Age of Exploration: Slave Trade, Small Pox, Spanish Imperialism, Caravel, Mercantilism and Sugar DBQ TOPIC

DESCRIPTION

MONTH

YEAR

Mass Migrations (Social, Political, Economic)

Slave Trade: Map

AUG

2002

JUNE

2003

AUG

2004

JAN

2005

JUNE

2007

AUG

2008

AUG

2011

Age of Exploration: Maps before and after Turning Points

Age of Exploration: Shift to Atlantic Age of Exploration: Graphs Impact Mexico Population and Slave Population Small Pox: Map European Voyages and Locations of Outbreaks

Epidemics

Small Pox: Impact Small Pox: Map Slave Trade Spanish Imperialism: Image Christianity

Imperialism

Spanish Imperialism: Political Spanish Imperialism: Chart Social Classes Mercantilism: Cartoon

Economic Systems

Mercantilism: Trade Route Map Mercantilism: Gold, Slave and Silver Slave Trade: Africans to Americas

Migrations

Slave Trade: Caribbean Slave Trade: Long Term Effects Age of Exploration: Columbus and Gold

Conquest

Age of Exploration: Aztec Image of Cannons Spanish Imperialism: Mexico and Peru

Age of Exploration: Slave Trade, Small Pox, Spanish Imperialism, Caravel, Mercantilism and Sugar DBQ TOPIC

DESCRIPTION

MONTH

YEAR

JAN

2013

JUNE

2013

Sugar: Climate Ecological

Sugar: Map New World Sugar: Production New World Imperialism Caravel: Image and Chart

Technology

Sugar: Impact Sugar: Social Class

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Part A Short-Answer Questions

Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the questions that follow each document in the space provided. Your answers to the questions will help you write the essay. Document 1

1 According to this map, what is one reason African slaves were traded to countries in the Western Hemisphere? [1] _______________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’02

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4 According to these maps, how did the early voyages of discovery change European trade routes?

[1]

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’03

[16]

Score

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Document 5

The conquest of the New World, beginning in 1492, set in motion complex processes of cultural diffusion and population mixture. The seizure and control of the Americas became so important to Europe economically and politically that it had the long-term consequence of altering European interests worldwide. Before 1492, Europe’s center was the Mediterranean. After 1492, Europe’s orientation shifted radically; it became centered at first around the Atlantic, and much later around the Pacific Ocean. — Sidney W. Mintz, anthropologist

5 Based on this document, state one way Europe’s focus on the world changed after 1492.

[1]

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Back to Menu Population (in millions)

Document 6A 25 22.5

Estimated Native American Population of Mexico, 1518–1593

20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 2.5 0

1518

1533

1548

1563

Years

1578

1593

Source: James Killoran et al., The Key to Understanding Global History, Jarrett Publishing (adapted)

6a Based on this document, identify one population change that took place in Mexico during the Age of Exploration. [1] ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Document 6B

b Based on this document, identify one population change in the Americas that began during the Age of Exploration. [1] ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’03

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Document 4

4

After studying these two maps, state one way smallpox was introduced to Central and South America. [1]

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Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’04

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Document 5

. . . The first was a plague of smallpox, and it began in this manner. When Hernando Cortés was captain and governor, at the time that Captain Pánfilo de Narváez landed in this country, there was in one of his ships a negro stricken with smallpox, a disease which had never been seen here. At this time New Spain was extremely full of people, and when the smallpox began to attack the Indians it became so great a pestilence [disease] among them throughout the land that in most provinces more than half the population died; in others the proportion was little less. For as the Indians did not know the remedy for the disease and were very much in the habit of bathing frequently, whether well or ill, and continued to do so even when suffering from smallpox, they died in heaps, like bedbugs. Many others died of starvation, because, as they were all taken sick at once, they could not care for each other, nor was there anyone to give them bread or anything else. In many places it happened that everyone in a house died, and, as it was impossible to bury the great number of dead, they pulled down the houses over them in order to check the stench that rose from the dead bodies so that their homes became their tombs. This disease was called by the Indians ‘the great leprosy’ because the victims were so covered with pustules [pimples] that they looked like lepers. Even today one can see obvious evidences of it in some individuals who escaped death, for they were left covered with pockmarks. . . . Source: Elizabeth A. Foster, ed., Motolinía’s History of the Indians of New Spain, Greenwood Press, 1977

5

According to this document, what were two results of the smallpox epidemic in Latin America? [2] (1) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

(2) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 6

6

According to the information provided by this document, how did the decline in Latin America’s native populations affect the population of Africa? [1]

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 4

A 1737 engraving showing a Spanish priest preaching to the Indians in Mexico

Source: Isidro Félix de Espinosa, “Engraving of Father Margil,” El Peregrino Septentrional Atlante: Delineado en la Exemplarissima Vida del Venerable Padre F. Antonio Margil de Jesús, 1737*

4 Based on what is shown in this engraving, state one impact the Spanish had on the lives of the native peoples in Mexico. [1]

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score *Located at the East Texas Research Center, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas and through Texas Tides, http://tides.sfasu.edu (adapted) Global Hist. & Geo. – Jan. ’05

[16]

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Document 5

Governing the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere Life in colonial New Spain [Spanish colonies] was complex — the dominant institutions and cultural patterns were Spanish in origin, but they were modified in their New World setting. Society was not static; evolution marked the political and religious systems; and change was a feature of the economic, social, and intellectual life. These adaptations generally mirrored developments in Europe, the source of basic decisions and control. During its three centuries as a colony, New Spain was kept subservient to the mother country in a number of ways, beginning with an enforced loyalty to the crown. . . . In New Spain itself the viceroy [governor] was the ranking officer and agent of royal absolutism. As a personal representative of the king he was armed with considerable authority and enjoyed high honors and deference [respect]. He received a handsome salary (twenty thousand pesos in the seventeenth century, triple that amount in the eighteenth), lived in a splendid palace surrounded by liveried [uniformed] servants, and maintained a court like a petty European monarch. During the colonial era there were sixty-one viceroys. Most of them belonged to the titled nobility or at least were of high birth; eleven were from the Church hierarchy [church leaders], and only three holders of this exalted [high] office were criollos [Creoles], two of them being sons of viceroys. The viceroy functioned as chief executive, captain-general of military forces, governor, supervisor of the royal treasury (real hacienda), and president of the audiencia (administrative court) of Mexico. He enforced royal laws and decrees, issued ordinances dealing with local matters, nominated minor colonial officials, distributed land and titles, promoted colonization and settlement, and protected the Indians. He was vice-patron of most religious endeavors, and his ecclesiastical [church] powers included the right to determine boundaries of bishoprics [districts] and to nominate some Church officers. . . . Source: Robert Ryal Miller, Mexico: A History, University of Oklahoma Press

5 According to this document, what effect did the Spanish have on their colonies in New Spain? [1]

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 6 Social Classes in Spanish Colonies

Peninsulares Iberian [Spanish] Aristocrats Criollos [Creoles] Descendents of Peninsulares Mestizos Caucasian/Indian Mulattoes Caucasian/African

African Slaves

Native American Indians

Source: John Osborne et al., Global Studies, N & N Publishing (adapted)

6 Based on this chart, identify one change that resulted from the Spanish conquest of Latin America. [1]

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – Jan. ’05

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Document 4

The Mercantilist Argument for Colonial Expansion

Source: Philip Dorf, Our Early Heritage: Ancient and Medieval History, Oxford Book Company (adapted)

4 According to this cartoon by Philip Dorf, what is one characteristic of mercantilism from the perspective of the mother country? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’07

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Document 5 18th Century Colonial Trade Routes

Fish, furs

Ma

“A fri c

Hispaniola Puerto Rico

G old

PACIFIC OCEAN

, sl a

ve s,

“M i d

dle p

SOUTH AMERICA

nu

an

fac

London

EUROPE

Lisbon

Fruit

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Fr ui t, m ol as se s, su ga r

asta l tr ad e

r co

te

goods ctured il Manufa hale o cco sh, w ta ba o p o e, t res, s, ric val sto e a r n o r, t e mb va l s Iron, lu o, na indig , s r Fu Fish, grain, lumber, meat, rum Wine

grain, lumber

Jamaica

fish, ttle, Ca

Cuba

In

Molasses, sugar, c oin, sl aves

Charleston

Bristol

, sa l t, w

Boston Newport New York Philadelphia

Glasgow

Wine

NORTH AMERICA

S

E

in e

W

Ho rse s

N

Cadiz

Madeira

ed tur

go

o

ds

AFRICA iro

a ssa

n” ,c ur

g e”

ren cy,

GUINEA COAST

ru m

0 0

400 600

800 miles 1200 kilometers

Source: Historical Maps on File, Revised Edition (adapted)

5 Based on this map, state one effect of the Atlantic trade. [1]

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Document 6

This is an excerpt from a letter written in 1559 by Michele Soriano about Spain’s interactions with its colonies in the Americas. . . . From New Spain are obtained gold and silver, cochineal, (little insects like flies,) from which crimson dye is made, leather, cotton, sugar and other things; but from Peru nothing is obtained except minerals. The fifth part of all that is produced goes to the king, but since the gold and silver is brought to Spain and he has a tenth part of that which goes to the mint and is refined and coined, he eventually gets one-fourth of the whole sum, which fourth does not exceed in all four or five hundred thousand ducats, although it is reckoned not alone at millions, but at millions of pounds. Nor is it likely that it will long remain at this figure, because great quantities of gold and silver are no longer found upon the surface of the earth, as they have been in past years; and to penetrate into the bowels of the earth requires greater effort, skill and outlay, and the Spaniards are not willing to do the work themselves, and the natives cannot be forced to do so, because the Emperor has freed them from all obligation of service as soon as they accept the Christian religion. Wherefore it is necessary to acquire negro slaves [enslaved Africans], who are brought from the coasts of Africa, both within and without the Straits, and these are selling dearer [more expensive] every day, because on account of their [enslaved Africans’] natural lack of strength and the change of climate, added to the lack of discretion [care] upon the part of their masters in making them work too hard and giving them too little to eat, they fall sick and the greater part of them die. . . . Source: Merrick Whitcomb, ed., “The Gold of the Indies — 1559,” Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania

6 According to Michele Soriano, what is one influence that gold and silver had on Spain? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’07

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Part A Short-Answer Questions

Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document in the space provided.

Document 1 The Big Business of Slave Trading . . . When in 1517 Bishop Bartolomeo de Las Casas advocated [supported] the encouragement of immigration to the New World by permitting Spaniards to import African slaves, the trading of humans in the New World formally began. Las Casas was so determined to relieve Indians of the onerous [difficult] burden of slavery that he recommended the enslavement of Africans. (Later, he so deeply regretted having taken this position that he vigorously renounced it.) The ban against the use of Africans was removed, and Charles II issued licenses to several Flemish traders to take Africans to the Spanish colonies. Monopoly of the trade went to the highest bidders. Sometimes it was held by Dutch traders, at other times by Portuguese, French, or English. As West Indian plantations grew in size and importance, the slave trade became a huge, profitable undertaking employing thousands of persons and involving a capital outlay of millions of dollars. By 1540 the annual importation of African slaves into the West Indies was estimated at 10,000. . . . Source: Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, Alfred A. Knopf

1 According to Franklin and Moss, what was one reason enslaved Africans were imported to the “New World” by Europeans? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Global Hist. & Geo.–Aug. ’08

[12]

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Document 2

. . . Large-scale sugar plantations, established first in Brazil and, after 1645, in the Caribbean islands, were enormously profitable. Plantations in Cuba gave more than a 30 percent return on capital investment; those in Barbados returned 40 to 50 percent. These islands became societies whose economies relied heavily on the labor of African captives. In 1789, one-third of the population of Cuba was comprised of Africans. Between 1730 and 1834, up to 90 percent of the populations of Jamaica, Antigua, and Grenada were Africans. In Brazil in 1800, half the population was African. . . . Source: Willie F. Page, Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, Volume III, Facts on File

2 According to Willie F. Page, what was one impact of the arrival of Africans on Brazil and on the Caribbean Islands? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

Global Hist. & Geo.–Aug. ’08

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Document 3

. . . Long-Term Effects. The trade in African slaves brought about the largest forced movement of people in history. It established the basis for black populations in the Caribbean and in North and South America. At the same time, it disrupted social and political life in Africa and opened the door for European colonization of the continent. . . . The shift in European demand from gold, foodstuffs, and such products to slaves changed the relations among African groups and states. The prices Africans received for slaves made it more profitable for them to take captives from their neighbors than to establish networks for producing and selling other goods. In this way the slave trade encouraged strong states to raid weaker states for slaves. As a result, many African societies were torn by organized slave wars and general banditry. Successful slave-raiding and trading societies formed new states that were dominated by military groups and constantly at war with their neighbors. . . . Source: John Middleton, ed., Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students, Volume 4, Thomson Learning

3 Based on this excerpt from Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students, state two effects of the slave trade on Africa. [2]

(1) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

(2) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 4

This is an excerpt from Christopher Columbus’s log entry for Saturday, October 13, 1492. …I have been very attentive and have tried very hard to find out if there is any gold here [San Salvador]. I have seen a few natives who wear a little piece of gold hanging from a hole made in the nose. By signs, if I interpret them correctly, I have learned that by going to the south, or rounding the island to the south, I can find a king who possesses a lot of gold and has great containers of it. I have tried to find some natives who will take me to this great king, but none seems inclined to make the journey. Tomorrow afternoon I intend to go to the SW. The natives have indicated to me that not only is there land to the south and SW, but also to the NW. I shall go to the SW and look for gold and precious stones. Furthermore, if I understand correctly, it is from the NW that strangers come to fight and capture the people here.… Source: translated by Robert H. Fuson, The Log of Christopher Columbus, International Marine Publishing Company

4 Based on this excerpt from Christopher Columbus’s log, what is he searching for in San Salvador and the surrounding region? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 5 Spanish Crumble the Wall at Xolloco [near the southern causeway of Tenochtitlán]

Source: Miguel Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, Beacon Press (adapted)

5 Based on the information provided in this illustration, what are two examples of technology the Spanish used to conquer the Aztecs? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’11

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Document 6

…Spanish administrators established two main centers of authority in the Americas—Mexico (which they called New Spain) and Peru (known as New Castile)—each governed by a viceroy who was responsible to the king in Spain. In Mexico they built a new capital, Mexico City, on top of Tenochtitlán. In Peru they originally hoped to rule from the Inca capital of Cuzco, but they considered the high altitude unpleasant and also found the Andean city too inaccessible for their purposes. In 1535 they founded [the city of] Lima and transferred the government to the coast where it was accessible to Spanish shipping.… Source: Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill (adapted)

6 According to Bentley and Ziegler, what was one way the Spanish changed the Americas? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 4

… At the time [1450s] that the Portuguese and the Spaniards set out to establish a sugar industry on the Atlantic islands they controlled, sugar was still a luxury, a medicine, and a spice in western Europe. The peoples of Greece, Italy, Spain, and North Africa were familiar with sugar cane as a crop and, to some extent, with sugar itself as a sweetener. But as sugar production in the Mediterranean waned [decreased], knowledge of sugar and the desire for it waxed [increased] in Europe. The movement of the industry to the Atlantic islands occurred when European demand was probably growing. Individual entrepreneurs were encouraged to establish sugar-cane (and other) plantations on the Atlantic islands, manned with African slaves and destined to produce sugar for Portugal and other European markets, because their presence safeguarded the extension of Portuguese trade routes around Africa and toward the Orient.… Source: Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, Penguin Books (adapted)

4 According to Sidney Mintz, what was one way western Europeans used sugar? [1]

Score

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Document 5a

… Sugar grows best where heat and water are plentiful all year round. The Mediterranean is therefore less than ideal. Even the southern Mediterranean has a cool season in the winter and a dry season in the summer. With the European maritime revolution beginning in the fifteenth century, Europeans had easy access to the Atlantic islands, and some of them had a far better environment for sugar cultivation.… Source: Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History, Cambridge University Press

Document 5b Sugar Crosses the Atlantic ATLANTIC OCEAN Madeira Islands 1400s Cuba 1800s

Canary Islands Hispaniola 1500s 1700s Puerto Rico 1500s Jamaica 1700s

1400s

Cape Verde Islands 1400s

20° N

Martinique 1600s Barbados 1600s Trinidad 1800s Demerara 1600s 1800s

Equator PACIFIC

Brazil

1500s 1600s

OCEAN 20° S Dates when sugar became a dominant crop

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Sugar introduced Peak production

Source: Aronson and Budhos, Sugar Changed the World, Clarion Books (adapted)

5 Based on this excerpt by Philip D. Curtin and the information on this map, what was one reason for the expansion of sugar production into the Atlantic islands and into regions of the Americas? [1]

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Document 6

… The sugar industry was established in northeast Brazil [by the Portuguese] in the 16th century and it brought great prosperity to the region until competing sources of sugar were created in the Caribbean by the French (Haiti) and the British (Jamaica) in the eighteenth century. The sugar industry consisted of sugarcane plantations and plants for processing the sugarcane into sugar. The sugarcane plantations [in Brazil] were worked by slaves brought from the Portuguese-controlled areas of southern Africa (Angola and Mozambique).… Source: Thayer Watkins, “The Economic History of Brazil,” online at San José State University

6 According to Thayer Watkins, what were two changes that occurred in the Americas as a result of the establishment of the sugar industry? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 4a Caravel

Source: George R. Schwarz, Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation, Texas A & M University (adapted)

Document 4b Advantages of Caravel • • • •

Uses of Caravel

Fast Maneuverable Easy to sail in shallow waters Able to sail downwind using square sails

• • • •

Carrying cargo Fighting wars Pirating Exploring the Americas

4 Based on these documents, what were two ways the caravel affected European interaction with other groups? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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Document 5

… It all began in Española [Hispaniola] with sugar, which was already a profitable plantation crop in the Canaries and Portugal’s Atlantic islands in the fifteenth century. Columbus himself had shipped sugar from Madeira to Genoa in 1478, and the mother of his first wife owned a sugar estate on that island. He brought sugar cane with him to Española in 1493, and the cane grew well in American soil. But the growth of the sugar industry was painfully slow until Charles V intervened, ordering that sugar masters and mill technicians be recruited from the Canaries, and authorizing loans to build sugar mills on Española. There were thirty-four mills on the island by the late 1530s and sugar was one of the two staples of the island’s economy (the other being cattle ranching) until the latter part of the sixteenth century.… Source: Alfred W. Crosby Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Greenwood Publishing (adapted)

5 According to Alfred W. Crosby, what was one effect of Spanish colonization on the island of Española? [1]

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Document 6

… Growing sugar cane became a large business. At first, Native Americans were forced to work on sugar plantations, large estates run by an owner or overseer. They were treated cruelly, and many died. The Spanish then brought slaves from Africa to do the work. A new social structure developed. People born in Spain made up the highest social class. Those of European descent born in the colonies were next. People of mixed European and Indian or African descent were in the middle. Native Americans and people of African descent were in the lowest classes.… Source: Guide to the Essentials of World History, Prentice Hall

6 Based on this document, what were two changes in the Americas that resulted from interactions with the Spanish? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Score

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