question? • How do interference and exploitation competition differ? • Define Biological Evolution. 3
Annie Dillard 1974 Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
What is Fecundity?
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Biogeography Study of the geographic distribution of species. What is dispersal? What is vicariance?
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Biogeographic Realms
Holarctic
Gondwana (Pangaea)
Zug et al. 2001
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Quiz: Name, Date, Lab Day 1. How do continental and oceanic islands differ? (3 points) 2. Do frogs disperse well to islands, why or why not? (3 points) 3. Which has more endemic species, Madagascar or Bali? (2 points) 4. What two factors seem to determine how many species are on islands? (2 points)
Island Biogeography
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Bali
Madagascar
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Island Biogeography
Quammen Excerpt from Song of the Dodo (p.52-55) Lyell Wallace Darwin MacArthur Wilson
Frogs vs. Birds dispersal Oceanic vs. Continental succession Size, Age, Distance ~equilibrium 9
What is Endemism?
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Dispersal
Tarbuck and Lutgens 1999
Vicariance 11
Islands, especially Continental, affected by: - Plate tectonics - Climate (glaciation, drought) - Sea level
Connectivity
Pough et al. 2004
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Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography
VanDyke 2003
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What is Adaptive Radiation?
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Adaptive Radiation
http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/mockingbird.html 15
Galapagos Humboldt Current
Pough et al. 2004
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Daphne Major, Peter and Rosemary Grant, Princeton
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http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.html
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Darwin’s Finches
Galapagos, Ecuador
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Fernandina
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Pangaea
Laurasia
Gondwana Holarctic
Zug et al. 2001
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Alfred Wegener, winter 1912-1913 Crustal Plates moving 1-12 cm / year 23
Plate Tectonics – not fully accepted until 1960s
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Campbell 1993
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Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913)
Pough et al. 2004
Wallace’s Line Æ Weber’s Line
Sulawesi
Sunda shelf
Sahul Shelf 26
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Dispersal Ability
Pough et al. 2004
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Dispersal Ability (Isolation by Distance)
Pough et al. 2004
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Biodiversity Biological Diversity = variation of life at all levels of biological organization 1. genetic diversity - diversity of genes within a species. 2. species diversity - diversity of species in an ecosystem. 3. ecosystem diversity - diversity of ecosystems. Diversity of habitat in a given unit area. 29
Biodiversity (Biological Diversity) “structural and functional variety of life forms at genetic, population, community, and ecosystem levels”
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o Ev
io n lut
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h art E n eo f i L
Miller 2003
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Sarcosuchus imperator, ('flesh crocodile emperor') was a super-crocodile that lived in Africa some 100 million years ago. It was up to 12 metres in length, as long as a bus, and weighed 8 metric tonnes.
Sarcosuchus was not a dinosaur, although it lived in the same era. In fact, it is not even a direct ancestor of modern crocodiles and alligators ... crocodiles and dinosaurs had a common ancestor some 250 million years ago, but soon diverged into two separate groups. The giant Sarcosuchus imperator appeared about 110 million years ago, but died out. Today's 23 species of crocodiles and alligators took a separate path. 32
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Major Extinction Events
Miller 2003
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Adaptive Radiation
Miller 2003
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What is biodiversity?
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Primack 2006, Fig 3.6
most
~12-14 million total species (50-90% in tropical forests) ~1.7 identified
least Scientific American November 2001
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How many species on earth?
Primack 2006, Fig 3.6
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Research Focus?
Primack 2006 38
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Fig 2-13 Miller 2003
Biodiversity 1. Genetic (nat. sel.) 2. Species 3. Ecological forests, deserts, lakes, wetlands, reefs etc. 4. Functional energy flow nutrient cycling etc. 40
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