The kidneys are located a. within the abdominal cavity. c. posterior to the parietal peritoneum. b. between the twelfth thoracic and third d. just below the diaphragm. lumbar vertebrae. The superior end of the ureters is expanded to form the funnel-like The small elevations that project into the minor calyx are called a. renal pyramids. c. renal calyces. b. the renal medulla. d. renal papillae. A kidney tumor composed of embryonic cells is a tumor. Which of the following are regulatory functions of the kidney? a. excretion of metabolic wastes from the c. regulation of blood pressure blood d. regulation of calcium absorption by activation of vitamin D b. control of red blood cell production The blood supply to the nephrons is via the a. renal artery. c. arcifom artery. b. interlobar artery. d. afferent arterioles. The structure of the renal corpuscle consists of the c. descending loop of Henle. a. glomerulus. d. proximal convoluted tubule. b. Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. Inflammation of the glomeruli is a. nephritis. c. pyelonephritis. b, glomerulonephritis. Blood leaves the capillary cluster of the renal capsule via the a. afferent arteriole. c. peritubular capillary system. b. efferent arteriole. d. renal vein. The renal vein carries blood from the kidney and returns blood to the general circulation via the a. superior vena cava. c, superior vena cava. b. internal iliac vein. d. portal vein. The distal convoluted tubule empties urine into a The tall, densely packed cells of the distal convoluted tubule pass between and contact the cells of the efferent and afferent arterioles in an area known as the The relatively high pressure in the glomerulus is due to a. the small diameter of the glomerular c. the large volume of blood that circulates capillaries. through the kidney relative to other body b. the increased size of the smooth muscle in parts. the venules that receive blood from the d. the smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole in comparison with the afferent arteriole. glomerulus. The end product of kidney function is The transport mechanism used in the glomerulus is a. filtration. c. active transport. b. osmosis. d. diffusion. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important in the regulation of The fluid formed in the capillary cluster of the nephron is the same as blood plasma except for the presence of a. glucose. c. bicarbonate ions. b. larger molecules of protein in plasma. d. creatinine. Blood pressure affects urine formation because of the blood is necessary to the transport mechanism used in the glomerulus. Sympathetic nerve impulses can be expected to (increaseldecrease) glomerular filtration.

A significant fall in blood pressure, as during shock, causes anla (increaseldecrease) in glomerular filtration. An increase in hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule will (increaseldecrease) the filtration rate.

Does statement a explain statement b? a. An increase in hydrostatic pressure causes a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. b. An enlarged prostate gland tends to decrease the amount of urine produced. How much fluid filters through the glomerulus in a 24-hour period? c. 45 gallons a. 1 112 quarts b. 2 cups d. 5-10 quarts Which of the following substances is present in glomerular filtrate but not in urine? a. urea c. potassium b. sodium d. glucose Which of the following substances is transported by osmosis throughout the renal tubule? a. glucose c. plasma proteins b. water d. amino acids Substances such as creatinine, lactic acid, sodium, and potassium ions are reabsorbed in the a. proximal convoluted tubule. c. descending limb of the loop of Henle. b. distal convoluted tubule. d. ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Most (about 70%) of the water, sodium, and other ions in glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed in the a. loop of Henle. c. distal convoluted tubule. b. proximal convoluted tubule. d. renal pyramid. The reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting duct is influenced by The mechanism that acts to continue sodium reabsorption from tubular fluid in the loop of Henle and at the same time causes the fluid to become hypotonic to its surroundings is the mechanism. The permeability of the distal segment of the tubule to water is regulated by a. blood pressure. c. aldosterone. b. ADH. d. renin. Urea is a by-product of catabolism. The mechanism by which greater amounts of a substance may be excreted in urine than was filtered from the plasma in the glomerulus is a. tubular absorption. c. pinocytosis. b. active transport. d. tubular secretion. Which of the following substances enter the urine using tubular secretion? a. lactic acid c. amino acids b. hydrogen ions d. potassium Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? a. urea c. creatinine b. uric acid d. ketones The normal output of urine for an adult in one hour is ml. a. 20-30 c. 40-50 b. 30-40 d. 50-60 Tests of renal clearance of inulin and creatinine are used to provide information about a. renal blood flow. c. tubular reabsorption. b. glomerular filtration. d. tubular secretion. Urine is conveyed from the kidney to the bladder via the

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43. 44.

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Urine moves along the ureters via a. hydrostatic pressure. c. peristalsis. b. gravity. The ureterorenal reflex will (increaseldecrease) urine production in situations where urine flow from the kidney to the bladder is impeded. The internal floor of the bladder has three openings in a triangular area called the muscle. The third layer of the bladder is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is called the a. micturition c. urinary b. detrusor d. sympathetic When stretch receptors in the bladder send impulses along the parasympathetic paths, the individual experiences a sensation known as The usual amount of urine voided at one time is about CC. Which of the following structures is under conscious control? a. external urethral sphincter c. bladder wall b. internal urethral sphincter In the female, the urinary meatus is located anterior to the and posterior to the

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57. increases

20 Mastery Test Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

b,c b, c renal pelvis d Wilms a, b, c, d a a, b b b c collecting duct macula densa d urine a renin b hydrostatic pressure

20. decrease 21. decrease 22. decrease 23. yes 24. c 25. d 26. b 27. a 28. b 29. aldosterone 30. countercurrent 31. b 32. protein 33, d 34. b, d 35. d 36. d 37. b 38. ureters 39. c 40. decrease 4 1. trigone 42. b 43. urgency 44. 150 cc 45. a 46. vagina, clitoris