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RAP PUBLICATION 2012/18

SELECTED INDICATORS OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION 2001-2011

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC, BANGKOK OCTOBER 2012 i

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107341-4 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials and all other queries on rights and licenses, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 2012

Map of Asia and the Pacific is used courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. The picture on the cover was taken by Farooq Naeem/FAO. Tables were prepared by the FAO Statistics Division and the Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, on the basis of information available as of August 2012. Please note that growth rates take into consideration data that are not printed. Inquiries about the technical contents and comments about the profiles should be addressed to the Senior Statistician, FAO Regional office for Asia and the Pacific.

For copies write to:

Jairo Castaño Senior Statistician FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok, 10200 Thailand Tel: (+66) 2 697-4000 Fax: (+66) 2 697-4445 E-mail: [email protected] -ii-

The latest FAO food and agriculture statistics are available on the internet at: http://www.faostat.fao.org ii

FOREWORD This document is the twenty-eighth issue of the publication Selected indicators of food and agricultural development in the Asia-Pacific region. It presents data on selected items for the years 2001-2010, except for some tables that also provide information for 2011. Most tables show two types of information: annual figures for 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 and the average annual growth rate for the period 2000-2010. The indicators are grouped under the following headings: Agricultural land and population, Agricultural inputs, Production indices, Staple food crops, Edible oil crops, Horticultural crops, Fibre crops, Other crops, Livestock, Agricultural trade, Fisheries, Forestry, Nutrition and Other indicators, including two tables reporting the status of organic farming and the production and trade of biofuels in the region. A section on country profiles precedes the tables. Member countries in the region are shown under two main groups: “Developing countries/ transition economies” and “Developed countries”. Subregional totals are also shown under the first group. Statistics obtained using data values from all of these member countries are labeled as “Asia & Pacific*”. For comparison purposes, figures relating to “Rest of world” and “World” are also presented. Country data for Timor-Leste were reported as provincial data for Indonesia before 2000. For almost all commodity tables, data are mainly retrieved from the FAO computerized data bases, especially FAOSTAT, on the basis of information available as of August 2012. Data given for 2011 was still incomplete and preliminary as of that date. These data are based on information supplied by member countries. Other sources of data are cited. Many members have substantially revised statistics for earlier years or have provided estimates for 2010. Totals for these years may be under-estimates due to non-reporting or partial reporting. Such instances are identified by the superscripts used in the tables. Caution should therefore be used when interpreting these estimates. To indicate the overall regional performance and also to highlight intercountry differences, growth rates shown in the present publication have been calculated using the semi-log regression (or exponential growth) covering all time points. Various units of FAO, especially the Statistics Division and in particular the Production, Trade and Food Balance Sheet, and the Statistical Systems and Data Dissemination Teams, substantially contributed to the preparation of this publication. Their collaboration is gratefully acknowledged.

Hiroyuki Konuma Assistant Director-General and FAO Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific

Bangkok, October 2012

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SYMBOLS USED IN THE TABLES

*

Unofficial figure

A

May include official, semi-official or estimated data

F

FAO estimate

Fc

FAO Calculated

P

Partner data

T

Trend calculation

...

Data not available

MT

Metric tonne

Ha

Hectare

Kg

Kilogram

Kg/ha

Kilogram per hectare

CUM

Cubic meter

In most tables a blank space has the same meaning as the symbol (...) defined above. Subregional totals refer only to countries in the table. For crop yields and all subregional totals no (F) or (*) symbol is used as these are derived data. To divide decimals from whole numbers, a full stop (.) is used. Please note that Asia-Pacific* refers to countries in the table.

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CONTENTS Page

COUNTRY PROFILES Developing Countries/Transition Economies Southeast Asia ............................................................................................ South and Southwest Asia .......................................................................... North and Central Asia ................................................................................ East Asia ..................................................................................................... Pacific Islands ............................................................................................. Developed Countries ......................................................................................

3 8 13 15 17 24

Table AGRICULTURAL LAND AND POPULATION 1 2 3 4

Land use in 2009 ......................................................................................... Agricultural land ........................................................................................... Agricultural population ................................................................................. Agricultural land and population ..................................................................

29 30 31 32

AGRICULTURAL INPUTS 5 6 7 8 9

Irrigation ...................................................................................................... Area equipped for irrigation as proportion of agricultural land ..................... Mineral fertilizers: consumption ................................................................... Mineral fertilizers: consumption per ha of agricultural land ......................... Agricultural tractors: number in use .............................................................

35 36 37 38 39

PRODUCTION INDICES 10 11

Agricultural production indices .................................................................... Food production indices ..............................................................................

43 44

STAPLE FOOD CROPS A. Cereals 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Rice paddy: production ................................................................................ Rice paddy: yield ......................................................................................... Rice paddy: area harvested ........................................................................ Wheat: production ....................................................................................... Wheat: yield ................................................................................................. Wheat: area harvested ................................................................................ Maize: production ........................................................................................ Maize: yield ................................................................................................. Maize: area harvested ................................................................................. Millet: production ......................................................................................... Millet: yield ................................................................................................... Millet: area harvested .................................................................................. Cereals: production ..................................................................................... Cereals: yield ............................................................................................... Cereals: area harvested .............................................................................. v

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

CONTENTS (continued)

Page B. Roots and Tubers 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Cassava: production .................................................................................... Cassava: yield ............................................................................................. Cassava: area harvested ............................................................................ Sweet potatoes: production ......................................................................... Sweet potatoes: yield .................................................................................. Sweet potatoes: area harvested .................................................................. Potatoes: production ................................................................................... Potatoes: yield ............................................................................................. Potatoes: area harvested ............................................................................ Taro (cocoyam): production ......................................................................... Taro (cocoyam): yield .................................................................................. Taro (cocoyam): area harvested .................................................................. Roots and tubers: production ...................................................................... Roots and tubers: yield ................................................................................ Roots and tubers: area harvested ...............................................................

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

C. Pulses 42 43 44

Pulses: production ....................................................................................... Pulses: yield ................................................................................................ Pulses: area harvested ................................................................................

83 84 85

EDIBLE OIL CROPS 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

Groundnuts in shell: production ................................................................... Groundnuts in shell: yield ............................................................................ Groundnuts in shell: area harvested ........................................................... Soybeans: production .................................................................................. Soybeans: yield ........................................................................................... Soybeans: area harvested .......................................................................... Coconut: production .................................................................................... Palm oil: production ..................................................................................... Oil crops (primary): production ....................................................................

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

HORTICULTURE CROPS 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

Fruit total (excluding melons): production ................................................... Bananas: production ................................................................................... Citrus fruit total: production ......................................................................... Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas: production .............................................. Vegetables total (including melons): production .......................................... Cabbages and other brassicas: production ................................................. Cabbages and other brassicas: yield .......................................................... Cabbages and other brassicas: area harvested .......................................... Tomatoes: production .................................................................................. Tomatoes: yield ........................................................................................... Tomatoes: area harvested ........................................................................... Onions (dry): production .............................................................................. Onions (dry): yield ....................................................................................... Onions (dry): area harvested ....................................................................... vi

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114

CONTENTS (continued)

Page FIBRE CROPS 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

Jute and jute-like fibres: production ............................................................. Jute and jute-like fibres: yield ...................................................................... Jute and jute-like fibres: area harvested ..................................................... Seed cotton: production .............................................................................. Seed cotton: yield ........................................................................................ Seed cotton: area harvested ....................................................................... Silk-worm cocoons, reelable: production .....................................................

117 118 119 120 121 122 123

OTHER CROPS 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Rubber, gums, waxes: production ............................................................... Sugar cane: production ............................................................................... Sugar cane: yield ......................................................................................... Sugar cane: area harvested ........................................................................ Coffee (green): production ........................................................................... Coffee (green): yield .................................................................................... Coffee (green): area harvested ................................................................... Tea: production ............................................................................................ Tea: yield ..................................................................................................... Tea: area harvested ..................................................................................... Cocoa beans: production ............................................................................ Cocoa beans: yield ...................................................................................... Cocoa beans: area harvested ..................................................................... Chillies and peppers, green: production ...................................................... Chillies and peppers, green: yield ............................................................... Chillies and peppers, green: area harvested ...............................................

127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142

LIVESTOCK 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

Livestock production indices: total ............................................................... Livestock production indices: per caput ...................................................... Cattle: population ........................................................................................ Buffaloes: population ................................................................................... Pigs: population ........................................................................................... Sheep: population ....................................................................................... Goats: population ........................................................................................ Chickens: population ................................................................................... Ducks: population ........................................................................................ Meat total: production .................................................................................. Cattle meat: production ............................................................................... Buffalo meat: production.............................................................................. Pig meat: production ................................................................................... Sheep meat: production .............................................................................. Goat meat: production ................................................................................. Chicken meat: production ............................................................................ Milk total: production ................................................................................... Cow milk: production ................................................................................... Buffalo milk: production ............................................................................... Hen eggs: production .................................................................................. vii

145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164

CONTENTS (continued)

Page AGRICULTURAL TRADE 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

Agricultural products: imports in value ........................................................ Agricultural products: exports in value ........................................................ Cereals: imports in volume .......................................................................... Cereals: exports in volume .......................................................................... Rice: imports in volume ............................................................................... Rice: exports in volume ............................................................................... Wheat + flour, wheat equivalent: imports in volume .................................... Wheat + flour, wheat equivalent: exports in volume .................................... Palm oil: imports in volume ......................................................................... Palm oil: exports in volume ......................................................................... Natural rubber: imports in volume ............................................................... Natural rubber: exports in volume ............................................................... Coffee (green + roast): imports in volume ................................................... Coffee (green + roast): exports in volume ................................................... Tea: imports in volume ................................................................................ Tea: exports in volume ................................................................................ Cotton lint: imports in volume ...................................................................... Cotton lint: exports in volume ...................................................................... Jute: imports in volume ............................................................................... Jute: exports in volume ............................................................................... Silk: imports in volume ................................................................................ Silk: exports in volume ................................................................................

167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188

FISHERIES 133 134 135 136 137 138

Inland capture fisheries: production ............................................................ Marine capture fisheries: production ........................................................... Total capture fisheries: production ............................................................... Aquaculture: production .............................................................................. Fish and fish products: imports and exports in volume ............................... Fish and fish products: imports and exports in value ..................................

191 192 193 194 195 196

FORESTRY 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148

Roundwood: production .............................................................................. Wood fuel (including wood for charcoal): production................................... Industrial roundwood: production ................................................................ Sawlogs and veneer logs: production ......................................................... Sawnwood and sleepers: production .......................................................... Wood-based panels: production .................................................................. Wood pulp: production ................................................................................. Paper and paperboard: production .............................................................. Forestry products: imports in value ............................................................. Forestry products: exports in value .............................................................

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199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208

CONTENTS (continued)

Page NUTRITION 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161

Per person dietary energy consumption (DEC), number and proportion of undernourished population .......................................................................... Daily per capita energy availability from major food groups: vegetal and animal products ....................................................................... Daily per capita energy availability from major food groups: cereals, starchy roots and pulses ................................................................ Daily per capita energy availability from major food groups: sugar and sweeteners, oilcrops, fruits and vegetables ............................... Daily per capita energy availability from major food groups: vegetable oils, meat, milk – excluding butter and fish-seafood ................... Availability from major food groups as percentage of total energy supply: vegetal and animal products ....................................................................... Availability from major food groups as percentage of total energy supply: cereals, starchy roots and pulses ................................................................ Availability from major food groups as percentage of total energy supply: sugar and. sweeteners, oilcrops, fruits and vegetables ............................... Availability from major food groups as percentage of total energy supply: vegetable oils, meat, milk – excluding butter and fish-seafood ................... Desirable dietary pattern (DDP) .................................................................. Percentage of protein and fats from animal sources in total dietary energy supply .............................................................................................. Yearly per capita consumption in kilogrammes from major food groups, 2009 ............................................................................................................ Some population indicators affecting nutritional status ...............................

211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223

OTHER INDICATORS 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169

Number and area of agricultural holdings ................................................... Organic farming in Asia and the Pacific 2010 .............................................. Population and agricultural labour force ...................................................... Growth of GDP and agricultural GDP .......................................................... Agriculture’s share in GDP, growth rate of value added in agriculture and industry ........................................................................................................ GNI per caput, its growth, inflation and ODA receipts ................................. Food consumption, food imports and food aid ............................................ Bioenergy production, consumption and trade ............................................

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227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234

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Country Profiles SOUTHEAST ASIA

Cambodia

Indonesia

Timor-Leste

Viet Nam

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

India

Iran

Maldives

Thailand

SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Bhutan

Nepal

NORTH AND CENTRAL ASIA

Kazakhstan EAST ASIA

China

Russian Federation

Uzbekistan

DPR Korea

Mongolia

Republic of Korea

PACIFIC ISLANDS

Cook Islands

Fiji Islands

Kiribati

Marshall Islands

Micronesia, Fed. States of

Nauru

Niue

Palau

Papua New Guinea

Samoa

Solomon Islands

Tonga

Tuvalu

Vanuatu

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Australia

Japan

New Zealand

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES / TRANSITION ECONOMIES SOUTHEAST ASIA CAMBODIA Land Use 2009 Population 2011

GDP/GNI 2010

Agricultural Trade 2010 Nutrition 2010-2012

Total area: 17 652 000 ha Arable & perm. crops: 23% Total population: 14 305 thousand Agricultural population: 65.5% Total GDP: US$11 242 million GNI per capita: US$750 Agricultural GDP: 36% of total GDP Imports: US$639.4 million Exports: US$161.7 million Per capita DEC: 2 410 kcal/day Proportion of undernourishment: 17%

Cambodia is located on mainland Southeast Asia between Thailand, Viet Nam and Lao PDR. Cambodia has a sea coast on the Gulf of Thailand. Natural resources are abundant in timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese and phosphate and hydroelectric potential from the Mekong River. Agriculture dominates the Cambodian economy, contributing 36 percent GDP in 2010 and employing 65.4 percent of the workforce in 2011. The majority of farming households are engaged in rice production. Main agricultural products are paddy rice, cassava, maize, cattle meat, pig meat, and vegetables. Agricultural imports have grown at an annual rate of 20 percent from 2000 to 2010. The main agricultural imports include refined sugar, cigarettes, prepared food, non-alcoholic beverage, and food waste. Over the same period, agricultural exports have increased 17.3 percent annually. Soybeans is the major agricultural export followed by natural rubber, rice, maize, palm oil and cigarettes. INDONESIA Land Use 2009 Population 2011

GDP/GNI 2010

Agricultural Trade 2010 Nutrition 2010-2012

Total area: 181 157 000 ha Arable & perm. crops: 23.5% Total population: 242 326 thousand Agricultural population: 36.7% Total GDP: US$708 027 million GNI per capita: US$2 500 Agricultural GDP: 15.3% of total GDP Imports: US$12 474.9 million Exports: US$30 722.4 million Per capita DEC: 2 700 kcal/day Proportion of undernourishment: 9%

Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelago, is located between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans. A large part of its land area is coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains. The country has extensive natural resources, including abundant forest and oceanic resources, fertile land and rich deposits of petroleum, natural gas, tin, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, coal, gold and silver. Indonesia has a well-balanced economy in which all major sectors play an important role. Agriculture (including animal husbandry, fishing and forestry) is both an important source of export earnings and formal employment, and the means by which the majority of the Indonesian rural population subsists. About 40.8 percent of the workforce in 2011 engages in agriculture. The agricultural sector contributed 15.3 percent of the total GDP in 2010. Main agricultural products are paddy rice, palm oil, rubber, cassava, chicken meat, coconuts, maize, and bananas. Agricultural imports have grown at an annual rate of 12.7 percent from 2000 to 2010. Main agricultural imports include wheat, cake of soybean, cotton lint, soybeans, and refined sugar. Over the same period, agricultural exports have grown at 22.4 percent annually. Palm oil is the major agricultural export followed by dry natural rubber, palm kernels, cocoa beans and green coffee. 3

LAO PDR Land Use 2009 Population 2011

GDP/GNI 2010

Agricultural Trade 2010 Nutrition 2010-2012

Total area: 23 080 000 ha Arable & perm. crops: 6.4% Total population: 6 288 thousand Agricultural population: 74.7% Total GDP: US$7 181 million GNI per capita: US$1 010 Agricultural GDP: 32.7% of total GDP Imports: US$289.4 million Exports: US$77.0 million Per capita DEC: 2 310 kcal/day Proportion of undernourishment: 28%

Lao People’s Democratic Republic is a mountainous, land-locked, small country heavily dependant economically on Thailand with an inadequate infrastructure and a largely unskilled workforce. The most valuable natural resources are forests and rivers which are useful for producing electricity; but some of the electricity produced is exported to Thailand and little is available outside of urban areas. Agriculture (including forestry and fishing) is the most important economic sector. Agriculture, mostly subsistence rice farming, employs an estimated 74.7 percent of the workforce in 2011 and produces about 32.7 percent of GDP in 2010. Rice production dominates agriculture, accounting for 40 percent of land under cultivation. Fresh vegetable is the most important non-rice cash crop. Other crops include maize, pig meat, buffalo meat, green coffee, tabacco, and cattle meat. Agricultural imports have grown at an annual rate of 16.9 percent from 2000 to 2010. The main agricultural imports include non-alcoholic beverages, bever, prepared food, coffee extracts, refined sugar, and food wastes. Over the same period, agricultural exports have expanded 13.3 percent annually. Green coffee is the major agricultural export followed by maize, sesame seed and prepared fruit.

MALAYSIA Land Use 2009 Population 2011

GDP/GNI 2010

Agricultural Trade 2010 Nutrition 2010-2012

Total area: 32 855 000 ha Arable & perm. crops: 23.1% Total population: 28 859 thousand Agricultural population: 11.5% Total GDP: US$237 797 million GNI per capita: US$7 760 Agricultural GDP: 10.6% of total GDP Imports: US$14 080.1 million Exports: US$25 912.7 million Per capita DEC: 2 800 kcal/day Proportion of undernourishment: