Ageing of composites Edited by Rod Martin
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Cambridge England
Contents
Contributor contact details Introduction
Part I
1.1
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Ageing of composites - processes and modelling The physieal and ehemieal ageing of polymerie eomposites T. GATES, formerly NASA Langley Research Center, USA Introduction Background Viscoelasticity Ageing and effective time Development of an ageing study Summary References Ageing of glass-eeramie matrix eomposites K. PLUCKNETI, Dalhousie University, Canada Introduction Composite fabrication Fast-fracture behaviour Long-term environmental ageing behaviour Mechanism of oxidation degradation Development of a failure mechanism map Oxidation behaviour under applied stress Thermal shock cycling
xii xix
1
3
3 7 10
15 22 28 29 34
34 42 42 43 51 57 57 62 v
VI
Contents
2.9 2.10 2.11
Composite protection methods Conclusions and future trends References
3
Chemical ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced concrete H. CUYPERS, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; and 1. ORLOWSKY, Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen, Germany Introduction Problem identification Experimental methods Modelling of the chemical attack of fibres In terface effects Composite loading effects In situ degradation of composites due to chemical attack Conclusions Acknowledgements References
3.1 3.2 3.3
3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10
4
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7
Stress corrosion cracking in glass reinforced polymer composites A. CHATEAUMTNOlS, Ecole Supericurc de Physique et Chirnie Industrielles (ESPCI), France Introduction Overview of stress corrosion cracking in glass reinforced polymer matrix composites Stress corrosion cracking of glass fibres Stress corrosion cracking in unidirectional glass fibre reinforced polymer composites Concluding remarks and future trends References Thermo-oxidative ageing of composite materials T. TSOTSlS, The Boeing Company, USA Introduction Developments in understanding thermo-oxidative ageing Initial studies - Kerr and Haskins Overview of other studies Areas for future study Conclusions and recommendations References
62 63 64
71
71 72
74 76 90 91 92 96 97 97
100
100 101 107 115 124 126 130
130 136 136 138
150 153 154
Contents
6
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4
Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of ageing composites R. W. JONES and 1. MCCLELLAND, Iowa State University, USA Introduction Theory and practice of photoacoustic spectroscopy Ageing of composites Ambient temperature ageing of prepreg Acknowledgements References
VII
160
160 161 170 180 180 182
Modeling physical ageing in polymer composites H. Hu, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Introduction Modeling physical ageing in short-term creep Modeling physical ageing in long-term creep Temperature and moisture effects Conclusions References
186
Ageing of silicon carbide composites S. M. SKOLIANOS, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Introduction Silicon carbide composites Ageing kinetics Microstructural change Effect of volume fraction and size of silicon carbide reinforcement Changes in properties References
206
Modelling accelerated ageing in polymer composites G. MENSITIERI, CR-INSTM - University of Naples Federico 11, Italy; and M. IANNoNE, Alenia Aeronautica s.p.a., Italy Introduction Definition of environmental conditions and important variables Degradation mechanisms and processes Modelling time-dependent mechanical behaviour
186 187 200 203 204 204
206 206 208 211 214 217 220
224
224 226 227 233
viii
Contents
9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
Modelling mechanical degradation Modelling physical ageing Modclling hygrothermal effects Modelling chemical ageing Methodology for accelerated tcsting based on the modelling approach Accelerated long-time mechanical behaviour Accelerated mechanical degradation Accelerated physical ageing Acceleratcd hygrothermal degradation Accelerated thermal degradation and oxidation Validation of acceleration procedurc by comparison with real-time data Future trends References
9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 Part "
Ageing of composites in transport applications
240 241 246 254 256 257 270 272 272 273 275 276 276
283
10
Ageing of composites in the rail industry K. B. SHIN, HANBAT National University, Korea
285
10.1 10.2
Introduction 1he major environmental ageing factors and their effects on composites for rail vehicle applications Environmental test methods and evaluation procedures for ageing of composites Case study: evaluation of the effect of increased composite ageing on the structural integrity of the bodyshell of the Korean tilting train Conclusions References
285
Ageing of composites in the rotorcraft industry K. DRAGAN, Polish Air Force Institute of
311
10.3 10.4
10.5 10.6 11
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6
Technology, Poland Introduction to composite structures applied in the rotorcraft industry using the example of PZL Potential damage that can occur in a composite main rotor blade Low-energy impact damage and durability in a W-3 main rotor blade lnfiuence of moisture and temperature New techniques for tcsting composite structures References
290 291
302 308 309
311
313 317 321 323 324
Contents
12
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10
Part 111
13
13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7
14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10
Ageing of composites in marine vessels P. DAVIES and D. CHOQUEUSE, IFREMER Brest Centre, France The use of composites in marine vessels Marine composites The marine environment Recent published studies on marine ageing Example 1: glass-reinforced thermoset ageing Example 2: ageing at sea Example 3: osmosis and blistering Relevance of accelerated tests Conclusions and future trends References
Ageing of composites in non-transport applications Ageing of polyethylene composite implants in medical devices S. AFFATATO, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Italy Definition of medical devices Brief history of polyethylene used in medical devices Improvements on polyethylene for medical devices Ageing of polyethylene Future trends Acknowledgements References Ageing of composites in oil and gas applications S. FROST, ESR Technology Ud, UK Introduction Modelling of damage Ageing due to temperature Ageing due to chemical species Ageing due to applied load Design against ageing Assessment of ageing Examples of ageing Conclusions References
ix
326
326 328 330 331 337 339 342 344 349 349
355 357 357 360 364 367 369 370 370 375 375 377 384 386 389 393 394 397 398 399
x
Contents
15
Ageing of composites in the construction industry S. HALLIWELL, NetComposites Ud, UK Introduction Use of fibre-reinforced polymers in construction Benefits of fibre-reinforced polymers for construction Performance requirements Performance in service Joints Repair of degraded fibre-reinforced polymer composite structures Summary Sources of further information and advice References
401
Ageing of composite insulators S. M. GUBANSKI, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden High-voltage insulators Materials and manufacturing techniques Practical experiences with composite insulators Ageing of insulator housing Ageing of insulator cores Ageing at insulator interfaces Future trends Acknowledgements References
421
15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10
16
16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9
17
17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8
Ageing of composites in the chemical processing industry R. MARTIN, Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ud, UK Introduction Examples of use of fibre reinforced plastics in the chemical processing industry Types of fibre reinforced plastic Types of degradation in fibre reinforced plastic Current methods for assessing long-term ageing of fibre reinforced plastics Case studies of ageing assessment approaches Concluding remarks References
401 402 405 406 407 417 418 418 419 419
421 423 424 428 439 440 442 443 443
448
448 451 452 452 454 457 464 465
Contents 18
18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8
XI
Ageing of composites in underwater applications D. ChOQUEUSE and P. DAVIES, IFREMER Brest Centre, France Introduction Deep sea environmental parameters Ageing of composites in water Case study 1: composite tubes Case study 2: composite material for deep sea applications Case study 3: syntactic foam for deep sea and offshore applications Concluding remarks References
467
Index
499
467 468 472 478 483 489 496 496
