PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE PARTICIPATION DURATION OF ANTENATAL MOTHERS

AIJCSR-469 ISSN 2349-4425 www.americanij.com PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE PARTICIPATION DURATION OF ANTENATAL MOTHERS 1 1-3 MOSES, M.O*, 2DONKOH...
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE PARTICIPATION DURATION OF ANTENATAL MOTHERS 1 1-3

MOSES, M.O*, 2DONKOH, S., 3UMAR, M. & 4FALOLA, K.O

Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah

University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. *Email: [email protected], [email protected] Tel: +233547336905 Email (2&3): [email protected], +233247404572; [email protected], +233243109024 4

Federal Science and Technical College, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. 4Email: [email protected] Tel: +2348029186108

ABSTRACT This study assessed the duration of physical activities and exercises (PAE) participation of women attending five antenatal care services in Ghana. Descriptive survey method was used. Six hundred mothers, between 12-32 weeks of gestation, able to speak and read Twi, Hausa, English luaguages and without record of major medical or obstetric complications were recruited using convenience sampling technique. A structured and validated questionnaire designed to elicit self-reported reponse on the time spent during PAE per day was used. The instrument has test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.82. Data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis using frequency counts and percentages. Results showed that 534 (89.0%) were between 18-37years, 429(71.5%) were aware of the importance of PAE. 288(48.0%) spent ½ to almost 2hours for dressing, bathing, feeding children while sitting. 246 (41.0%) spent less than ½ hour dressing, bathing, feeding children while standing. 390 (65.0%) usually spend 1 to more than 3hours watching television or video. 348 (58.0%) usually spend ½ to almost 3hours sitting reading/talking on the phone while not at work. 360 (60.0%) spent ½ to almost 3 hours on light cleaning of laundry, iron and put things away. 534 (89.0%) spent ½ to more than 3 hours shopping for food, clothes and other items. 456 (76.0%) usually spent less than 1 hour engaging in heavier cleaning (vacuum, mop, sweep, wash windows). 378 (63.0%) spent ½ to almost 3 hours driving a car or bus. 222 (37.0%) usually spend less than ½ hour walking slowly for fun or exercise. Antenatal mothers do not spend more time on PAE to prevent health problems. PAE participation campaigns should be designed for antenatal mothers and implementation supervised to promote their participation level. Specific policies and strategies for antenatal mothers placing emphasis on importance of PAE participation levels are needed. Keywords: PAE, Duration, Antenatal mothers, Attending OPD, 12-32 weeks of gestation Volume 2 2015 Issue 4 JUNE-JULY AIJCSR

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has been insinuation that very large number of them are

INTRODUCTION During

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pregnancy a woman‟s body undergoes complex

physiological changes of such magnitude

unaware of the need for antenatal

exercises, which is

demanded by

considered as an important aspect in antenatal period.

fetus (Ouzounian and Elkayam, 2012;

There is also a „myth‟ (especially in rural areas), that “the

Silversides and Colman, 2011). Meaningful participation in

pregnant women are not supposed to do exercises in

Physical activity and exercise (PAE) has been seen as

their first trimester, because it leads to miscarriage.” This

antidote to many health risk conditions including pregnancy

culturally inclined misinformation continued to increase

and

two

stillbirths, assisted deliveries and maternal deaths among

important milestones in a woman‟s life (CDC, 2011). PAE

non-elite antenatal Ghanaian women. To curb the menace,

have occupational and leisure bases that includes both active

healthcare providers have continued to intensify campaign

recreational pursuit like brisk walking, hill climbing,

that PAE is required for antenatal women especially

swimming, squats, jogging, or other active pastimes like

between 12th and 32nd week in order to reduce the pelvic

gardening, mowing, washing clothes with hands, sweeping

girdle pain and recover from minor disorders during

of rooms and offices, preparing of meals , playing with pets,

pregnancy. As long as this campaign last, it is expected to

just

examine the length of time spent on PAE activities which is

a

growing

child

to

birth

mention

a

few

that

are

(Karageorghis,

Vencato,

Chatzisarantis, and Carron, 2005).

the concerned of the study.

PAE plays an important role in the maintenance of a healthy life style. The goal of prenatal exercise is to adjust

METHODOLOGY

the body so that it can better carry the load of

The study adopted descriptive research of the survey type.

pregnancy. Most women benefit greatly

from exercising

The population consisted of all antenatal mothers in Kumasi,

these exercises are

Ghana. The sample for the study was six hundred (600)

called antenatal exercises for example transverses exercises,

antenatal mothers drawn from five purposively sampled

pelvic tilting or rocking, pelvic floor exercise, foot and leg

antenatal care service centers. Convenience sampling

exercises, breathing exercise, walking and aerobics (Artal,

technique was used to select the sample who were pregnant

Clapp and Vigil, n.d.). Accoording to the 2008 Physical

mothers

Activity Guidelines for American, healthy women who are

outpatient

not already highly active or doing vigorous-intensity activity

Twi, Hausa and English moderately and without any medical

should get at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of

or obstertric complications to present pregnancy. Permission

moderate-intensity aerobic activity per

week during

of the concerned antenatal care centers was sought and all

pregnancy and the postpartum period(U.S. Secretary of

the antenatal mothers who participated in the study signed

Health and Human Services, 2008). Spending recommended

informed consent form.

throughout

their pregnancies and

time (expected duration) on PAE participation during

between

12-32 weeks of gestation,

department,

able

to

speak

attending and

read

A self-designed physical activity and exercise (PAE)

pregnancy is attributed to decreased risk of preeclampsia

participation

(Chambliss et al., 2006), preterm birth (Jukic, Evenson,

instrument sought for age, education and occupation of the

Daniels, Herring, Wilcox and Hartmann, 2013) and

antenatal mothers. It as well elicited response on number of

incidence of postpartum depression. It helps to facilitate

hours spent engaging in different type of physical activity

labor process to some extent. It also helps to avoid

and exercise: Preparing Meals (cook, set table, wash dishes);

complications

Dressing, bathing and feeding children; Playing with

like

edema,

varicose

vein,

supine

duration

questionnaire

was

used.

The

hypotension, gestational diabetes (Nyarko etal, 2006).

Children; watching television or video; sitting and reading,

It is not staying for long on PAE that relay counts but using

talking on the phone while not at work; light cleaning of

required duration meaningfully and efficiently will ensure

laundry, iron and put things away; shopping for food,

significant change. One may need to ask how will Ghanaian

clothes and other items; engaging in heavier cleaning

antenatal mothers engaged in meaningful PAE when there

(vacuum, mop, sweep, wash windows); driving a car or bus;

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and walking slowly for fun or exercise. The instrument was

A total of 600 antenatal mothers served as sample for the

validated by experts in physical activities and exercises.

study. Of this, 534(89.0%) were between ages 18-37years,

Cronbach alpha was used for test-retest reliability that

222 (37.0%) have not attended school, 351(58.5%) were

produced coefficient of 0.80. Data were entered into excel

traders and 123(20.5%) do not know the first day of their

for descriptive statistics and charts analysis.

last menstruation. Of the total, 429(71.5%) were aware of

RESULTS

the importance of exercise during pregnancy.

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DISCUSSION

For the mother, emotional stress, cardiovascular (high blood

Figure 1 revealed that most of the respondents (222, 37.0%)

pressure and obesity) and inactivity related diseases are

spent one to two hours preparing meals daily every week.

reduced while quality of life is enhanced. On the part of the

This implies that seven to fourteen hours of these

children, sense of belonging, self-confidence, good affinity

respondents were spent weekly on meal preparation. From

and cognitive strengthening will be enhanced.

figure 2, 246 (41.0%) spent half an hour less daily every

Figure 3 indicated that majority of the respondents (426,

week for dressing, bathing and feeding children.

71.0%) do not spend time caring for older adult. Caring for

The implication of this is that less than three and half hours

the elderly could be tasking but the task therein could result

were weekly spent by majority of the respondents on

into awareness of the latter‟s needs. An understanding of

children hygiene and feeding. It also showed that

individuals needs can easily limit emotional stress of not

228(38.0%) spent no time playing with their children as

knowing what is happening or what to do. From figure 4, of

against 84 (14.0%) who spent one hour and above playing

the 600 respondents for the study, only 120(20.0%) spent

with children. The inference from this is that majority of the

more than half an hour daily using computer/writing as

antenatal mothers (516, 86.0%) might been experiencing

against 390(65.0%) who usually spent ½ an hour to three

difficult circumstances at home. Playing with children has

hours sitting reading or talking on the phone while not at

dimensional reimbursement to both mother and children. Volume 2 2015 Issue 4 JUNE-JULY AIJCSR

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work. This is not surprising given the low percentage of

mothers and implementation supervised to promote their

educated individuals among the sample.

participation level. Specific policies and strategies for

Analysis in figure 5 showed that 360(60.0%) of the

antenatal mothers placing emphasis on importance of PAE

respondents usually spend one to three hours on light

participation levels are needed.

cleaning activities (laundry, iron, put things away) as against 216(36.0%) who spent the same time on heavier cleaning (vacuum, mop, sweep, wash windows). This will increase oxygen consumption level and invariably argument fetus nutrients of the few concerned ones. The charts in figure 6 revealed that 150(25.0%) of the respondents usually spend 1 to 2hours walking slowly to places of work, 198 (33.0%) spent less than half an hour walking quickly to places of work and 156 (26.0%) spent one to two hours driving to

Acknowledgement Authors gratefully acknowledge all the antenatal mothers who volunteerily submitted themselves for the study. We also appreciate the support and cooperation of the administrative and nursing staff of all the hospitals visited. REFERENCES [1]

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