By Products

A STUDY ON UTILIZATION O F FUSEL OIL 1N THE PREPARATION O F AMINO RESINS FOR SURFACE COATINGS Huai-chingHuang Taiwan Sugar Research Institute Tainan, Taiwan,

ABSTRACT Urea and melamine-foniialdehyde resins for surface coatings were prepared with fusel oils as the alkylating agent. In the experiment, the reacting ~iioleratio of the condensation, the amount and kind of alkylating agents used were investigated. Amino-alkyd resins for coatings were formulated by combination of an alkyd and the resins prepared. The characteristic of the coatings was examined. The coatings based on fusel-oil resins offer performance coniparable to that obtained from butylated-resins. However, for type of amino resins, the coatings based on fusel-oil-resins were less resistant slightly in abrasion than the coatings based on corresponding butylatedresin.

During the distillation of alcohol from the molasses alcoholic fermentation, fusel oil i s obtained as a by-product. Generally, 15 to 18 parts of fusel oil are produced with 1000 parts of distilled alcohol at distilleries in Taiwan. The production is not always so balanced with the demand that fusel oil has accumulated at the factories in this area. So far, a large proportion of fusel oil have been used as a solvent (Kirk and Othmer2). However, it is necessary to exploit the by-product for valuable applications. Fusel oils are of the higher alcohols (90-150°C) consist mainly of amyl and iso-amyl alcohol (Paturau3). In fact, soluble amino resins have been produced with higher alcohol, such as hexyl or octyl alcohol (Gordon and Dolginl 1. In this article, the feasible utilization of fusel oil as one of raw materials in preparation of amino resins for coatings was studied.

278 7

2788

BY-PRODUCTS

MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Amino Resins Urea, melamine and formalin used in the preparation were all commercial grade. Alcohols were butanol, crude fusel oil, and residue of fusel ail distilling higher than 135'~. Melamine-formaldehyderesin were made in a three-necked flask by the reaction of melamine, formalin and alcohols a1 an initial pH of about 7. The reaction flask, fitted with reflux condenser, stirrer, thermometer, heater and Dean Stark trap in which toluene was filled, was heated to boiling. The water in the original formalin together with the water eliminated in the condensation and etherification reaction was removed by azeotropic distillation with continuous decantation t o separate water from the azeotrope. When the aieotropic mixture distilled had no more water, the resin was concentrated. Urea-formaldehyde resin were made in the same manner by placing urea instead of melamine in the reaction. Formulation of Amino-alkyd Resins for Coatings The coating system was formulated by combination of the prepared resins with a short-oil-length soybean alkyd, obtained from a local manufacturer. The mixtures of alkyd and amino resins were composed of 60% alkyd and 40% amino resin on resin solid base, and reduced with solvent (toluene/butanol on 1: 1 ratio) to 45% resin solids. Test Methods 1.

Resin solids The total solids were determined b,y evaporating a sample in a dish for 3 hr at 105'~.

2.

Viscosity Viscosity of the resin was measured with LVF, Brookfield viscometer at 25'~.

3.

Color Photometric color of the resin was determined by spectrophotometric method with Coleman Junior spectrophotometer according A. 0.C. S. Cc' 13~-50.

4.

Abrasion resistance Two coats of amino-alkyd resin were applied into Taber S-16 steel specimen plate. Then the coated film was cured by heating under far infrared

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H. HUANG

radiation far 7 minutes at a distance of 30 cm. Abrasion resistance of the film was examined with Taber abraser by measuring the weight toss per 200cycles, with CS-10 Calibrase wheels and 250 g of wheel pressures.

5.

Pencil hardness Hardness of coated film was determined with Scratch Hardness Tester by placing 1000 g of load on pencil. The films coated on steel plate were cured in a like manner as the test 4.

6.

Water resistance Two coats of resin were applied on the grinded surface of Wood, lauan. The first coat acted as the sealant for thesurface and the second as the finish. The specimens were immersed in water for 24 hours.

7.

Solvent resistance The resin coated steel plates were soaked in solvents after a definite period of time. Mineral spirits and toluene were used for the testing.

RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION Preparation of Melamine Resin In common practice, melamine rkins were manufactured by reacting 3 to 6 moles of formaldehyde and one mole of melamine w i butanol ~ as an alkalating agent (Payne4). But the in experiment, a definite amount af crude fusel oil was employed to replace butanol in preparation of the resin. The resulting condensation product was dependent upon the mole ratio of formaldehyde and melamine. Table 1 showed that there would be a tendency for a nonresionous precipitate to be formed, if the mole ratios were less than 6. However, methylolation of melamine and alkylation of methyl01 melamine with fuse1 oil took place more easily when the ratio became larger, and a brown clear resin would be obtained by reacting 6 moles of formaldehyde and one mole of melamine with 520 g of fusel oil.

TABLE 1. Mole Ratio vs. Condition of Melamine Resin

--

Formaldehyde/Melamine mole ratio

6

Condition of Resin

brown, clear

The mwnt of crude fusel oil employed was 520 g per mole of melmine.

-

BY-PRODUCTS

Preparation o f Urea Resin

I

~

I I

A typical urea-formaldehyde resin suitable for coatings was prepared from formaldehyde, urea, and butanol. The resin, a linear polymer, i s based theoretically on a ratio of 1 mole urea, 2 moles formaldehyde and 1 mole butanol (~ayne'). Table 2 shows the results of resins formed by varying the mole ratio and the amount of fusel oil used. Most of them had insoluble precipitates. However, a deep brown colored resin without any precipitates might be obtained if the mole ratio and the amount of fusel oil were much larger than those of the theory. From the results shown in Table 3, i t was possible to obtain a clear light brown colored resin, by employing an alkylating agent containing an equal part of butanol and fusel oil. Thus clear resins might be prepared with the alkylating agent from a mole ratio of 2.23 and 186 g of alkylating agent per mole of urea. And it is not necessary to prepare the resin from a ratio of 3 and more than 600 g of fusel oil per mole of urea to make dark brown resin as shown in Table 2. Furthermore, a deep brown colored resin could be obtained by introducing incrementally with fusel oil residue during the reaction of urea, formaldehyde, and butanol.

TABLE 2. Urea-formaldehyderesin with fusel oil

Flu Mole ratio

Fuse1 Oil gram/mole urea

Condition of Resin

Gel PPt. PPt. PPt. PPt. Ppt. PPt. PPt. PPt. Dark brown

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I

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H HUANG

TABLE 3.

-

Urea-formaldehyderesin with fuse1 oil and butanol. /

Flu Mole ratio

Fusel OillButanol Weight ratio

Condition of Resin -. - -

bight brown, clear

2.23

60140

Light brown, clear

2.23

50150

Brown, clear or ppt.

2.23

"42158

Depended on the procedure of fusel oil introduced into the reaction

*Residue of fugel oild&illation The amount of total alcohols (fusel oil

+ butanol) employed was

186 g per mole of

urea.

Characteristics of the Coating Resins The coating resins shown in Table 4, were based on a blend of non-drying soybean oil alkyd resin and amino resins in a ratio, by weight on solids, of 60:40. Viscosity of the resins, both urea and melamine, made from fusel oil were slightly higher than that of corresponding resin from butanol. The color of resins depended upon the raw materials used. The original color of alkyd resin and fusel oil gave the resin a color of yellow or brown,The formulated resins were always yellowish, even if water-white amino resins were used. A t the time of use an acid catalyst, p-toluene sulfonic acid, would be added. The urea-alkyd resins gelled within 24 hrs. with the catalyst added a t a level of 1% based on resin solids. However, melamine-alkydwould not gel in 48 hrs. at 1.8%.

I

Properties of the Coatings

I

I i

I

The test results of the coatings are given in Table 5. The results indicated that the coating based on fuse1 oil were very close to the coatings based on butylated resins in hardness ard in resistance of water and solvent. As far as the type of amino resins were concerned, melamine resins were much better than urea resins in abrasion resistance, and the coatings based on fusel-oil-resins showed less resistance, of wear than coatings based on buthylated-resins.

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TABLE 4. Characteristics of AminclAlkyd Resins Formula No. 1

2 3 4 5 6

Alkylating agent

Urea Urea Urea Melamine Melam~ne Melamine, urea blend

Butanol Crude fuse1 oil, butanol Butanol, fusel oil residue Butanol Crude fusel oil Crude fusel oil, butanol and fusel oil residue

*On resin solids base, an amount of 1% into melamine resins

TABLE 5.

Resin solid Viscosity Color pot life' % cps Photometric hr

Type of resin

46.7 43.6 45.9 45.0 45.1 45

35 37 43 40 60 44

4.36 9.07 39.44 4.10 10.18 29.87

< 24 < 24 < 24 > 48 > 48 > 48

PTS was added into urea-alkyd resins and 1.8%

Performance of the Coatings Solvent resistance

Formula No.

Abrasion res~st:~nce mg wt. loss/200 cycles

Pencil hardness

Water immersion 24 hr

Mineral Spirits, 24 hr

Toluene 24 hr

1 2 3 4 5 6

8.63 9.12 10.19 0.19 1.11 1.32

3H

N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E.

N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E.

Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail

.

a.H 3H 3H 4H 4H

CONCLUSIONS In the preparation of amino resins, fusel oils could be used as one of the raw materials. Their application in the field of coatings might be a practicable way of utilization.

REFERENCES 1.

Gordon, b. P. and J. G. Dolgin (1954). Surface Coatings and Finishes. Chemical Publishing Co. Inc. New York, 98 p.

2.

Kirk and Othmer (1967). Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 2, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York. 379 p.

3.

Paturau, J. M. (1969). By-products of the Cane Sugar' Industry. Elsevier Publishing Co. 182-183 pp.

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H. HUANG

4.

Payne, H. F. (1964). Organic Coating Technology, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York. 334-336 pp.

5.

, (1954). Organic Coating Technology, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 330-331 pp.

UN ESTUDIO SOBRE LA UTILIZACION DE ACEITE FUSEL EN LA AMINO RESINAS PARA CAPAS DE SUPFRFICIE Huai-ching Huang

RESUMEN Urea - y melamine - resinas formaldehyde para capas de superficie fueron preparados con aceites fuse1 como el agente alcaligeno. En el experimento, la relacion mola de la condensacion que reacciona, la cantidad y clase de agentes alcalis usados se investigaron. Amino - resinas "alkyd" para superficies fueron formuladas de una combinacion de una "alkyd" y de resinas preparadas. Fueron examinadas las caracteristicas de las capas. Las capas basadas en resinasakite-fuse1 ofrecen accion comparable a las obtenidas de resinas-butyladas. Sin embargo, para tipo de amino resinas, las capas basadas en resinas-aceite-fuse1 fueron un poco menos resistentes a raspaduras que las capas basadas en correspondientes resinas-butyladas.

By-Products

C 0 2 RECOVERY PLANT OF CENTRAL AZUCARERA DON PEDRO Reynaldo G. lsidro Central Azucarera Don Pedro Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines

Some of the important technical and economic factors in the establishment of a liquid C 0 2 plant integrated to an existing-sugar mill and distillery complex are presented. The process, equipment, capital investment, product quality and .marketability of a plant designed to produce 24 tons liquid C 0 2 are also discussed. The significant monetary contribution to the sugar milling plant is shown in terms of molasses value. Included also are the problem areas evaluated before the erection of the plant and during its initial period of operation. The remedies/soluQions adopted for the foregoing which may or may not be applicable to other sugar mslls and distilleries are likewise given as probable tool for the proper measures to take. INTRODUCTION The management of Central Azucarera Don Pedro, in consonance with the Philippine government policy to make the sugar industry viable, has set among its major objectives the following: 1.

improve process facilities and equipment for optimum yields and efficiencies.

2.

reduce dependence on sugar through the industrial utilization of by-products

3.

implement pollution abatement projects thru treatment andlo~processing of waste discharges.

Successful implementation of the first objective was accomplished in 1972 when the Philippines' biggest cane diffuser of 6500 TCD was installed a t Don Pedro's mill to improve recovery. The loud clamor in the industry then was increased sugar production to meet export and domestic commitments. Now, the trend in diversification leads to the establishment of the C02 Plant. Partly, the recovery plant's contribution to pollution abatement as the discharge of fermentation gases to the atmosphere is eliminated.

2794

Our study on C02 gas recovery has already started as early as two (2) decades ago. However, this project was shelved for other immediate priorities on the sugar mill that required substantial investments. But the big slump In the price of sugar lately served as an impetus in the revival of the project. After all relevant data were gathered and evalauted, the recovery process of the Distillers Company (C02) Ltd. of the United Kingdom was chosen

INCREASE IN MOLASSES V A L U E Mr. Paturau' has stated that "during the process of fermentation and distillation a number of by-products are collected, some of sufficient valueto influence the financial results of the alcohol plant". We will go a step further by showing that the recovery of carbon dioxide gas, side by side, understandably, with alcohol could affect favorably the monetary returns from the sugar milling plant in terms of increase in molasses value. Basis: 1 ton molasses of 63% total sugar Actual Recovery of Alcohol in Don Pedro = 300 liters Actual Recovery of new liquid C02 Plant = 150 kilos Comparative Money Values (Basis: Philippine prices, May, 1979) Product

Quantity

Unit Pr~ce

Amount

8 400

B 400

Molasses

1 ton

Alcohol

300 liters

8 2, ex-tax

600

L~qu~ C02 d

150 kilos

B 0.75

1 12.50

Calculat~onfrom the above table would give a 78% mark-up in molasses value w ~ t hthe recovery of both alcohol and carbon d~oxide,a significant rise over the 50% plus ratlng whlch would have been obtained had alcohol alone been produced. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT The f~guresgiven below are based on actual drsbursements. With theexception plant t cost, l ~ k eexpenses on organizat~on,reg~strationand engineering of ~ n d ~ r e c supervlslon, the sum of 86,550,000 would represent the total f ~ x e dcapital involved.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 5,130,000.00

1.

Machineries & Installation

2.

Bulk Transport, 1 unit, Truck &Trailer

3.

Buildings & Structures

............

830,000.00

........................

460,000.00

BY-PRODUCTS

2796 4.

Miscellaneous Equipment e.g. laboratory and maintenance tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,000.00

The machineries and equipment covered in the capital cost above are relatively few in number and of light build in comparison to the adjacent sugar mill. However, a matter of caution is always advisable to the operation and maintenance of the C02 plant's high pressure facilities. To enbure in-plant safety, relief valves and automatic cut-outs are provided in the pressurized vessels and equipment. Shown in appendix 1 i s a list and description of the process equipment arrangedin sequential order as to the flow of GO2 gas.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION The recovery of carbon dioxide gas is a simple physical process primarily dependent upon the activity of yeast in fermentation. Good fermentation guarantees excellent recovery during normal operation. Carbon dioxide gas generated from the fermenters goes through the following systems, as shown in Fig. 1 on its way to the C02 liquid storage vessels.

I.

Gas Transfer and Primary Purification System: The gas evolved during fermentation is collected in the manifolded polyethylene pipeline and passes through the water separator on i t s flow to the gas transfer fan. C02 gas is set to flow to the gas transfer fan at 4" W.G. (water gauge), by a control system calibrated for a range of 0-10" W.G. Pressure higher than this will blow the water seal as a control measure not to overload the system. Oversupply of raw C02 gas will also automatically open an air controlled butterfly valve to vent off the excess gas to the atmosphere. The gas transfer fan boosts the pressure of the raw C02 gas to approximately 35" W.G. (about 1.26 psi) for transmission through the primary purification system, where alcohol, residual water, and other water-soluble impurities are removed.

II.

Compression: The cool and scrubbed gas, after measurementof flow rate through an orifice plate, first enters the low pressure cylinder and is compressed to an intermediate pressure of 3.1 5-4.2kg/cmb. I t then passes through \ the intercooler into the high pressure cylinder where it is further compressed to final delivery pressure of 20.0 kg/cm2, equivalent to 280 psi, which is the constant pressure in the whole system. Exact matching of the output of the CB2 compressor to the gas available is achieved by the automatic recycling of cool gas ex the aftercooler to the compressor suction. The compressor could handle 1200 kg>of C02 gas per hour.

BY-PRODUCTS

1.

The liquid produced should be free from any objectionable taste, odor or color.

2.

The purity of the product should be no lower than 99.9%.

3.

The water content of the product should not exceed 0.05% by weight.

4.

The total residual gases after separation of C02 should not exceed 0.2% by volume of the sample product.

A t present, all of the plant's liquid produce are used for refigerating food and carbonation of beverages. It supplies the requirements of the leading ice cream and soft drinks producer in the country. In addition to the above a variety of other uses (Leonard2)for this pro,saic gas, could be mentioned, among which are: a)

inerting - for fire extinguishers and inert atmosphere in storages,

6)

chemical - for chemical salts and reactions as ammonium carbonate,

c)

pressurizing or power uses - for inflation of rafts, life boats, balls, etc -

d)

metal industries - for shielded arc welding, precision casting, steel hardening and machining - grinding applicatiohs.

New uses have also propelled the growth of unique industries in industrialized countries, like the sale of frozen "no-tear" chopped and the salvaging of scrap plastics in the United States. The extent of industrialization in a country could be gauged by the rate of production and consumption of the 3 states of carbon dioxide. Thus, with many possible end uses still remaining untapped here, the future looks bright for this pioneering industry based on sugar.

PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Many of the problems enumerated below are in fact, matters to be looked into even prior to the erection of the plant itself. Though some solutions, e.g., minor process modifications, on the job maintenance, etc. may come in during the operational stage, it is advantageous ecohomically that a preliminary evaluation be made, especially of the existing distillery plant. Since the raw dense C02 gas is derived from the fermentation process, Since the raw d e n i C02 gas is derived from the fermentation process, the first step would be to evaluate the fermentation section of the distillery, as follows: 1. L

determine whether the quantity and quality of the fermentation tanks can sustain an adequate and consistent supply of the raw gas to the C02 Plant.

I

Appendix I Production Equipment for a 24-Ton Per Day Liquid C02 Plant from the Distillers Company (Cod L tor.

I

Name/ltem

Quantity

Description

1.

Water Separator

1

Basically a fall-out cylindrical vessel of carbon steel, upright, fitted with an impingement disc and baffle plates. It is connected to a water seal arrangement for automatic drainage but provision is also made for manual drainage. Water droplets greater than 120u diameter i s retained here.

2.

Gas Transfan Fan

1

Essentially a booster compressor of stainldss steel with double mechanical seals. I t is driven by a 4 kw electric motor.

3.

Alcohol Recovery Column

1

A vertical cylindrical vessel of mild steel containing 2 sections. The top section is packed with thick knitted polypropylene fiber pads and the bottom section is packed with polypropylene pall rings. The upper section i s irrigated with freshwater while irrigation of the lower section is accomplished by the use of a recycle ppmp which operates from the base of the Column. Autamatic discharge of alcohol rich water is achieved by a level switch and a solenoid valve.

4.

Water Scrubber

1

Also a vertical cylindrical vessel containing two sections as no. 3. But both upper and lower sections are packed. with polypropylene pall rings. The lower section is irrigated with water while the upper section is not irrigated and serves only to remove any entrained droplets. For optimum effect, fresh water alone is passed through the column and, for conservation of water, a recycle pump

R. G ISIDRO

a t the base of the column is run. This column brings about the removal of remaining water soluble impurities through its base dis-

I

5.

Flowrator

This consists of an orifice plate assembly of stainless steel plate, a flow transmitter and a flow recorder. The orifice plate assembly i s losated in a vertical pipe section prior to the C02 compressor suction valve.

6.

Broom and Wade WMHD 500 compressor

A two stage double acting machine with 90' Vee-opposed H.P. and L.P. cylinders, which are fitted with P.T.F.E. piston rings for dry operation. An intercooler is interposed between the stages for extra cooling. This compressor .is driven by V-belts froma 150 KW motor and i t s starter is linked to cut-outs for low lubricating oil pressure, high delivery pressure, high. delivery temperature and low cooling water flow.

7.

Aftercooler

8.

Moisture Separator

9.

Activated Carbon PurifiersNessels

1

A vertical shell and tube heat exchanger of stainless steel with water passing through the tubes and C02 cooling in the shell.

I

A centrifugal type separator, fabricated in stainless steel, with a float trap connected to the base for automatic discharge of water. Provision is also made for manugl drainage. 2

Also called High-PressureDeodorizers. These are vertical cylindrical vessels of mild steel each co taining appmxjmately 3.6 m' of granular activated carbon.

I

10.

Gas Briers

2

Also called DehydratorsIDesicants. ~hese consist of 2 vertical cylindrical vessels of mild steel, each containing activated alumina (lower 25%) and silica gel (upper 75%). The more robust alumina effects the coarse drying of the gas and the more efficient but relatively fragile silica gel completes the drying to a very low moisture level. The regeneration air inlet and exit temperature indicators are provided.

I 1. Wegeneretion System

1

This consists of one 20 H.P. Roots type blower and two 19 kw heaters to provide hot air for drying the carbons after steaming, and for the regeneration of the driers. Air for drying the carbons, passes through one heater only and is heated to 1 1 0 while ~ ~ the air for regenerating the driers passes through both heaters in series and, is heated to 200'~. The starters of heaters are linked to cut-outs for high delivery temperature.

12.

1

An inclined shell and tube heat exchanger of mild steel integrated with the refrigeration system. It has the following accessories: freon level control with transmitterlreceiver controller for venting of condenser, and actuated globe valve control of non-condensible venting.

I

C02 biqu@fierlCondenser

A vee bloc reciprocating compressor with 8 cylinders, driven by a 90 KW electric motor, and using Freon R 22 as refrigerant. It i s provided with a water-cooled shell and tube condenser, and a

1

2803

R. G . ISIDRO

14.

Refrigerated Liquid

2

C 0 2 Storage Tank

Horizontal cylindrical vessels of carbon steel each with a capacity of 52 metric tons and complete with insulation and inlet connections from liqirefier and tanker. Both are provided with contents gauges, safety relief devices and all pipework and valves.

A positive displacement gear pump driven by an 1 1 KW electric motor. I t has a capacity of 1 7 metric tons per hour with balanced pressures, gnd is provided with all necessary pipework and valves to and from the storage tank.

1

A positive displacement pump driven by a 1.5 KW electric motor. It has a capacity of 300 kglhr., and is provided with all pipework and valves t o and from the storage tank.

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H. G . MOELTNER

A N D ASSOCIATES LTD.

2785

Wall Sheathing

Waferboard panels a e; an excellent sheathing material under all nail on type sidings and stucco. The product adds strength and rigidity t o frame structures. The usual thickness acceptable f w wall sheating applications are either 114" or 5/16". Roof Sheating

Waferboard panels provide a flat solid base for all finish roofing materials. The panels can be applied lengthwise parallel to the raffers, to minimize horizontal joints, or across the supports in the usual way, Most Waferboard panels used as a roofing material have a so called skid resistant surface to provide good traction for sheating crews and roofing contractors working on pitched roofs. SubFlooring and Combined Sub-Floor Underlay

Waferboard panels have been developed for the professional builder after extensive research and testing by Canadian manufacturers. The strong WAFERBOARD panels provide a stiff, solid feeling sub-floor or combined sub floorunderlay. Tongue and .Groove edges add to the good f i t under all types of flooring. Panel edges are protected with a sealer to help prevent Swelling caused by moisture contact before installation. Panels can be placed in the usual way, or parallel to the floor joints to minimize the blocking required when no subsequent underlayment is to be applied. Speciality Panelk

Four Speciality Waferboard Panels have been recently intfoduced by the MacMillan-Bloedel Company of Vancouver, British Columbia into the Marketplace in Canada and the U.S.A.. These are Aspenplank,~Aspemtripe, Aspengroove and Aspentile. Aspenplank and Aspenstripe are used as an exterior siding material for residential construction. Aspengroove is used for interior decorative panneling, as well as, for various exterior sheathing applications, and Aspentile is becoming a popular ceiling material very quickly for do-ityourselfers who want an inexpensive textured tile look without the high cost Panels are light weight 5/16" x 4' x 4' for easy handling. As an example for the potential CANEBOARD panels hold for home construction in general and a low-cost housing program in particular,, two Model Houses are shown on the layout drawing entitled "LOW COST CAMEBOARD HOUSE BUILDING by INTERCANE SYSTEMS INC," Wherever there is a pressing need for shelter, Caneboard products hold a viable answer for the supply of suitable building materials and provide a raw material, which will help to develop good quality housing units at an economical cost. With most countries desperately short of housing and the awesome prospect facing the world of another 2 billion people to house before the end of the eentury, any product which can help towards mass production of low

14.

Refrigerated Liquid C02 Storage Tank

15.

Liquid C02 Transfer

Pump

2

Horizontal cylindrical vessels of carbon steel each with a capacity of 52 metric tons and complete with insulation* and inlet connections from liquefier and tanker. Both are provided with contents gauges, safety relief devices and all pipework and valves.

A positive displacement gear pump driven by an 11 KW electric motor. I t has a capacity of 17 metrlc tons per hour with balanced pressures, gnd is provided with all necessary pipework and valves to and from the storage tank.

A

positive displacement pump driven by a 1.5 KW electric motor. I t has a capacity of 300 kglhr., and is provided with all pipework and valves t o and from the storage tank.

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APPENDIX 2. Carbon dioxide recovery plant T~me ITEM

Un~t

0100

0300

0500

C02 transfer fan seal pressure

PSI INS. LPM LPM AMP. AMP. PSI 1NS.W.G.

35 20 5.5 20 1.0 145 36 19 12.5 56 138 3m 152 37 33 19.7 12 2

35

20 5.5 20 1.0 145 36 19 12.5 56 138 320 151 36 33 19.7 12 2

35 20 5.5 20 1.0 145 36 19 12 56 135

14.8 80

16.8 80

19 80

31

31

31

Alcohol scrubber level Water flow Water flow (water scrubber) 'Pump current C02 compressov current 011pressure Suction pressure Gas flow (chart) Interstage pressure Inverstage temperature Second stage pressure Second stage temperature E u t copling water After cooler C02 temperature CO liquef~erC02 pressure Freon level Freon l ~ q u l drecelver level Storage vessel No. 1 contents Storage vessel No. 2 contents Caol~ngwater supply pressure Cooling water inlet temperature

PSI OC

PSI

z~ %iICM2 INS INS

TON TON RSI OC

no 151 36 32 19.7 12 2

0700

Osoo

1300

1500

1700

1900

1MO

2300

? ? -

Appendix 2 (cont'd.)

I

REFRIGERATION

0

1 0

GAUGE. TEMP.

MOTOR

TIME

HOURS

AMPS.

SUCTION

OC

DELIVERY

SHIFT

SHIFT

OIL PRESSURE xl. Im

,

CONDENSER WATER

REMARKS

outlet temp.

"C

SH lF T

, OPERATOR

OPERATOR

OPERATOR

2806

1.

BY-PRODUCTS

British Standards Industrial, British

2.

Leonard, Jackson print: 114-121.

3.

Paturau, J. M. (196 lishing Co., Amster

967).Specification for Liquid Carbon Dioxide use, London 4105: 4-5.

2

A Steadily Growing Giant, C & EN, A Reof the Cane Sugar Industry, Elsevier Pub-

PLANTA DE RECUPERACION DE CO DE LA CENTRAL AZUCARERA DON PE RQ

1

1

Reynaldo G. lsidro

Se presentan algullos de 10s factores tecnicos y economicos importantes en el establecinliento de una planta de C02 en liquido integrado a una existente trapiche y destileria. El procedimiento, equipo, inversibn de capital, calidad de product0 y venta en mercado de una planta dedicada a producir 24 toneladas de C 0 2 en liquido, se discuten. La significallte contribucibn monetana a la planta de molien a de azucar (trapiche) se presenta en terminos de valor de helaza. Iucluidos tambikn esthnl lo$ areas problematicos evaluados antes de 18 construccibn de la planta y durante su period0 inicial de operaciones. Los ren~edios/solucio~iesadoptadas para lo arriba mencisnado/que puede o no puede ser aplicable a otras centrales y destilerhs tambi6n se presentan como instr;umentos posibles para tomar las medidas apropiadas.

s'

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