A Pruetieul Guid,e tor the Fresh Water Fish Farmer

This guide was originally producedfor fish farmers in North West Germanyby the STATE FISH EPIDEMICS CONTROL SERVICE of LOWER SAXONY and Fish Health Serviceand,as such,appearedrnl99l. It originated as a developmentof a seriesof very simple informative leaflets on main fish diseasesfor pond farrners published at irreguiar intervals in the (atthat time West-German)monthly periodical "Fisherman and Pond Farmer" in the late seventies/ enly eighties.The 1991booklet gained an unexpectedacceptanceand more than 4,000 copies were distributed in Germany,Austria and in the Germanspeakingcantonsof Switzerland. The original German version is now out of print. The EAFP would like to acknowledgethe support of the EuropeanCommission,FAR prograrnmewhich has made the productionof this English versionpossible.

w88&r srt{twx,,xts IX}? A Pruetieul

Guid,e tor the Fresh Water Fish Farmer

Publishedby the EuropeanAssociationof Fish Pathologists as a Supplementto Bulletin of The EuropeanAssociationof Fish Pathologists15(4),1995 ISSN : 1024-9494 I S BN : 0 9 5 2 6 2 4 2 0 6 H.-J. Schlotfeld and D. J. Alderman with F. Baudin-Laurencin E. M. Bemoth D. W. Bruno W. Daelman

E. Lorenzen K. Thorud

STATE FISH EPIDEMICS CONTROL SERVICE OF LOWER SAXONY and Fish Health Service,EintrachwegI7,D- 30173Hannover,FRG MAFF, Fish DiseasesLaboratory,Weymouth,UK

CNEVA - LPAA, PIouzanl, France CSIRO-AAHL" Geelong.Australia SOAFD Marine Laboratory,Aberdeen,UK DG VI, Commissionof the EuropeanCommunity,Brussels,Belgium STATE FISH EPIDEMICS CONTROL SERVICE of LOWER SAXONY, and Fish Health Service,Eintrachwegl7,D- 30113Hannover,FRG Danish Veterinary Laboratory,Arhus, Denmark Central Veterinary Laboratory,Oslo, Norway

Kett to front cover illustrations

Furunculosis - a classic furuncle Acanthocephalanproboscis ED - Cary Erythrodermatitus,white rimmed lesion SVC - Spring Viraemia of Carp - haemorrhagesin muscle ERM - Enteric redmouth disease,Yersiniaruckeri VHS - haemorrhagesin muscle Gas bubble disease- small bubblesin gill tissue VHS - exophthalmos- pop eye Fresh water fish farm in central Europe with hatchery earth ponds and fishing pond.

The Europea,ro Assoeia,teorl- ot Fish Pathol,ogists

WHAT SIil.OUM I DO?

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46 6. Diagnosis: cysts can be seen with naked eye on dissected gill arches (Figure 42.1). Wirh 160 x magnification it is possible to see the sporesinside the cysts. 7. Thansmission: with infested glass eels, which often can be clinically apparently symptomless.When infested material entersthe facility - it must be considered infested as a whole. It seemsthat for a clinical outbreak some specific and not yet defined conditions must be fulfilled. Thus, the degree of clinical manifestations vary completely according to the type of recirculation system. 8. Prevention: suitable and effective prophylactic control is not yet possible. Inapparent latent infestations cannot yet be identified. But anyway, parasite-free restocking ee1material must be preferred. 9. What should I do? Fumagillin mixed to eel feed 1 g / kg,2 - 3 7o of living weight / day,7 - 10 d is effective as has been demonstratedby the Fish Health Service of Lower Saxony. Damage to the bio filter due to fumasillin was not observed.

Recirculation system specific'ocommensalstt These are a group of organisms which can live in the system. If they develop and multiply massively, they can also occur in the fish tanks, where mainly mites can colonise the fish. Mites are small spider like animals, which are known from warm-blooded animals where they cause different forms of mange.

mites 3.1. Causative organism: (Acara). The exact species is not yet determined,but it is a aquaticform. It has eight legs, is up to 0.5 mm in size and motile. These mites can be observed on fish between the secondary lamellae of the gills (Figures 42.2).

3.4.9.What should I do? treatthe whole system with trichlorfon. The water temperature during the day of treatment should be below 20'C. Dosage: I g trichlorfon in 2000 I of tank water. Two repeattreatments.one week apart. 4.

3.2. Susceptible fish species: mainly in eel systems. Also found on catfish speciesand carp. 3.3. Reproduction: by eggs and by one or more so called nymph stages (six legs). The details of these life cycles are not known yet. 3.4. Clinical signs: depending very much on degree of invasion. Severenervous behaviour of eel. Rubbing of gill operculaeuntil the opercular skin is damaged. Severegill swelling and an increasing production of mucus in the areas where the mites are located. It is believed that the mites feed upon gill secretion products and epithelial cells. The eels stop feeding. Mortalities are due to secondary infections. Comparableto mange in warm-blooded animals and could be termed fish mange.

Bacteriallnfections

Bacterial infections are frequent in recirculation systems. In 907a of such cases the infections are by facultative fish pathogenic pathogens and it is clear that factors such as water quality and nutrition play an important role, leading to a break down of the fish immune system which then cannot withstand the massive pressureof pathogensin the system. In a later stageof this process internal organs are infected which can lead to acute morrality. Susceptible fish species : carp, eel, catfish and other fish kept in recirculation systems.

Bacteria : - motile Aeromonads, for example Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and others (see section 16) - Pseudomonads,fluorescing and non fluorescing 3.4.5. Mortality: dependingon degreeof invasionand sizeof eel.Casesof massive - Cytophaga/F lexibact er sp. invasions with severemortality rates are - Enterobacter (e.9. Edwardsiella tarda, known. seesection19)

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3.4.6. Diagnosis: only microscopically, scrape preparationsof the infected areas (a high degree of mucus) on the gill at a 65 x magnification. The mite can be seen immediately. 3.4.7.Introduction and transmission: not known, probably normal occupantsof recirculation system filters. 3.4.8Prevention: not known, the mites come from the biological filter.

Therapy : after bacterial isolation and antibiotic sensitivity tests, medicated feed treatments can give good results. The right antibiotic mixed in the feed will not affect the nitrifying bacteria in the bio filter. On a long term basis resistance problems are to be expected in bacterial fish pathogens in recirculation systems because residual antibiotics can persist for a long time in such systems. Viral infections

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Because of the high water temperatures in recirculation systems, viral infections such as SVC for ca4) or eel are not to be expected and have not been reported so far. For catfish the situation differs, in fry and fingerlings an Iridovirus has been detectedwhich causeshigh motalities in recirculation systems. The origin is unknown and therapy as for all viruses is not possible. It is not yet clear whether Clarias (African catfish) speciesare also

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47 susceptible to this virus. In general viral infections do not play an important role in recirculation systems.

Section43 Diseasesand Problemswith Koi Carp and other Cold-Water Ornamentals Keeping koi carp and other cold-water ornamentalshas become very popular in recent years. These fish are mainly kept in gardenponds. but for overwintering or for sales purposes, these species can be kept in aquaria or ponds as well. The origin of koi carp is JaPan and colourful breeding forms are imported into Europe. In Israel, USA and Italy, several koi carp and cold-water ornamental fish (for example, goldfish species, shubunkin, etc) producersare now able to produce good quality fish in large numbers as well. In northern Europe koi carp breeding farms are rare and therefore the customers here continue to depend on imports. Because of the large demand, some farms in norlhern Europe are specialising in trading in these fish. The main periods for sale to private customers are spring and summer. Outside of the main sales period, these fish may be kept and fed up under rather intensive conditions. The ornamental fish trade has a commercial value higher than farmed rainbow trout production and koi broodstock prices of f5,000 or DM20,000 or more for a single fish are no longer uncommon. Due to intensive stocking and feeding conditions in the salessites, and also due to the fact many private owners do not have enough knowledge of the complexities of keeping fish, management and disease problems with these ornamental fish are increasing. The majority of outbreaks of disease problems across the range of cold-water ornamentals have a direct link with the environment. Coldblooded animals are much more sensitive to degenerativeenvironmental conditions than are warm-blooded animals. Therefore, it may be necessarynot only

to employ medication, but also to improve the environmental and management conditions after diseaseoutbreaks. Most of the problems first appear after reduction of environment quality. The most important environmental factors having adverseeffects on these fish are: . chemical water quality: for example high amounts of ammonia in combination with high pH-values can lead to toxicity; normal ranges are describedin section42. . physiological water quality: supersaturation of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide lead to chronic problems or even to gas bubble disease(see section7). . biological watet qualitY: high water in the waste organic of amounts reduceoxygensaturation. . temperature: high water temperature may reduce oxygen saturation; low water temperaturedecreasemetabolic activity. . solarradiation: bright sun, particularly UV may causeskin Problems. . adaptation to other environment systems: for example, different water temperatures,different gas pressures, etc. . handling: grading, weighing, netting, etc, can all lead to stress. The following recommendations(mainly for trade facilities) to prevent problems due to environmental factors can be expressedas follows: . After receiving new fish: quarantine and examination by a fish health service or veterinarian . Reducing stocking density as far as economically reasonable. . Reducing feeding intensity as far as economically reasonable. . Water quality control in a recirculation system - employ a biological filter. . Bacteria control by using UV or ozonewatersterilisation. . Proper aeration of water, prevent of supersaturationwith nitrogen. . Avoiding excessivehandlingas much as possible: grading,weighing,etc. . Minimum use of medications. The most important diseasesobservedin ornamentalfish are: Viral diseasesin cold-water ornamentals:

Spring viraemia of carp (see section 11) - rarely obser.'red. Carp pox. No treatmentof viral diseasesis possible. SVC may cause mortalitY; cary Pox can have an adverse effect on the value of broodstock. Optimising environmental quality as well as the purchaseofdisease free fish must be recommended. Bacterial diseases in cold-water ornamentals: . .

Erythrodermatitis (see section 15). Ulceration becauseof facultative bacteria. mainly Aeromonas(seesection 16) and PseudomonassP. . Enterobacter, example, for Edwardsiellosis(see section 19) in intensive systems. ' Cytophaga andFlexibaclerinfections on gills and fins (fin rot), as well as in the intemal organs. . Mycobacterial infections (fish tuberculosis). Antibiotic treatment for most of these bacterial diseasesis possible, after carrying out antibiotic sensitivity tests. Treatment may be by feeding medicated food, by immersion baths, bY local antibiotic treatmentof ulcers or by injecting. Fish tuberculosis cannot be treated. Slaughter of diseasedfish must be recommendedin most cases. Fungal diseases in cold-water ornamentals: Secondaryfungal infections are frequently observed in koi carp and other coldwater ornamentals. Treating the primary cause and optimising environmental quality may reduce the Problem. Immersion bath treatments using malachite green or formalin may be used. Parasitic infections in cold-water ornamentals: The most important infections are :

and frequent

Protozoa: Ichthyophthirlzs (see section 21), Trichodina (see section 29), 28)' (see section Chilodonella Glossatella(seesection30). Coslra(see section 25) atd Cryptobia sP. Trematoda: Dactylogyrus (see section 33), Gyrodactylus (see section 34).

48

Fig.43.1 Crustaceans: Argulus (see section 39), Lernea (anchor worm) - a parasite frequently observed on cold-water o[ramentals (see Figure 43.1) - treatment may be successful with the use of trichlorfon. Most of these parasitic infections can be treated by immersion baths using various medications. However, it is also very important to improve environmental conditions in order to avoid further problems.

Section44 Disinfectionin Aquaculture Disinfection of: 1) eggs 2) equipment 3) ponds and basins 1. Disinfection of Eggs For egg disinfection in aquaculture iodophores are preferred, such as Buffodyne@ and Wescodyne@in Britain and Actomar K30@Germany. An iodophore contains iodine (the disinfecting agent) and surfactants which ensure that the iodine reaches the surfaces to be disinfected. The iodophore should be diluted in clean water as directed by the manufacturer. Remember that the effective concentration of 100ppm available iodine neededto disinfect eggs does not mean that you should dilute the

iodophore at 1 in 10,000, but as recommended by the manufacturer. Newly fertilised eggs may be disinfected with iodophore solution, but such delicate green eggs must be protected by diluting the iodophore in 0.9Vo saline rather than plain water. This preventsthe start of water hardening of the eggs - the intake of water which occurs when stripped dry fertilised eggs enter water for the first time and which would also pull the iodophore into the eggs and kill them. Once eggshave eyed up the use of saline is no longer necessary. Eggs should be exposed to the iodophore for ten minutes. 2. Disinfection of Equipment (nets, boots, etc.) Equipment must be cleaned thoroughly before attempting disinfection. Mud prevents the disinfectant from penetratingto the surfaceto be disinfected. 2.1 Iodophores diluted to give 100 ppm available iodine are effective in disinfecting equipment, but iodophores are relatively slow acting and rapidly inactivated by organic contaminants. They are therefore expensive to use and are best used on equipment which would be damaged by repeated use of cheaper more aggressive disinfectants. If the brown colouration of the diluted working strengthiodophore begins to pale, replace it with fresh solution, becauseit will be loosing its disinfection effect. May be used to spray onto vehicle undersides and tyres and is safer to cany in vehicles than more aggressive disinfectants. Will corrode metal sprayerswhich shouldbe rinsedout betweenuses.

2.2. Sodium hypochlorite. Normally and most easily purchasedin the form of dairy hypochlorite (it is extensively used as a disinfectant in the dairy industry) which is cheap,rapid in action and readily available. Dilute to give 100 ppm available chlorine. Some dairy products may have a coloured indicator in the solution which will indicate loss of efficacy. Buy only sufficient for a few weeks since hypochlorite is not suited to long term storage. Use in baths and tanks for disinfecting nets and boots, washing well in clean water after disinfection. To clean tanks and ponds hypochlorite may be sprayed or brushed onto the surfaces to be disinfected. Does not contain surfactantsto clean the surface being disinfected and therefore can be made more effective by the addition of a suitable detergent(e.g. Teepol L). 2.4. Sodium hydroxide (20g NaOH in 10 litres of water). Cheap and very effective, but is very corrosive and will damage skin, clothes and some metals. Take great carein dissolving solid NaOH 2.4. 3-57o formaldehyde, is a cheap and effective disinfectant, but very aggressiveto some metals, clothing and mucous membranes and should not be used in closed spaces.It can be sprayed onto concrete ponds adequately using pressuresprayequipment. Disinfection of Earth Ponds and 3. Basins 3.1 Self disinfection by drying the ponds completely. Disinfection results naturally from the combination of drying and the sun (UV) plus freezing in winter. Unfortunately this method may not be very effective in many cases because complete drying can not always be guaranteed - the weather is very changeable and not all agentsare eradicatedwith this method. 3.2 Quick lime (CaO) is the most frequently used and cheapest disinfection substancefor pond fish far:rning.It should be used as far as possible in autumn to allow enough time for building a productive pond top layer for new stock. For routine disinfection 75glmz for sandy soil and 400glmz for swampy soil is sufficient. The minimum amount for eradicating fish pathogenic organisms up to a soil depth of 3cm is 1 kg/mz. To

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Section45 Water Quality Parameters Limiting values for fish farming The determination of water quality is best done by experienced experts, because there are complex interactions between different componentsof the water. In the following table guide values for fish farming are presented for average water quality giving values which are generally acceptable.In specific casesit is not impossible that fish damagemay occur below theselimits.

Temperature:

carp: up to 28'C trout: up to 20"C

Oxygen content:

carp: above 4 mg/l trout: above 8 mg/l

Carbondioxide:

up to 25 mg/l fry up to 10mg/l

pH:

above5.5. less than 8

A c i d B i ndi ngC apaci ty* * *

above1.5 vaVm3

Ammonia (NH3),forpH above8.5

up to 0.05 mg/l

Ammonium (NH+)''',for pH lessthan 8.5

up to 1.0 mg/l

Iron, total

up to 2.0 mg/l

Nitrite content*

up to 0.2 mg/l

Nitrate content*

up to 50 mg/l

Inorganic phosphate

0.6- 1.0mg/l

Chlorine (Cl2)

0.01- 0.03mg/l

HzS

up to I mg/l

Demand* (KMnOa)** PotassiumPermanganate

up to 20 mg/l

ChemicalOxygen Demand* (COD)

up to 40 mg/l

Biological Oxygen Demand'''(BOD5)

up to 15 mg/l

Oxygen Demand (BOD2)

up to 6 mg/l

Cyanide

up to 0.1 mg/l

I I

Tabk Orga

The t has ir these high are h salts Dilut with Nerv pirati abno are si

Note whic sis (h orga cle a more ples ' Infor tion r Merc and l main

IntensiveFish Culture:

*

COD maximum in outflow of raceway

up to 30 mg/l

(for 2 hours mix samplesand BOD5)

not more than 10 mg/l

COD maximum day limit of silo systems

up to 35 mg/l

(for 2 hours mix samplesand BOD5)

not more than 15 mg/l

if these values are increasing, this points to an organic pollution of the water (in case of high values mortality can occur,especiallyfor pH above 8). Toxic effects and limits may vary if other parametersare close to iimits.

'-"These substancesdon't causemortality, but have an undesirable influence on the metabolism of the water svstem.

becauseof the low buffer capacity of the water system. Take care with dosage of therapeutants for immersion bath treatment.

* * * T h e A ci d B i ndi ngC apaci tyi ncreases xx*>r\z[us1 be less than 1.0 mg/l for by a value I by liming with 280 kg of quick limei10,000 cbm water, values salmonid fry. below t have an indirect negativeefTect

It mr used defir man: agair guidr conti mon medi ue tc I na pfov

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52 existing and developing regulations for the control of the dischargeof water from farms containing such medicines. These regulationstend to be set at national level rather than Europe wide and the dischargespermitted are frequently local to an areaor even to a specific farm, since they form part of the control of the environmental impact of the aquacultural unit. The effect of such controls will be to fufiher limit the ability of farmer to use the increasingly restricted range of therapeutic drugs which are currently available. As an example - in Germany the whole range of freely available simple chemicals like common salt, quick lime, calcium cyanide, calcium chloride, chloramine-T, malachite green,formaldehyde (formalin) and potassium permanganate was used for more than 100 years by fish farmers. This use was not forbidden, but also not explicitly allowed - because of the fact that only at the moment when these chemicals were applied to fish as treatmentsfor the control of parasitesor other pathogenic agents these chemicals were literally promoted to medicines and as such not licensed for fish. Of course the pharmaceutical industry was not interestedin applying for official licensing of e.g. common salt for use in fish. The same applied to all the other chemicals becauseof the rather small and very naffow national market because of the very limited volume of fresh water fish farming in Germany. This situation is and was not unique to Germany and applied to most other Member States of the European Community.

Section 48 Glossarv of Terms and their Meaning for Fish Farming Practice U

Acid Binding Capacity-Value: showing the hardnessof water (Lime content).It is important to know this value becausethe dosageof chemicalsto the water depends strongly on this value. For example copper sulphateis applied 20 g/10m: for an ABC-value of 6.6-13. For values below

hyde, but concentrations are normally expressed as Vo formalin not Vo formaldehyde. Because of its irritative effect on mucous membranes is should not be usedin enclosedareasunlessgood air exchange can be set up. Formalin is very effective for treating against ectoparasites(flagellates). For control of Costia,concentrationsof 1:4000- 1:7000 (1 ml fresh formalin in 4 - 1 I water) are used. The formalin should not contain any white sediment - this is sedimented paraformaldehydewhich is highly toxic. Furthermore formaldehyde may also be used for disinfection of equipment (3 47o). Formalin should be stored tightly closed, cool and dark. Incubation time: The time between infection and outbreak of disease. can be used against Trichlorfon Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Ergasilus, Argulus andPiscicola: Trichlorfon is an organophosphateinsecticide and is known in some markets as Masoten@. It is very toxic and its use is closely controlled everywhere. The related, more toxic product dichlorvos (Neguvon@, Aquaguard@) is used in mariculture to control sea lice. Medicated feed treatment: fish feed to which has been added a veterinary medicine so that the fish absorb the drug through the gut. Specific rules apply to the supply or manufacture of medicated feeds,in most countries they may only be usedundera veterinaryprescription. Masking: through indiscriminate use of drugs the signs and whole picture of a diseasecan be heavily falsified - masked - so that proper diagnosis becomes difficult or even impossible. In caseof bacterial infections a medicated feed treatment prior to bacteriological examination and 20'c. Drug resistance: Some bacteria are less antibiotic sensitivity testing can make it sensitive to particular antibiotics than are impossible to isolate and identify the others. Continued use of a single antibi- pathogenicbacteria responsible for about otic. panicularly if the concentrations 30 days and therefore an urgently needed employed are lower than they should be, antibiotic sensitivity test - to select the will select those resistant cells. Some correct therapy - is impossible unless a types of resistance may be transferred small stock of untreated fish have been retained separately. betweendi fferentbacteria. Facultative Fish Pathogens: Organisms Notifiable Diseases: These are diseases which can grow and survive in the aquat- whose presence must be notified to national diseasecontrol authorities ic environment but which are capable of - Viral Haemorrhagic SePticaemia infecting fish and causing diseasedependent on certain conditions (decreasing ffHS) of salmonids - Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis health conditions from poor water quality or high stocking densities, over feed- (IHN) ing at lo.w water temperaturesetc. (See There are variations between European Union Member States, e.g. SPring Section16). Formalin: formalin is 3l7o formalde- Viraemia of Carp (SVC) is notifiable in

0.8 copper sulphate should not be used because even small amounts may be toxic. Antibiotic sensitivity tests (also known as an antibiogramme) : to establishthe suitability of a therapeutic agent in an outbreak of bacterial disease. The pathogen, after isolation and culture, is grown in the presence of candidate antibiotics. After a suitable incubation period the effect of the presenceof the in terms of a reducantibioticis assessed tion of growth of the pathogen to determine if the pathogen is sensitive to that compound. The most effective drug found in the sensitivity test should be selectedfor therapy. Carrier: Animals which, although showing no clinical signs of infection, continue to be infected and therefore continue to carry the pathogen and continue to be a source of infection to other susceptible fish. If for example trout fry survive an IPN outbreak, they may be expected to releasethe IPN virus for the rest of their life. Disinfection Barrier: To decreasethe risk of disease introduction or of its spreadat least, boots and equipment disinfection should be carried out before entering the farm or between the different areasof a farm (e.g. hatchery,fingerling accommodation, grow on accommodation). Disinfection: to make free of pathogens by physical (heat, etc.) and / or chemical (for example formaldehyde) treatment. Dosage: lgl3mz water for cyprrnids, or Igl6mz water to allow survival of food where fish are dependanton natural food, lg 4mz water for salmonids.It should not be used at water temperatures above

the UX Membe Aquacu SVC, Gyroda plague) untary c Obligat or pathc natural Exampl da, ci Aphano plague. Suppor reatmer by cont tions m fish pat allow pr not dire pathoge Withdn period v pletion wit h a' may be tion. Tl able dn meat. now ma Sensitiv such ret ing pro6

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A. 91167 EEC Council Directive concerning the animal health conditions governing the placing on the market of aquacultureanimals and products. The general principles of this basic Directive can be summarisedas follows: - To contribute to the completion of the intemal market, avoiding the spread of contagious diseases. - Taking into account that the animal health situation for aquaculture animals is not the samethroughout the territory of the Community, to introduce the concept of approved zones which are free for one or more diseases. - To define the concept of approvedfarms situatedoutside free zonesand enjoying a special animal health status. - To define the trade patterns between approved zones, approved farms and non approved zones.

from approved zones or farms "down" to the whole non approved area.

The ket I

1. mals ease

2. Special conditions List II diseases - principle - from high health status to low health status(Figure 49.1).

For movements of approved farms (in non-approved zones) to an approved zone special safeguard measures can be establishedfrom the side ofthe approved zorrc (Art. 14 9I/67/EEC) - if serious hazardsto animals or humans inside the Community or in third countries arise.

Figure 49.1 Principles of movementsin relation to disease status under Aquaculture Directive 9l/61|EEC. Horizontal" trade: approved zones or farms - trade is only possible between facilities of same status "Verlical" trade:

3. Special conditions list III diseases to be defined case by case National control progralnmes at Member State level can be supplied to the EEC Commission. If approved, additional guaranteesmay be permitted.

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eggs and gametesare defined. 1. General conditions - no clinical signs of disease - not fall under schemeof eradication - not from farm subject to prohibitions

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aquaculture animals - fish - crustaceans - molluscs

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Additionally some special problems are covered by 9ll6TlEECz

health situation in the Community through the following generalmeasures:

Non susceptible farmed species (Afiicle 14) introduction into approved zones or farms - from another approved zone - from approved farm in a non approved zore - from any farm in a non approved zone if such farm does not contain susceptible speciesand is not connectedwith watercourse or coastaVestuarialwater

1) all farms must: - be officially registered - keep record of livestock movements and mortalities

Derogation is possible where practical experienceand/or scientific evidencehas shown that there is no passive transmission of disease. Principles apply also to ornamental speciesexcept to ornamentaltropical fish kept permanentlyin aquaria. Wild species: - introduction into approved zone only from another approved zone. - introduction into approved farrn situated in a non approved zone only from approved zone. - when fished in deep sea and introduced into approved zones or approved farms for breeding purposes, quarantine is required.

Greece: Centre of Athens Veterinary Institutions 2) compulsory notification of suspected Fish Diseases 25 Neapolios presence. 15310Athens The control measuresfor List I diseases Spain: are: Laboratorio de Sanidad y Producci6n * classicalmeasuresin caseof suspicion: Animal, Cta. Madrid-Algete, km5400, - official diagnosis - restrictions on suspectedneighbouring 28110 Madrid farms France: x measuresin caseof confirmation: CNEVA Laboratoire Central de RecherchesV6t6rinaires - stamping out 22, rue de Pierre Curie - disinfection BP 61 - epizootic investigation 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex - inspection of neighbouring farms, etc. The control measuresfor List II diseases atei * in approved zones and farms: - stamping out - 4 year testing programme x in non approvedfarms in non approved ZONES:

Importsfrom third countries: 1. Third county must appear on list (not yet published) - criteria: - state ofhealth livestock - organisation of control services - information on infectious and contagious diseases - control measures

- official diagnosis - infected farms must be listed - official supervision of infected farms - fish/eggs/gametesmay leave infected farms only to other infected farms or for slaughter

2. Third counf,J must respect special health conditions.

Further imporlant aspectcovered are the establishmentof national referencelaboratories and of a Community laboratory as listed below.

3. Consignments must be accompanied by health certificate.

National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases:

Directive 9I/61IEE;C was followed by a more detailed follow-throush Directive: B.

Council Directive 93l53lEEC

This Directive applies to fish diseasesof List I (ISA) and of List II (IHN and VHS) as well as to take quick action in case of outbreak of such diseaseand to preserve and, where possible, to improve the

Germany: Bundesforschungsanstaltfiir Viruskrankheiten der Tiere Anstaltsteil Insel Riems 17498InselRiems

Belgium: Institut National de Recherches V6t6rinaires Groeselenberg,99 1180Bruxelles Denmark: StatensVeterinere Serumlaboratorium Landbrugsministeriet Hatg4vej 2 8200 Arhus N.

CNEVA Brest BPTO 29280 Plouzand Ireland: FisheriesResearchCentre Abbotstown Castleknock Dublin 15

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58 the detection and confirmation of certain fish diseases (Official Journal of the European Communities No L 337118L331l2l 4. 93l22lEEC Commission Decison (November 1993) laying down the model of the movement documents referred to in Article 14 of Council Directive 9I/67|EEC (Official Journal of the European Communities No L16l8 -

Lr6/12) 5. 93/14|EEC Commission Decison (December 1992) conceming the status of Denmark with regard to infectious hematopoietic necrosis and vital haemorrhagic septicaemia (Official Journal of the European Communities No L 27135L27/36. 6. 93l44lEEC Commission Decison (January 1993) approving the prograrnmes concerning spring viraemia of carp submitted by the United Kingdom, and defining the additional guaranteesfor certain fish species for consignment to Great Britain, Northem Ireland, the Isle of Man and Guernsey(Official Journal of the European Communities No L 16/53 Lt6t54.

defining the additional guaranteesof certain fish speciesfor consignmentto Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and Guernsey (Official Journal of the European Communities No L 352175

Section 50 Fish Health Laboratoriesand Advisor-vServicesin the EuropeanUnion AUSTRIA VeterinzirMedizinische Universitiit Institut fiir Fischkunde ll Linke Bahngasse A-1030 Wien Tel. +43 (O)222 I'71155-0

94l450lEEC Commission Decison 9. (June 1994) amending Decision 93/'741EECconcerning the status of Denmark with regard to infectious haematopoieticnecrosis and viral haemonhagic septicaemia(Official Journal of the European Communities \lo L 341121 -L347t29 10. 94l865lEEC Commission Decison (December 1994) amending Decision 93l44lEEC approving the programmes concerning spring viraemia of carp submitted by the United Kingdom, and

National Veterinary and Food Research Institute Oulu Regional Laboratory PO Box 517 SK-90101Oulu Tel. +358 (0) 81 5541666 FRANCE CNEVA Alfort Laboratoire Central de Recherches V6t6rinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, 94703 Maisons-Alfort C6dex, Tel. +33-l 49 7l 13 50 CNEVA Brest, Laboratoire de pathologie des animaux aquatiques,B.P. 70, 29280 Plonzanl, Tel. +33-98 22 44 62

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Bundesamt fiir Wasserwirtschaft Institutftir Cewrisserokologie. Fischereiwirtschaft und Seenkunde Schar{ling l8 A-5310 Mondsee Tel. +43 (0) 6232 I 3847 or 3848 BELGIUM CER/Pisciculture Centre bconomie Rurale 1, Rue du Carmel 8-8900 Marloie Te(. +32-84-220244

7. 93l53lEEC Commission Decison (Ju n e | 993) int r od u c i n g mi n i mu m Community measuresfor the control of certain fish diseases(Official Journal of the EuropeanCommunitiesNoL 115123 K. U. Leuven - Ll15/33 8. 93/54|EEC Commission Decison (June 1993) amending Directive 9l/61|F,F;C concerning the animal health conditions governing the placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products (Official Journal of the European CommunitiesNo L 175134- LI15l31)

National Veterinary and Food Research Institute Kuopio RegionalLaboratory PO Box 92 SK-70701Kuopio Tel. +358 (O) | 201469

Zoologisch Instituut Namensestraat59 8-3000 Leuven Tel. +32-16-283966 DENMARK Danish Trout Culture ResearchStation Br@nsMollevej 7,Br@ns DK-6780 Skaerbak Tel. +45-'74753234 Ministry of Agriculture Danish Veterinary Service Section for Aquaculture Skomagewej 38 DK-7100 Vejle Tel. +45-75857820 FINLAND National Veterinary and Food Research Institute PO Box 368 Fin-00101Helsinki Tel. +358 (0) 3931880

Laboratoire V6t6rinaire D6partemental du Finistdre 7, rue Turgot, 29107 Quimper Tel. +33-9882 88 88 Laboratoire V6t6rinaire D6parlemental de 1'H6rau1t 306, rue Croix Las Cazes, 34000 Montpellier Tel. +33-67 10 11 17 Laboratoire V6t6rinake D6partemental du Jura, B oulevard Th6odore Vernier, B.P.316, 39016 Lons-Le-SaulnierC6dex Tel. +33-84 24 37 34 Laboratoire Y ltdinaire D6partemental des Landes 1, rue Marcel David, 4004 Mont-de-Marsan Tel. +33-5806 08 08 Laboratoire V6t6rinaire D6partemental du Pas-de-Calais Rue du 19 Mars 1962, Dainville, 62022 Anas Tel. +33 21 51 46 54 Laboratoire V6t6rinaire D6pa.rtementaldu Haut-Rhin, 21, rue dAgen, 68020 Colmar C6dex Tel. +33-89 73 37 5'7

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60 Istituto Zooprofillatico Sperimentaledel Piemonte, Liguria e Valle DAosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154Torino Tel +39 (0) 11 26861

SPAIN Ministerio de Agricultura PescaY Alimentaci6n, Central de Algete, 28110 Algete, Spain. Tel +34 1 629 03 00

Departamentode Biologia Celular Facultad de Biologia Universidad de Le6n Campus de Vegazana 24071 Le6n

Istituto Zooprofillatico Sperimentaledell Abruzzo e del Molise, Via r. Paolucci, 65100 Pescara Tel +39 (0) 85 4310337

Centre Nacional d'Aquicultura Carr. de San Carlos a Poblenou del Delta 43540 Sant Carles de la Rdpita (Taragona)

SWEDEN Fiskhiilsen FH AB, 81071Alvkaileby Tel +46 (0) 26 726 30

Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Profilassi e Polizia Veterinaria. Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO) Tel +39 (O) 51 792002 NETHERLANDS ID-DLO PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad Tel. +31-3200-383'/3 RIVO-DLO PO Box 68 1970 AB Ijmuiden Tel. +31-2550-64646 Wageningen Agricultural University Dept. of Fish Culture and Fisheries Laboratory of Fish Diseases PO Box 338. 6700 AH Wageningen Tel: +31 317 483307) PORTUGAL Institudo Portugu6s de Investigaydo Maritima, Departamento de Aquacoltora - Lab. de Sanidade, Avenida de Brasilia, 1400 Lisboa, Tel. +351 13016361 Faculdade de Medicina Veterin6ria, Rua Gomes Freire, 1199Lisboa Tel. +351 1 3522595 Instituto de Zoologia Dr Augusto Nobre, Faculdade de Sci6nciasdo Porto, 4000 Porto, Tel. +351 2310290 Laborat6rio Nacional de Investigaydo Veterin6ria, Laborat6rio de Patologia, Estradade Benfica, 701, 1500 Lisboa Tel. +351-1-7165139 Instituto de Cidncias Biomedicas Abel Salazar Laborat6rio de Sanidade Largo Prof. Abel Salazar,2 4100 Porto Tel. +351-2-310290

Tel. +34-73-74542'7 Depafiamento de Biologia Animal, Vegetal y Ecologia Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Aut6noma de Barcelona Campus de Bellatera 08 193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Tel. +34-3-5811746 Departamentode Microbiologia Y Parasitologia sanitarias Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Barcelona Av. Diagonal 08028 Barcelona Tel. +34-3-3309061

SVA, Fiskenheten, Box7073, 750 07 Uppsala Tel +46 (0) 18 674000 UNITED KINGDOM In the United Kingdom there are three govemment laboratories with responsibilities for the statutory control of notifiable fish diseases. Any suspicion of outbreaks of notifiable diseaseshould reported to the responsiblelaboratory either directly or by the farms veterinary practitioner who should be consulted in regard to non notifiable mortalities.

Departamentode Microbiologf a Facultad de Biologfa Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Valencia Tel. +34-6-3864300

England and Wales MAFF Fish DiseasesLaboratorY, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 9UB Ter+44 (0) 1305 206600

Instituto InvestigacionesMarinas CSIC EduardoCabello 6 36208 Vigo Tel. +34-86-231930

Scotland SOAFD Marine LaboratorY, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB9 8DB Tel +44 (0) 1224 876544

Centro de InvestigacionesBiol6gicas CSIC cl Yel6zqrez,144 28006 Madrid Tel. +34-1-5611800

Northern Ireland DANI, Veterinary SciencesDivision, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast,BT4 3SD Tel +44 (0) 1232 520011

Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal CSIC Ribera de Cabanes 12595Castellon Tel. +34-64-310325 Departamentode Microbiologia Facultad de Biologia Universidad de Santiago 15706 Santiago de Compostela Tel. +34-81-596904 Area de Microbiologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de M6laga Campus de Teatinos 29071MLlaga Tel. +34-52-131899 Priniedby WarwickPress Estate, CambridgeRoad,GranbyIndustrial Weymouth,Dorset,U.K.DT4gTJ Tel:(01305)779494 Faxi (01305)776266

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