2013 Student Research Colloquium Celebrating and recognizing research achievement

Friday, April 26 Ohio Northern University McIntosh Center www.onu.edu/research/colloquium

Welcome to Ohio Northern University’s Student Research Colloquium! The Student Research Colloquium is a true showcase for undergraduate research, with students scheduled to present 92 projects this year. For students, research bridges the gap between knowledge and experience and provides for career exploration and development. Presenters at this year’s Colloquium will share the results of their research with the larger academic community, enliven the intellectual climate on campus, and stimulate discussions and collaborations within and across disciplines, all while developing skills important to their longterm personal and professional success.

A Note of Gratitude Many thanks are extended to all members of the ONU community who have helped to make the 2013 Student Research Colloquium such a success. Special mention goes to Amy Prigge, Toma Williams, and Brian Paris from the Office of Communications and Marketing for their efforts in promoting the Colloquium across campus. Sincere gratitude is offered to the Getty College of Arts and Sciences for its generous funding of this event. Additional thanks go to all the student presenters and their faculty mentors who ensure that scholarly research and deep learning is vital to a Northern education. Finally, we thank all friends and family of and visitors to the Northern community and welcome your presence today.

The Student Research Colloquium Planning Committee Scott Rogers Asst. Professor of English 419-772-2105 [email protected]

Mary Drzycimski-Finn Asst. to the Dean for Student Success 419-772-2987 [email protected]

Bill Theisen Professor of Physics 419-772-2741 [email protected]

Jerod Hurst Senior, Chemistry Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry [email protected]

Phil Zoladz Asst. Professor of Psychology 419-772-2142 [email protected]

Lauren Tennet Senior, Public Relations Dept. of Communication & Theatre Arts [email protected]

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Table of Contents Welcome, Thanks, and Planning Committee

1

Table of Contents and Colloquium Schedule

2

Poster Presentation Sessions

3

Paper Presentation Sessions

6

Colloquium Abstracts

8

Index of Colloquium Participants

26

Colloquium Schedule All Colloquium activities take place on the first floor of the McIntosh Center. 9:45–11:00 a.m.

STEM*: Human Health Poster Presentations I Main Lounge

10:00–10:45 a.m.

STEM: Natural Science Paper Presentations I Wishing Well

10:00–11:45 a.m.

Literature, History & Politics Paper Presentations II Conference Room 7

11:15 a.m.–12:30 p.m.

STEM: Physical Science Poster Presentations II Main Lounge

12:00–1:45 p.m.

Public Relations Paper Presentations III Wishing Well

12:00–1:45 p.m.

Psychology & Sociology Paper Presentations IV Conference Room 7

12:45–2:00 p.m.

Geography & Field Biology Poster Presentations III Main Lounge

*STEM is an acronym for the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

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Poster Presentations Morning Session: 9:45-11:00 a.m. # STEM: Human Health Main Lounge 1. “Stress Administered Immediately before Learning Reduces False Memory Production and Enhances True Memory Recall in Females” Andrea E. Kalchik, David M. Peters, Mackenzie M. Hoffman, Rachael L. Aufdenkampe, Kali L. Findley, Nicholas E. Wolters 2. “Interest and Instruction: Improving College Students’ Sleep Hygiene” Amanda Kathryn Amstutz, Hayley O'Hara 3. “The Effects of Tattoos and Occupation on Perception of Personal Qualities” Elizabeth Coulston 4. “The Effects of Decreased Range of Motion on Deep Squat Pattern in College-aged Soccer Players” Rachel Wright, Amanda Brown 5. “Examination of Rehabilitation Protocol for Quadriceps Tendon Rupture following ACL Reconstruction via Patellar Tendon Graft” Jeremy Jones, Rachael Graham 6. “Upper Arm Injury in Collegiate Male Football Player: A Case Report” Caitlin M. Klima, Amanda M. Simms 7. “The Effects of Various Levels of Exercise (Based on Heart Rate) on Student’s Performance on Exams” Hillary Lantz, Noah Christopher, Drew Ross, Michael Pawlitz, Darion Heilman 8. “The Combined Effects of Caffeine and Epinephrine on Sustained Skeletal Muscle Contraction” Sarah M. Vore, Lisa M. Burns, Sara Kocian, Eric Karr, Lauren Rife 9. “The Effect of Tamoxifen and Its Mechanism of Action on the in situ Heart Rate of Rana Pipiens” Joshua R. Leichty, Haley Kurmas, Wesley A. Bova, Neal Huang, Kyle W. Dexter 10. “Determining Stress-induced Heart Rate and Respiration Rate of Electronic vs. Physical Game Playing” Kirsten Maag, Dominique McKee, Natalia Buczkowski, Leannyn Rotert 11. “Effect of Extracellular Potassium on Frog Muscle Contraction Force” Adriana M. Jones, Lauryn Zielinski, Lena Carlson, Kalie Gargano 12. “Characterization of Mullein Extracts and Antimicrobial Effects against Ear Infections” Adriana M. Jones, Kalie Gargano 13. “An Approach to Spills in the Laboratory with a Focus on Formalin” Jennifer Tabar 14. “Validation of the Heparin Therapeutic Range with a New Lot of APTT Reagent” Ahmed Alamer 15. “Improving Transfusion Safety Using Mechanical Barriers: A Comparative Study of the BloodLoc Safety System and Typenex FinalCheck” Stephen Pavlock 16. “Effectiveness of an Educational Unit in Phlebotomy” Ashley R. Baumer 17. “Preventing Deep Vein Thrombosis in the Post-Operative Patient” Alexa Hartman 18. “Know What You Are Up Against with RSV” Kelli Lynch 19. “The Use of Informative Family Care Cards” Ashley Fields 20. “The ABC's and 123's of C. difficile” Jordan Elizabeth Roberts 21. “OTO Care: Educating Future Providers to Improve Patient Care” Alicia Marie Palivoda 22. “Infection Precautions” Angela Grebetz -3-

23. “Atrioventricular Block, Junctional Rhythms, and Common EKG Interpretations” Paul J. Lamiell 24. “HCAHPS: It Takes Everyone” Brooks M. Bukowy 25. “Bedside Rounding: An Analysis of Benefits and Burdens” Britney J. Lovensheimer 26. “Core Measures for the New Graduate” Kimberly M. Bowman 27. “Improving Isolation Education for Patients and Families” Daniel Cory Peeples 28. “Effective Nursing Communication and Improving Patient Satisfaction Scores” Brent Kramp 29. “Benefits of PEW Scores: Why Heroes Are Great, but Zeros Are Better!” Hilary L. Kremke Midday Session: 11:15 a.m.-12:30 p.m. # STEM: Physical Science Main Lounge 2. “Imine Ligands Appended to a Polyethylene Glycol Framework” Lindsay C. Wiener 3. “Development of a New Class of Phospine Ligands from Biorenewable Sources” Haley Armstrong 4. “Preparation of New Schiff-base Ligands Using Thermal Methods and Microwave Irradiation” Nicholas S. Cosgrove, Andrew Bowser 5. “Quantification of Methanesulfonic Acid” Elvira Tatarkov 6. “A Novel Method for Dissolved Phosphorus Analysis” Joanne M. Berry 7. “Identifying a Component of Thyme Extractions through GC-MS Characterization” Michael Herman 8. “Optimization of Cationic Polymerization Mechanism for a Chemically Green Monomer: βPinene in Conjunction with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]” Stephanie N. Moore 9. “Cationic Polymerization of Beta-Pinene via Methyl Stearate and Trityl Borate Addition” Kevin C. Ledden 10. “Aqueous Cationic Polymerization Using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane” Bethany L. Steele 11. “Investigation of a Safe, Efficient Method of Haloether Synthesis Derived from Transcinnamic Acid” Aaron J. Sullivan 12. “Substituent Effects on the Band Gap and Donor Ability of Porphyrin-based Systems for Polymeric OPV Applications” Morgan A. Hammer 13. “Effects of Various Linker Moieties in Porphyrin Polymers for Use in Organic Photovoltaic Devices: A Computational Investigation” Zachary L. Dunn 14. “Spectroscopic Exploration of Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Cross-Conjugated Molecules” Courtney M. Olson 15. “Chemometric Determination of Carvone Enantiomers Using beta-Cyclodextrin” Jerod J. Hurst 16. “Custom-developed Reverse-phase HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Vitamins C and K3 in Compounded Capsules” Mohamad Hassoun 17. “Identification of ‘Silent’ 5HT1b Receptors in the Mouse Aorta” Paige M. Garber 18. “What Went Wrong with Vioxx: Lessons to Learn to Prevent another Drug Disaster” Brandon P. Bourgeois -4-

19. “The Similarities of Engineering Education and Technical Education” Elizabeth M. Spingola 20. “Tinkering in K-12 Education” Zachery J. Brewer 21. “Robotic Football” Hunter M. Turner, Shawn Pavel, Peter Kleysteuber, Taylor Zank, Loren Chase Camp, Michael Horth 22. “Vex Robotics: Sack Attack” Kenneth E. Schlatter, Edward E. Day 23. “Sumo Robot Competition” Joshua L. Cox, Ethan W. Frey, Michael R. Hamlin 24. “Robotics Workcell” Robert Sellers, Abrim Mueller, Kyle Raber, Katy Newman, Nathan Albritton 25. “Measurement of Plasma Sheath Using Dust” Thomas E. Steinberger 26. “Sulfur Adsorption on Gold: An Exercise in Computational Low-Energy Electron Diffraction” Ashley Ernst, Nathan Grieser 27. “Analysis of 2D Substructure in Radio-loud Clusters of Galaxies” Donald J. Pleshinger Afternoon Session: 12:45-2:00 p.m. # Geography & Field Biology 7. “Assessing the Population of Littorina irrorata in a Florida Salt Marsh” Brandon D. Bruns, Cody R. Harting 8. “Environmental Threats to National Parks” Lucas Erickson 9. “Summer 2012 Loggerhead Sea Turtle Nesting and Environmental Effects” Brittany A. Bianco 10. “Traffic Pollution-related Illnesses and Geomedicine” Ray G. Foster 11. “Asian Carp Invasion” Ike Topp 12. “Pollution and Watersheds in Ohio” Amber Goforth 13. “Change in Fish Populations in Grand Lake St. Mary's” Tyler Nelson Thomas 14. “Highway Quality in Franklin County, Ohio” Ben Ankrom 15. “Downtown Columbus Streetscape” Andrew Thomas Crozier 16. “Deficient Bridges in Ohio” Mitchell W. Gibson 17. “Engineering Employment: Past, Present, and Future” Kyle J. Wrentmore 18. “Guinness: Where to Acquire ‘the Black Stuff’” David Kauffman 19. “Obesity: Is McDonald's to Blame?” Brian C. Klingenberg 20. “Origins of Popular Music” Garret Freeman 21. “Gun Control and the Second Amendment” Brad Nungester 22. “Human Trafficing in Ohio Counties in 2010 and 2011” James William Lee, Jordan Scott Turner 23. “Exploring School District Performance in Ohio” James R. Montgomery -5-

Main Lounge

Paper Presentations Morning Session: 10:00-11:45 a.m. Literature, History & Political Science Conference Room 7 Dr. John Lomax, Moderator “Hard Times for Children: An Analysis of How Children Are Portrayed in Dickens’ Hard Times” Gayle L. Riedel “Alexandria: Establishment and Destruction of an Architectural Pearl” Andrew Thomas Crozier “Puritan Ministers: The Driving Force of the Salem Witch Trials” Lindsey Paige DelBello “The Art of War: Hollywood's Portrayal of American Intelligence Operations” Steve Saunier “Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth Is: Does Political Money Equal Free Speech?” Adam Downing “Myths and Realities: Are ONU Students Logically Consistent in Their Political Beliefs?” John Alexander Curiel Morning Session: 11:00-11:45 a.m. STEM: Natural Science Dr. Patrick Croskery, Moderator “The Home Range of the Striped and Spotted Skunk Populations in Florida” Brittany A. Bianco “Activation of 5HT1b Receptors in the Mouse Aorta” Nathaniel W. Mabe

Wishing Well

Afternoon Sessions: 12:00-1:45 p.m. Psychology & Sociology Conference Room 7 Dr. Robert Carrothers, Moderator “Internet Fraud Victimization” Andrew Gray, James Call, Holly J. Evans “Classical Marxism and Communication: An Analysis Including Modern Application and Alternative Theoretical Perspectives” Aaron M. Spence “The Appeal of Professional Wrestling as Explained by Durkheim and a Contemporary Theorist” Dylan Michael Montgomery “Occupy Wall Street and Its Connection to Marxism and NeoWeberian Theory” Morgan Storm Humphrey “A Systematic Review of Risk Assessment Techniques for Sexual Offenders: A Proposal on Integration of Counseling Models” Kassidy Beck Public Relations Wishing Well Dr. Alisa Agozzino, Moderator “Religion, the Human Spirit and the Church Environment” Matthew Stephen Rarey “The Legibility and Readability of Serif vs. Sans Serif Typefaces” Kaitlin Bondra “Social Media Use by Law Schools and Their Admissions” Alexxys L. Ehresman “Attribute Agenda-setting and the Framing of Messages: A Comparison of the News Media and Presidential Responses to School Shootings” Kathlyn Nicole Johnson -6-

“Student or Athlete: A Study of the Mentality of Division III Student Athletes” Katelyn A. Jones “Adult Literacy” Rebecca Shaheen

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Colloquium Abstracts Alphabetically by Title “A Novel Method for Dissolved Phosphorus Analysis” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Joanne M. Berry (Brunswick, OH) Research Advisor: Christopher Spiese (Chemistry and Biochemistry, ONU)

the 5HT2a serotonin receptor is the primary mediator for causing serotonin-induced contraction of smooth muscle. However, other receptor families and subtypes such as 5HT1, 5HT2 and 5HT7 have also been identified in the aorta. Using the isolated organ bath technique, cumulative concentration response curves were generated for selective receptor agonists and antagonists selective in the presence of phenylephrine or receptor-independent KCl. When the mouse aorta is precontracted with either of the non-serotonin agent, otherwise "silent" 5HT1B serotonin receptors also become active mediators of a serotonin- induced response. These receptors are only noticeably active with precontraction from either KCl or phenylephrine and do not contract in the absence of a contractile agent. These findings are supported by demonstrating that the effects were blocked by a 5HT1b antagonist. Serotonin receptor interplay between receptor families could potentially have implications for treating cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and furthers our understanding of complex intercellular communication.

High phosphorus loading is a problem in the Great Lakes watersheds. Phosphate enters waterways via point and non-point sources promoting eutrophication, leading to algal blooms, hypoxia and loss of aquatic life. Quantification of phosphorus loading is typically done using the molybdenum blue method including strict control on reaction time, toxic reagents that have limited shelf-life and is generally unable to accurately measure sub-micromolar concentrations. This study aims to develop a novel reagent that will overcome many of these problems. Ethanolic europium(III) chloride and 8hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (hqs) were combined to form the bis-hqs complex (Eu-hqs). Eu-hqs was synthesized as the dipotassium salt via a simple onepot procedure. This complex was highly fluorescent (λex = 360 nm, λem = 510 nm) at a pH of 8.50, and exhibited a linear response upon addition of monohydrogen phosphate with few interferences from other ions. The linear response ranged from 0.5 - 25 μM HPO42- (15.5 - 775 μg P L-1). It was determined Euhqs formed a 1:1 complex with phosphate. Shelf-life of the reagent was at least one month. In the future, field tests will be undertaken in local rivers, lakes, and wetlands to determine the applicability of the complex to real-world analysis.

“Adult Literacy” Paper, Noon Wishing Well Presenter: Rebecca Shaheen (Findlay, OH) Research Advisor: Alisa Agozzino (Communication and Theatre Arts, ONU) Research will illustrate the growing problem with adult literacy in the United States. How adult literacy directly effects money spent for health care in the United States due to lack of high literacy rates in adults. Research will consist of a case study outlining my capstone campaign to raise awareness about adult literacy rates among local health care professionals. The campaign also strives to gain more tutors. The case study will outline the event and progress made with my capstone group teamed with The Lima Literacy Council.

“A Systematic Review of Risk Assessment Techniques for Sexual Offenders: A Proposal on Integration of Counseling Models” Paper, Noon Conf. Rm. 7 Presenter: Kassidy Beck (Fort Wayne, IN) Research Advisor: Ronald DeLong (Psychology, Sociology, and Criminal Justice, ONU)

“Alexandria: Establishment and Destruction of an Architectural Pearl” Paper, 10:00 a.m. Conf. Rm. 7 Presenter: Andrew Thomas Crozier (Ada, OH) Research Advisor: John Lomax (History, Politics, and Justice, ONU)

This systematic review summarizes current techniques for accessing recidivism for sexual offenders. It includes both an overview of risk assessment tools and current treatment models: Relapse Prevention, RiskNeed-Responsivity, the Self-Regulation Model, and the Good Lives Model. Studies were gathered from databases such as MEDLINE and Pubmed, as well as current books and presentations by clinicians in the field. This review suggests that the movement to an integrated, individualized approach to treatment offers the best rehabilitation of sexual offenders.

My paper analyses the founding and development of Alexandria’s architectural identity under the Ptolemaic Dynasty and how that identity evolved and changed from its establishment to the Roman conquest and occupation. It looks into the original mixing of Classical Hellenic orders with Egyptian architectural traditions to form a style that became distinctively Alexandrian. The paper also discuses how the Alexandrian style changed and was eventually abandoned in new construction with the Roman occupation where traditional Roman orders were preferred. Lastly it shows how the advancement of Christianity destroyed what was left of Alexandria’s Ptolemaic architectural heritage.

“Activation of 5HT1b Receptors in the Mouse Aorta” Paper, 10:00 a.m. Wishing Well Presenter: Nathaniel W. Mabe (Ashville, OH) Research Advisor: Boyd Rorabaugh (Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, ONU) Additional Researchers: Sarah Seely, Paige Garber, Lauren Fehrman (Mt. Vernon Nazarene U) Serotonin (5HT) is an important neurotransmitter for regulating cell communication in various organ systems, such as the central and enteric nervous systems as well as the cardiovascular system. Serotonin’s actions are varied and can be ascribed to 14 different families of receptors. In the mouse aorta,

“An Approach to Spills in the Laboratory with a Focus on Formalin” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Jennifer Tabar (Hinckley, OH)

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Research Advisor: Tom Geis (New Vision Laboratory, New Vision Medical Center) ONU Faculty Sponsor: Lisa Walden

studied is tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane due to its reactivity and involvement within green chemistry. By using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, water, B-pinene, and sodium chloride, it was shown that polymerization took place. Salts are used within the reaction to withdrawal moisture of the monomer which enhances initiation and lowers the termination of the monomer. The polymerizations are being carried out at low reaction temperatures from -40 °C up to 30 °C. Characterization of the resultant polymers will be carried out using 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The definitive goal of this research is to produce high molecular weight polymers without a solvent but a salt instead under aqueous conditions.

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, laboratories are required to train their employees in spill removal. However, when a spill occurs it can be unknown or very dangerous. Knowing what tools to use in identification and cleaning is necessary for removal. Many laboratory employees do not come upon spills often and should be educated on continuous basis on the correct procedures. One of the most widely handled and dangerous chemicals utilized by most hospitals is formalin, a diluted form of formaldehyde. Formalin has been associated with cancers of the lung, nasopharynx and oropharynx, and nasal passages and must be disposed of appropriately. This proposed study will evaluate the training program that will be given. This training will be pre-empted by a quiz to assess employee knowledge of the subject. After a month, the training will be assessed for success with a new quiz on the materials. The training should improve employee quiz scores, which will reflect an increase in knowledge on the subject matter and a better understanding and comfort level when a spill does arise.

“Asian Carp Invasion” Poster, 12:45 p.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Ike Topp (Grand Rapids, OH) Research Advisor: Harry Wilson (History, Politics, and Justice, ONU) Asian carp have become a major environmental concern within the United States. They have begun to spread and reproduce at a rapid rate making their destruction even worse. They were brought into the United States to help water treatment plants with their water quality. Flooding has freed them into the wild which has led to the environmental problems they have created. My poster will show the past locations and populations of the Asian carp and also use research to predict where they might grow in size and population. It would be helpful to see their future locations in order to possibly stop their spread across the country.

“Analysis of 2D Substructure in Radio-loud Clusters of Galaxies” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Donald J. Pleshinger (Bolivar, OH) Research Advisor: Jason Pinkney (Physics and Astronomy, ONU) We have produced and refined catalogs of galaxy positions, magnitudes, colors and redshifts in ten radio-loud clusters of galaxies. The CCD images were taken with the MOSA imager on the Kitt Peak 0.9-m telescope. We use the color-magnitude relation (CMR) in B-V and B-R to select samples of galaxies which are members of the targeted clusters. We also restrict the samples to galaxies within one Abell radius (for Ho=75 km/s/Mpc) of the center, using two approaches for defining the center. We estimate the contamination of the CMR samples by foreground and background galaxies to be about 10%. We apply four statistical tests for the significance of 2D (plain of the sky) substructure to all of the samples, and obtain significance levels using Monte Carlo simulations. We are able to rule out the null hypothesis of a unimodal distribution with confidence for the majority of clusters. Isopleth contour maps are used to verify the substructure qualitatively. This allows us to address our original question: do cluster-subcluster mergers have an influence on radio galaxy morphology?

“Assessing the Population of Littorina irrorata in a Florida Salt Marsh” Poster, 12:45 p.m. Main Lounge Presenters: Brandon D. Bruns (Dayton, OH); Cody R. Harting (Springfield, OH) Research Advisor: Terry Keiser (Biological and Allied Health Sciences, ONU) Additional Researcher: Monika Elion The marsh periwinkle (Littorina irrorata) is a marine snail inhabiting the eastern coast of North America down to the Gulf of Mexico. Its main habitat is smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). The marsh periwinkle plays an important ecological role in a salt marsh habitat, such as providing food for predators, and controlling populations of grasses. In our study, we assessed the population of the marsh periwinkle in a Florida salt marsh using a mark and recapture technique. We calculated the population abundance in this area using two different methods: The Lincoln Peterson and Bailey’s Triple Catch. Because of the differences between these two methods, we investigated their accuracy relative to each other when calculating population abundance. Our statistical results show that there is no significant difference between the two methods of calculating population abundance.

“Aqueous Cationic Polymerization Using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Bethany L. Steele (Pickerington, OH) Research Advisor: Amelia Anderson-Wile (Chemistry and Biochemistry, ONU) Additional Researchers: Robert T. Mathers (Pennsylvania State U), Stewart P. Lewis (Pennsylvania State U)

“Atrioventricular Block, Junctional Rhythms, and Common EKG Interpretations” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Paul J. Lamiell (Canton, OH) Research Advisor: Susan Montenery (Nursing, ONU)

Numerous advances have been made over the past couple of years for maximizing efficiency of different polymerizations. One of the main focuses lately has been on the development of methods that can undergo an aqueous polymerization without the use of solvents. One of the initiators that is currently being

Interpretation of EKG rhythms is a challenging skill to master. The nursing curriculum at Ohio Northern University covers basic EKG interpretation but only a

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short portion in the Medical Surgical Nursing coursework. Uncommon and more involved rhythm interpretations are reviewed but require remediation to allow a novice nurse to feel comfortable interpreting without the assistance of more experienced nurses. This capstone project focused on EKG interpretation, specifically found in atrioventricular blocks and junctional rhythms. An interactive teaching session on AV blocks and junctional rhythm interpretation was presented to graduating seniors in the baccalaureate nursing program. Following the presentation, survey data indicated students felt more comfortable with interpretation of AV blocks and were able to distinguish between first, second, and third degree AV block along with recognizing a junctional rhythm. In conclusion, the novice nurse would likely benefit from such remediation either in the classroom or during orientation before entering practice.

that the process will be implemented with more success after revisions are made to the current bedside reporting tool. “Benefits of PEW Scores: Why Heroes Are Great, but Zeros Are Better!” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Hilary L Kremke (Russell's Point, OH) Research Advisor: Robin White (Nursing, ONU; Pediatrics, Toledo Children's Hospital) The Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) system is a tool used to assist nurses when assessing pediatric patients. The PEWS tool is an objective system which takes in to account the patient’s behavioral status as well as cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms. A deficiency in use and understanding of this scoring system was identified at a regional children’s hospital. Many times nurses will assess a patient and find that because the client is irritable or crying, their PEWS evaluation will be more critical and regardless of the situation, a rapid response may need to be called. Often times physicians will get frustrated if nurses need to contact them to inform them of a PEW score on a patient or a nurse may decide the patient isn’t critical enough to inform other members of the healthcare team. These misconceptions of the severity of a patient’s condition are to be avoided by the PEWS system. The purpose of this project is to research the benefits of the PEWS tool and inform nurses and other healthcare members of how many codes and deaths are prevented by being aware of a patient’s status before it becomes too severe. Recently having cared for a patient who had a PEWS which required the nurse to contact the Rapid Response Team (RRT), including the floor manager and attending physician, some members of the healthcare team were frustrated upon arriving to the patient’s room to find that the client had calmed down. At a regional children’s hospital, the protocol is as follows: no intervention is needed for a PEWS of 0-2, a score of 3 requires contact with the charge nurse, score of 4 requires contact with a mid-level provider, and scores of 5 and above require a rapid response team and resuscitation if indicated. At the conclusion of this project, research findings will be presented to the nurses on the unit regarding the benefits of the Pediatric Early Warning Score system so they are able to see the evidence-based practice behind the importance of this tool.

“Attribute Agenda-setting and the Framing of Messages: A Comparison of the News Media and Presidential Responses to School Shootings” Paper, Noon Wishing Well Presenter: Kathlyn Nicole Johnson (Forest, OH) Research Advisor: Alisa Agozzino (Communication and Theatre Arts, ONU) The news media and political leaders often determine what information is relevant to the general public through the frames that they tell their stories and discuss policy. By means of content analysis, the research will examine the framing of media coverage following three separate school shootings (Columbine, Virginia Tech, and Sandy Hook) and the framing of Presidents Clinton, G.W. Bush, and Obama’s statements following the same school shootings. In what ways are the media and presidential administrations framing the school shootings: do they discuss the tragedy itself, attribute blame, or suggest gun control and policy change? Do the media’s messages correspond with those of the president, or are the media setting their own agenda? “Bedside Rounding: An Analysis of Benefits and Burdens” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Britney J. Lovensheimer (Chillicothe, OH) Research Advisor: Robin White (Nursing, ONU; 4K Intensive Care Unit Step-down/Telemetry, St. Rita's Medical Center)

“Cationic Polymerization of Beta-Pinene via Methyl Stearate and Trityl Borate Addition” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Kevin C. Ledden (Portage, MI) Research Advisor: Amelia Anderson-Wile (Chemistry and Biochemistry, ONU)

Bedside rounding is used in many healthcare facilities to improve patient safety and allow patients to become more involved in their care. It involves nurses giving a change-of-shift report in the patient room and sometimes completing a checklist. At St. Rita’s Medical Center, bedside rounding was implemented on 4K Intensive Care Unit Step-down/ Telemetry approximately one year ago but has yet to be implemented consistently at change-of-shift report as intended. The purpose of this study was to explore how bedside rounding is currently being used and gain staff feedback on the process, including frequency of use, benefits of use, barriers to use, and possible changes to be made. This information was obtained by surveying staff nurses on the unit. A review of the literature on bedside rounding was conducted to gain insight into its effect on patient outcomes and how it is implemented at other healthcare facilities. Staff education was provided to nurses on the unit along with suggestions for revision to the bedside rounding process presented to the unit manager. It is predicted

Due to the falling economy and the raising of prices, the production of materials from renewable resources is becoming increasingly important. A specific class of natural polymers that we are attracted to is that which is derived from cyclic monoterpenes. They are expected to display desirable thermal properties, as well as reliable mechanical properties, due to the presence of the cyclohexane ring that is part of the polymer backbone. Despite the use of terpenes in some commercial products, many of the materials obtained from the cationic polymerization of the monomers are not well defined. This often leads to poor mechanical properties. However, recent light has shown on living carbocationic polymerization. This process of polymerization has made the production of materials

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with higher molecular weights and lower/narrower polydispersities possible. Once living polymerization conditions have been achieved for a variety of terpene monomers and promising homopolymers identified, block copolymers will be synthesized for thermoplastic elastomer applications. The ultimate goal of the research described herein is to produce polymers from β-pinene (acquired from pine sap) in conjunction with methyl stearate and trityltetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate to yield optimal thermal and mechanical characteristics.

extracts of mullein flowers were minimally inhibitory against Streptococcus epidermidis, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escheriscia coli. However, significant inhibition of Streptococcus pneumonia was observed in some but not all extracts. GC-MS analysis of these extracts allow for correlations between chemical composition and antibiotic activity to be discussed. “Chemometric Determination of Carvone Enantiomers Using beta-Cyclodextrin” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Jerod J. Hurst (Southington, OH) Research Advisor: Nicole Dickson (Chemistry and Biochemistry, ONU)

“Change in Fish Populations in Grand Lake St. Mary's” Poster, 12:45 p.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Tyler Nelson Thomas (Carmel, IN) Research Advisor: Terry Keiser (Biological and Allied Health Sciences, ONU) ONU Faculty Sponsor: Harry Wilson (History, Politics, and Justice, ONU)

Quantification of enantiomers for mixtures has mostly relied on the use of liquid chromatography with the use of a beta-cyclodextrin column. Beta-cylcodextrin has been widely used as an agent to complex with chiral molecules inside of a column allowing for separation of enantiomers based on physical orientation of molecules within the cyclodextrin ring. An alternative method for quantifying enantiomers of carvone was developed using fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the use of chemometrics. Two differing methods for sample preparation were used to compare the effects on prediction of each component. The results of these methods will be compared.

During the past decade, residents of Mercer County have witnessed the water quality of Grand Lake St. Mary’s rapidly deteriorate. Fishing, swimming, and other recreational water activities that attract tourism were all diminished because of fears about the safety of touching the water. After identifying the problem as being massive amounts of blue-green algae, a great deal of effort was committed to determining what was causing this. Researchers concluded that the most probable cause of the algae was the runoff from various farms near the lake. Addressing this issue has proved to be an extremely challenging task, and multiple approaches have been taken in an attempt to clean up the lake. Some of these approaches included setting up multiple dredges in the lake to stir up the sediment at the bottom, as well as dumping huge amounts of aluminum sulfate in the lake to help get rid of the algae. Overall, this has been a costly effort that has yet to fully solve this immense problem. This project will showcase the change in fish populations in Grand Lake St. Mary’s over time, to portray any changes or trends that have occurred.

“Classical Marxism and Communication: An Analysis Including Modern Application and Alternative Theoretical Perspectives” Paper, Noon Conf. Rm. 7 Presenter: Aaron M. Spence (Celina, OH) Research Advisor: Robert Carrothers (Psychology, Sociology, and Criminal Justice, ONU) In modern times, revolutions in communication technology have paved the way for the exchange of ideas to become easier than ever before: through the use of technological advances in the field of wireless electronics, communication has become effortless, more people can be contacted, is now cheaper, and is now instantaneous. In order to identify how these institutions have changed the way they operate, sociological theorists attempt to observe unifying traits across a society over time, and seek to realize the balance of the properties of order and action within a society. It is for this reason that it is prominent to compare social elements to both new and old sociological theories, and one of the most significant advocates of worldwide unification in any context is theorist Karl Marx. Marx posits that a universal unification is essential to reach an ideal society, which will require worldwide communication. Therefore, it becomes necessary to observe how communication fits in Marx's theory, how it currently operates in modern society, how it could possibly be adapted or translated to work with Marx's theory, and also how both flaws in implementation and the theory itself might inhibit societal development, or how such could be improved upon.'

“Characterization of Mullein Extracts and Antimicrobial Effects against Ear Infections” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Adriana M. Jones (Mentor, OH); Kalie Gargano (Hermitage, PA) Research Advisors: VA Motz, LM Young, (Biological and Allied Health Sciences, ONU) Additional Researchers: CP Bowers (Chemistry and Biochemistry, ONU), DH Kinder (Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, ONU) Common Mullein (Verbascusm thapsus L.) was introduced from Europe to North America in the 1700’s as a fish toxin to aid in fishing. The leaves have been and continue to be used to treat a variety of respiratory problems. The Cherokee infused the flowers in oil to treat children’s earaches, and they are used similarly by herbalists today but have not been adequately documented by the scientific community. This study investigated the efficacy of mullein flower extracts in inhibiting growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common causative agent of ear aches and compared this activity to antibiosis against bacteria not specifically associated with earaches. Further, extracts were analyzed by GC/MS to determine which constituents could account for antimicrobial activity. Kirby Bauer testing of hexane extracts exhibited no antibiosis. Ethanolic and hot methanolic

“Core Measures for the New Graduate” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Kimberly M. Bowman (Wooster, OH) Research Advisor: Susan Montenery (Nursing, ONU) Core measures are evidence-based, scientifically researched standards of care, which have been shown

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to result in improved clinical outcomes. Core measures reduce mortality and morbidity, complications, and readmissions back into the hospital. For this capstone project, senior nursing students in a baccalaureate program were evaluated on their knowledge and understanding of core measures using a pretest-posttest model. After surveying the class, a learning need regarding core measures was confirmed. An educational intervention was provided in the form of a PowerPoint, discussing each core measure in depth, and showing the significance of core measures in the health care setting. A simplified version of the core measures was also given to each student in a worksheet form to be used as a study tool as they enter into professional practice. All students increased their knowledge and comprehension of core measures after the education intervention. The results of this study can be used to integrate further education and reinforcement of core measures within the curriculum.

“Determining Stress-induced Heart Rate and Respiration Rate of Electronic vs. Physical Game Playing” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenters: Kirsten Maag (Ottawa, OH); Dominique McKee (Cleveland Heights, OH); Natalia Buczkowski (Rocky River, OH); Leannyn Rotert (Mentor, OH) Research Advisors: V Motz, R Suniga, N Woodley (Biological and Allied Health Sciences, ONU) American society relies heavily on technology. Academic institutions of all levels are moving towards using more electronic books for students, as opposed to typical textbooks. The impact of increased electronic interactivity on stress levels has not been fully studied. This study examined whether additional stress is added by playing the same strategy game in virtual format compared to physical format. Heart rates and respiratory rates of five females and five males were measured for thirty minutes of game play on both versions of the game Rush Hour. Participants were asked to indicate their perceived stress levels before and after game play and the amount of time normally spent on the computer to assess comfort with computer activities. No significant difference in HR or RR was observed during play as analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and nor in virtual vs. physical game play by paired t-tests at α = 0.05. In the administered survey, female participants reported higher perceived stress levels than males and none spent less than one hour per day on a computer. Although previous surveys have reported participants preferred the physical format of the material, subjects in this study have reported to prefer the computer.

“Custom-developed Reverse-phase HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Vitamins C and K3 in Compounded Capsules” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Mohamad Hassoun (Hamilton, Canada) Research Advisor: Yousif Rojeab (Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, ONU) Additional Researcher: Deirdre Myers Efficient, selective, rugged, simple and sensitive isocratic RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of vitamins C and K3 was developed and validated. This method consisted of UV-detection at 254 nm and RP-C18 column. Mobile phase consisted of 50% methanol, 49% water and 1% glacial acetic acid, at flow rate of 1 mL/min. Injection volume (100 µL) consisted of varied concentrations of both vitamins (0.5 – 50 µg/mL) mixed with vitamin E (internal standard) in 1:1:2 volume ratio. Clear baseline resolution was achieved for all three compounds with retention times of 1.9, 3.3 and 4.3 min for vitamins C, K3 and E, respectively. The method exhibited excellent linearity over the entire concentration range for both vitamins with R2 of ≥ 0.9991. Intra-day (n = 6) accuracy ranged from 92.24 – 101.97% and 99.39 – 106.70% for vitamins C and K3, respectively, while those for the inter-day assays (n = 12) ranged from 96.88 – 99.08% and 91.67 – 100.38%. This HPLC method was successfully implemented in quantification of vitamins C and K3 in compounded capsules containing the two ingredients to ensure content uniformity. These capsules were administered orally in a clinical trial aimed at evaluating any beneficial effect(s) of this vitamin mixture on postoperative total joint arthroplasty.

“Development of a New Class of Phospine Ligands from Biorenewable Sources” Poster, 11:15 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Haley Armstrong (Sylvania, OH) Research Advisor: Bradley Wile (Chemistry and Biochemistry, ONU) A new class of phosphine ligands derived from naturally occurring aromatic alcohols is presented. Characterization using 1H and 31P NMR, IR spectroscopy, and gas chromatography is included. Potential applications include a greener production of polymers. “Downtown Columbus Streetscape” Poster, 12:45 p.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Andrew Thomas Crozier (Ada, OH) Research Advisor: Harry Wilson (History, Politics, and Justice, ONU) The city of Columbus has undergone a recent revival of urban renewal efforts in the downtown region in the last 13 years. One of the major components of the city government’s redevelopment plans is the updating of roads in the downtown core. This is being accomplished by the Columbus Downtown Streetscape Plan. The plan was adopted in June, 2000 and is still being implemented. A geographic information system is used to map the progress of the implementation of the streetscape plan and includes what was done to the streets to bring them in line with the new design requirements. The project identifies streets that have been converted from one way to two way, implementation of green street designs, added greenery, and the addition of granite curbs and bike lanes.

“Deficient Bridges in Ohio” Poster, 12:45 p.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Mitchell W. Gibson (Leipsic, OH) Research Advisor: Harry Wilson (History, Politics, and Justice, ONU) American bridges have continued to become deficient throughout the years. Bridge deterioration will continue to worsen over the year and eventually drastic measures will need to be taken to reverse the problem. This research looks at the number of bridges in Ohio that are deficient and compares them to the age of the bridge as well as the annual daily traffic in the surrounding area. Historical bridges are also included in the research.

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“Effectiveness of an Educational Unit in Phlebotomy” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenter: Ashley R. Baumer (Wapakoneta, OH) Research Advisor: Lisa Walden (Nursing, ONU; Wyandot Memorial Hospital, ONU)

“Effect of Extracellular Potassium on Frog Muscle Contraction Force” Poster, 9:45 a.m. Main Lounge Presenters: Adriana M. Jones (Mentor, OH); Lauryn Zielinski (Springboro, OH); Lena Carlson (Perrysburg, OH); Kalie Gargano (Hermitage, PA) Research Advisors: V Motz, R Suniga, N Woodley (Biological and Allied Health Sciences, ONU)

With today's budget cuts, small hospitals are leaning more on current employees to cross-train and work in multiple departments. This poses the need for on-thejob training. I have developed a phlebotomy training module to aid in training current hospital employees to draw blood if hiring full-time phlebotomists is not feasible. The module will consist of power point sessions that include reading, pictures, audio, and video demonstrations to teach the basic art of phlebotomy. It is meant to be paired with practicing the techniques between sessions as set forth by hospital protocol. The test subjects will consist of eight individuals from the Professional Association of Medical Laboratory Students group at Ohio Northern University. These students range from ages 18-22, and they have no prior phlebotomy knowledge. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the training module, the test participants will be given a pre- and postassessment on basic venipuncture procedures. The results of the two quizzes will be compared, making the module's success measurable. The end goal of this presentation is to provide adequate training for any healthcare professional to master the basic techniques of phlebotomy.

Muscle cramps are painful, sustained muscle contractions commonly experienced by individuals following exercise. Potassium ions play a critical role both in establishing resting membrane potential and in repolarizing skeletal muscle membrane following action potential. This effects calcium release leading to skeletal muscle contraction. This study investigated the effects of normal, excess, and deficient concentrations of extracellular potassium on the force of contraction of frog gastrocnemius muscles (n=3). Following fatigue in standard Krebs buffer, isolated gastrocnemius muscles were submerged in baths with oxygenated (95% O2, 5% CO2) modified Krebs solutions (normal, high, and low potassium) and stimulated via the sciatic nerve using a handheld stimulator at 25 Hz until fatigued. Muscles were stimulated at the voltage of pre-fatigue maximal force and post-fatigue force was recorded. Both higher and lower concentrations of extracellular potassium resulted in significantly decreased post-fatigue contractile force (ANOVA p