• World Health Organisation defines physical activity as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure”. • WHO is explicit that the term “physical activity” should not be used interchangeably with “exercise”.
EXERCISE
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, EXERCISE & THE CANCER CONTROL FRAMEWORK
prevention/detection
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
• Exercise, is a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness (capacity, structure, function, homeostatis) is the objective.”
end of life
postdiagnosis cancer-related time periods
Courneya and Friedenreich Sem Onco Nurs 2007;23:242-52
Physical activity and cancer risk •Physically inactive - nearly twice as likely to develop colon cancer1 •Active - 30% reduction in the risk of women of all ages developing breast cancer2 •Reduces prostate cancer incidence of advanced forms and in older men - 70% reduction if >3 hours vigorous per week3 • 20 % reduction in risk of Lung cancer4
EXERCISE MEDICINE • “Exercise medicine” is the physical assessment and prescription of exercise specifically for the prevention or treatment of injury or illness. • Specific exercise drives endogenous “medicine” – Hormones and cytokines
• Direct structural adaptation and repair • Facilitates other therapies
1.Colditz et al. Cancer Causes Control. 8(4):649-67.1997 2.Thune & Furberg. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl):S530-50. 2001 3. Patel et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14(1):275-9. 2005 4. Lee & Oguma. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd ed. University Press, 2006
1
3/15/2016
By June 2004 – 26 trials; majority of studies with breast cancer using cardiovascular exercise
• Overwhelmingly positive effects despite quite suboptimal exercise prescription • Researchers and clinicians not drawing on vast knowledge of exercise and human performance Galvão & Newton. J Clinical Oncology 2005;23:899-909
Survival! Cancer Survival: Time to Get Moving? Data Accumulate Suggesting a Link Between Physical Activity and Cancer Survival Demark-Wahnefried W. Editiral. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24(22):3517-8. 2006.
EXERCISE FOR BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL Relative risk of death from breast cancer
