. .

«

»

2014 1

004.43 32.973-018 87

: . . . .

, . .- . ., , . . ., . . ., »

; «

-

. . : . , 2014. – 171 .

87 .–

:

/

. .

-

». , . «

»

-

, .

,

-

,

-

. ,

, . , . Borland Pascal for Windows, (Free Pascal, Pascal ABC). 004.43 32.973-018

© ©

. ., 2014 , 2014

2

-

....................................................................................... 4 .................................................................. 5 ........................................................................................... 5 ................................................................................................ 12 .......................................................... 14 .................................................................... 22 ............................................................................................... 31 ........................................................................................... 42 ................................................................... 44 ............................................................................................ 57 ......................................................................................... 64 ................................................................................ 80 ...................................................... 91 ............................................................. 98 ................................................................................ 99 .................................................................. 120 .......................................................................... 126 .................................... 145 .

..................................................... 164

3

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FALSE),

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4)

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5)

. ,

, (REAL). ,

–

. :

1.

Var :

Var

r : Set

Of

‘a ’. . ’c’;

d : Set

Of

1 . . 4;

r

‘a’

‘c’

d

1, 2, 3, 4. ! ! 2.

Type –

Type

Var :

TSymb = Set TNumb = Set

Var

Of Of

‘a’ . . ‘c’; 1 . . 4;

r : TSymb; d : TNumb;

3. Const

: r : Set

Of

‘a ’. . ’c’ = [‘a’,’c’];

d : Set

Of

1 . . 4 = [2,1,3];

! . : a)

:

[‘c’, ‘a’, ‘e’]

b)

[76, 102, 5, 12]

: 6

[25..45, 3..10]

[‘a’..’d’, ‘k’..’n’]

c)

:

[Ord(109),’s’]

[Succ(3), Pred(9), Round(Sin(1.0))]

, .

,

r

-

: [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’]

[‘a’]

[‘a’, ‘b’]

[ ‘b’]

[‘a’, ‘c’]

[ ‘c’]

[ ‘b’, ‘c’]

[]

d –

:

[1, 2, 3, 4]

[1, 3]

[2]

[1, 2, 3]

[1, 4]

[3]

[1, 3, 4]

[2, 3]

[4]

[1, 2, 4]

[2, 4]

[]

[2, 3, 4]

[3, 4]

[1, 2]

[1]

2n

, n–

,

. , ,

[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’]

,

[‘b’, ‘c’,

.

‘a’]

: +

(

*

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In

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:

7

[3, 4, 5] * [1, 3, 5] = [3] [3, 4, 5] * [3, 4, 5] = [3, 4, 5] [2, 1, 0] * [] = [] [2, 9, 8] * [6, 7] = [] [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’] * [‘d’, ‘c’, ‘a’] = [‘a’, ‘c’]

, ,

:

[3, 4, 5] + [1, 3, 5] = [1, 3, 4, 5] [2, 9, 8] + [] = [2, 9, 8] [1, 2, 3] + [1, 2, 3] = [1, 2, 3] [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’] + [‘d’, ‘c’, ‘a’] = [‘a’, ’b’,

‘c’, ‘d’]

,

:

[3, 4, 5] – [1, 3, 5] = [4] [2, 9, 5] – [3, 7] = [2, 9, 5] [2, 4] – [5, 4, 2] = []

,

-

,

,

–

. :

([3, 4, 5]

:

+

12

[1, 3, 6, 7]) * [5, 6, 7] – [6] = [5, 7]

.

:

1)

sport = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

2)

otl = [2, 3, 6, 7]

3)

smok = [7, 8] :

1)

: sport * otl = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] * [2, 3, 6, 7] = [2, 3]

2)

:

sport + otl = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + [2, 3, 6, 7] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] = [1 . . 7]

8

3)

:

sport * smok = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] * [7, 8] = [] –

– !

4)

: otl – smok = [2, 3, 6, 7] – [7, 8] = [2, 3, 6]

In ,

,

TRUE,

FALSE,

-

: 5 ‘b’

In

[1, 5, 7] = TRUE In

[‘a’, ‘c’, ‘d’] = FALSE

, A

.

B –

,

A = [‘d’, ‘g’] = True

A = B

:

TRUE, [1, 2, 3] = [3, 2, 1] = TRUE

A B

TRUE, : [1, 2, 3] [5, 2, 1] = TRUE

, +

*,

-,

: V := S;

V–

,

S–

. 9

! Read

Write, .

1. : Const mnosh : Set Of 1..10 = [2, 3, 8];

2, 3, 8. : 2, 3, 8

mnosh := [2, 3, 8]; mnosh := [];

2, 3, 4, 5

mnosh := [2..5];

2. : mnosh := [1..4];

1, 2, 3, 4

mnosh := mnosh + [7, 9];

1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9

mnosh := mnosh - [2, 3];

1, 4, 7, 9

3. ,

mnosh 0: Repeat Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(n); If (n 0) Then

Mnosh := mnosh + [n];

Until (n = 0);

10

4. mnosh Var

mnosh : Set

Of

1 . . 100;

. : For i := 1 To 100 Do

,

If (I In mnosh)

,

Then

Write(i:5);

WriteLn;

: 1. Include(mnosh, s); mnosh

–

s

–

, (

,

)

,

,

)

,

. 2. Exclude(mnosh, s); mnosh

–

s

–

, ( .

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:

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-

). :

1) Var

Var : f_int : File Of

f_int,

Integer;

f_int –

!

–

. : ...

EOF – End Of File – Var

f_char : File Of

:

EOF

26 (CTRL+Z). f_char,

Char;

f_char –

14

–

: ...

EOF

2)

–

TYPE Var :

Type TFile_int : File Var

Of

Integer;

f_int : TFile_Int;

,

,

,

: – , ,

-

,

,

,

EOF), , ,

,

-

,

-

. (

)

-

: Assign(

, ‘

’);

Assign(f_int,’D:\User\f_int.dat’);

f_int

–

(

),

–

D:\User\f_int.dat

: D:

15

(

) User

f_int_dat. ! ; .dat.

: )

:

ReWrite(f_int);

.

,

.

(

).

-

– 0. !

!

) : ReSet(f_int);

,

, –

0.

Write(

,

);

, f_int

Write(f_int, n);

!

n .

WriteLn n

,

. .

, -

16

. EOF –

, . -

,

,

: f_int

ReSet(f_int);

f_int

While Not(EOF(f_int) Do Begin

-

Read(f_int,n);

n Write(n:5); End;

–

WriteLn;

!

-

ReadLn . , –

While. EOF.

: Close(

);

, Close(f_int);

, .

–

0. .

: 3 : -1

17

: 5 : 12 : -6 : 0 : 3

-1

5

12

-6

Program

File_1;

Uses CRT; Var

n : Integer; f_int : File

Of

Integer;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(f_int, ‘d:\User\f_int.dat’); ReWrite(f_int); Repeat Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(n); If (n 0) Then Write(f_int,n); Until (n=0); ReSet(f_int); While Not(EOF(f_int)) Do Begin Read(f_int, n); Write(n:5); End; WriteLn; Close(f_int); ReadLn; End.

18

: n– f_int -

f_int

n

n 0

n f_int

f_int

Not(EOF(f_int)

n f_int

n

f_int

19

: )–

FileSize(

– ,

) –

FilePos(

– (

-

, ), : Seek(

)–

,

(

-

), )–

Truncate(

: , EOF,

Erase(

)

–

– .

:

,

, ,

-

, (

),

, :

Program

File_1;

Uses CRT; Var

n : Integer; f_int : File

Of

Integer;

Begin ClrScr;

20

Assign(f_int, ‘d:\User\f_int.dat’); ReSet(f_int);

:

While Not(EOF(f_int)) Do Begin

n

Read(f_int, n);

n

Write(n:5); End; WriteLn; n := FileSize(f_int);

n–

–

WriteLn(‘

’, n);

ReSet(f_int);

n–

n := FilePos(f_int); WriteLn(‘

’, n);

3

Seek(f_int, 3);

n

Read(f_int, n); WriteLn(‘

3

’, n);

Truncate(f_int);

–

ReSet(f_int);

While Not(EOF(f_int)) Do Begin Read(f_int, n); Write(n:5); End; WriteLn; Close(f_int); ReadLn; End.

: 3

-1

5

12 5

-6 0

3

-1

5

3 12

12

21

,

EOLn – End

Of Line –

(

-

#13#10).

EOF – End Of File. . . : 1)

:

Var

f_text,

f_text : Text;

f_text –

–

!

.

2)

–

TYPE :

Type TFile_text = Text; Var

f_text : TFile_text;

(

)

-

: Assign(

, ‘

’);

Assign(f_text,’D:\User\f_text.txt’);

f_text

–

(

D:\User\f_text.txt

– :

User, f_text.txt

22

),

D:,

(

)

! ; .txt.

: )

:

ReWrite(f_text);

.

,

;

)

:

ReSet(f_text);

, ,

;

)

:

Append(f_text);

, ,

. :

Write(

,

);

WriteLn(

,

);

(

). ,

,

.

.

:

1)

,

2) 3)

, ,

4) 5)

, . 23

-

.

:

.

-09

: : : 4 .

: 4.12

Program

File_2;

Uses CRT; Var

ocenka : 2..5; sr_ball : Real; name : String[15]; nomer : String[10]; f_text : Text;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(f_text, ‘d:\User\f_text.txt’); ReWrite(f_text); Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(nomer); WriteLn(f_text, nomer); Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(name); WriteLn(f_text, name); Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(name); WriteLn(f_text, name); Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(ocenka);

24

WriteLn(f_text, ocenka:3);

3 Write(‘

.

:’);

ReadLn(sr_ball); WriteLn(f_text, sr_ball:6:2);

6 Close(f_text); ReadLn; End.

: -09

4 4.12

!

-

. : Read(

,

ReadLn(

); ,

);

( !

,

). , .

: .

25

Program

File_3;

Uses CRT; Var

ocenka : 2..5; sr_ball : Real; name : String[15]; nomer : String[10]; f_text : Text;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(f_text, ‘d:\User\f_text.txt’); ReSet(f_text); ReadLn(f_text, nomer); WriteLn(nomer); ReadLn(f_text, name); WriteLn(name); ReadLn(f_text, name); WriteLn(name); ReadLn(f_text, ocenka); WriteLn( ocenka:3); ReadLn(f_text, sr_ball); WriteLn( sr_ball:6:2); Close(f_text); ReadLn; End.

: -09

4 4.12

26

!

,

-

(FileSize, FilePos, Seek, Trun.

cate), ,

-

. :

baza.txt, :

1)

,

2)

,

3)

,

4)

,

5)

. ,

. , –

-

(

).

:

-09

: : : 4 .

: 4.12 :

-09

: : : 5 .

: 4.27 :

-09

: : 27

: 3 .

: 3.42 :

Program

File_4;

Uses CRT; Var

ocenka : 2..5; sr_ball : Real; name : String[15]; nomer : String[10]; baza : Text;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(baza, ‘d:\User\baza.txt’); ReWrite(baza); Repeat Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(nomer); If (Length(nomer) = 0)

(

-

Enter), Then Break;

,

Write(baza, nomer:10);

10

( nomer)

Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(name); Write(baza, name:15);

15 Write(‘

:’);

28

-

ReadLn(name); Write(baza, name:15);

15 Write(‘

:’);

ReadLn(ocenka); Write(baza, ocenka:3);

3 Write(‘

.

:’);

ReadLn(sr_ball);

6

WriteLn(baza, sr_ball:6:2);

-

Until (False) Close(baza); ReadLn; End.

: -09

4

4.12

-09

5

4.27

-09

3

3.42

10

15

15

3

. 6

!

.

, . . :

1)

– 10

,

2)

– 15

,

3)

–3

,

4)

–6

.

29

, ,

:

1)

: 10

String[10], 2)

(

,

,

,

), 3)

Read (ReadLn) . : .

Program

File_3;

Uses CRT; Var

ocenka : 2..5; sr_ball : Real; fam,

name : String[15];

nomer : String[10]; baza : Text; Begin ClrScr; Assign(baza, ‘d:\User\baza.txt’); ReSet(baza); While NOT(EOF(baza)) Do Begin ReadLn(baza, nomer, fam, name, ocenka, sr_ball);

WriteLn(nomer:10, fam:15, name:15, ocenka:3, sr_ball:6:2 );

End; Close(baza);

30

-

ReadLn; End.

: -09

4

4.12

-09

5

4.27

-09

3

3.42

, ,

.

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, ,

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.

. ,

. , ,

– ,

.

. -

,

. :

Type TStudent =

Record

nomer, fam, name : String[15]; ocenka : 2..5; sr_ball : Real; End;

!

End, Begin. 32

:

TStudent, nomer, fam, name –

,

–

15

, ocenka

–

sr_ball

–

–

2 –

5, .

, .

End.

: Var

stud_1 : TStudent; gruppa : Array [1..15]

Of

baza_gruppa : File

TStudent;

Of

TStudent;

stud_1

, ,

TStudent. .

,

, stud_1.nomer := ‘

:

-09’;

stud_1.fam := ‘

’;

stud_1.name := ‘

’;

stud_1.ocenka := 4; stud_1.sr_ball := 4.12;

, .

, . , :

.nomer := ‘ .fam := ‘

-09’;

!

’;

! 33

,

– :

With

x

Do ;

With –

c,

–

x

.

: With stud_1 Do Begin nomer := ‘

-09’;

fam := ‘

’;

name := ‘

’;

ocenka := 4; sr_ball := 4.12; End;

! , ReadLn

, WriteLn

: ReadLn(stud_1);

!

WriteLn(stud_1);

!

ReadLn(stud_1.ocenka);

!

WriteLn(stud_1.ocenka);

! ,

,

gruppa. –

,

.

-

,

:

34

gruppa[5].nomer := ‘

-09’;

gruppa[5].fam := ‘

’;

gruppa[5].name := ‘

’;

gruppa[5].ocenka := 4; gruppa[5].sr_ball := 4.12;

: With gruppa[5] Do Begin nomer := ‘

-09’;

fam := ‘ name := ‘

’; ’;

ocenka := 4; sr_ball := 4.12; End;

(

)

,

–

-

–

, ,

. -

,

:

ReadLn(stud_1.nomer); ReadLn(stud_1.fam); ReadLn(stud_1.name); ReadLn(stud_1.ocenka); ReadLn(stud_1.sr_ball);

: Write(baza_gruppa, stud_1);

: Read(baza_gruppa, stud_1);

,

,

:

With stud_1 Do WriteLn(nomer:10, fam:15, name:15, ocenka:3, sr_ball:6:2);

35

.

(

,

,

,

,

,

:

),

-

. (

), :

; : , , ; : , , ; : , , , , , . ( Enter

). ,

.

:

–

-09

:

36

,

-

: : : 1993 : 2 : 23 : : : 123 : 2 : 45 : 235347 …

: -09

Program Baza_student; Uses WinCrt; Type TKadr = Record gruppa : String[10]; fio : Record fam, name : String[10]; otch

: String[15];

End; adres: Record gorod, ulica : String[20]; korp, dom, kv: String[5]; telefon

: String[10];

End; data : Record den : 1..31; mes : 1..12; 37

god : 1900..2000; End; End; Var student : TKadr; baza

: File Of TKadr;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(baza, 'D:\User\baza_student.dat'); ReWrite(baza); Repeat With student Do Begin Write('

: ');

ReadLn(gruppa);

,

If (Length(gruppa)=0) Then Break; Write('

: ');

ReadLn(fio.fam); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(fio.name); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(fio.otch); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(data.den); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(data.mes); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(data.den); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(adres.gorod); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(adres.ulica); Write('

: ');

38

ReadLn(adres.dom); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(adres.korp); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(adres.kv); Write('

: ');

ReadLn(adres.telefon); End; Write(baza, student); Until (False); ReSet(baza); While Not(EOF(baza)) Do Begin Read(baza, student); With student Do

WriteLn(gruppa:10, fio.fam:10, fio.name:10, fio.otch:15); End; Close(baza); ReadLn; End.

(

). ,

,

-

,

-

,

.

,

(

). : .

, ,

,

. 39

,

-

. .

-

: Case

:

-1: (

Of -1);

-2: (

-2);

-3: (

-3);

…………………… -n:(

-n);

End;

Type. ,

-

(x, y)

(r,

.

)

-

:

coord Type TDecpol = (decart, polar); TCoord = Record Case wid : TDecpol Of

decart : (x, y : Real); polar : (r : Real; fi : 0..360); End; End; Var coord : TCoord;

coord.wid ,

– decart decart

coord

: coord.x , coord.y

Real,

polar – coord.r coord.fi

:

Real, 0..360. 40

polar. -

: ,

-

, (

),

:

: ();

, , , ,

.

41

-

-

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), , . -

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2)

.

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,

-

,

-

. Var

.

Begin

-

, .

(

),

-

. , : Function Geron(x, y, z : Real):Real; Var p : Real; Begin p := (x + y + z)/2.0; Geron := Sqrt(p*(p – x)*(p – y)*(p – z));

End; 44

,

!

.

End

– .

Function Geron(x, y, z : Real):Real;

,

Function,

-

Geron. –

.

x, y, z

Real.

,

,

-

. ,

,

.

Real.

,

, . ,

-

: s := Geron(3.0, 4.0, 5.0);

x, y, z

Geron 3.0, 4.0, 5.0,

. Geron

s.

s = 6.0. ,

Geron,

: Program Primer; Uses CRT;

45

-

Var

(

a, b, c, s : Real;

)

Function Geron(x, y, z : Real):Real; Var p : Real; Begin p := (x + y + z)/2.0; Geron := Sqrt(p*(p – x)*(p – y)*(p – z)); End;

(

Begin

)

ClrScr; a := 3.0; b := 4.0; c := 5.0;

-

s := Geron(a, b, c);

a, b, c WriteLn(‘

’, s:6:2);

ReadLn; End.

, ,

-

,

-

.

-

, ). ,

– ),

; -

.

, ),

–

.

46

(

-

,

,

-

: Label Const Type Var Function, Procedure Begin … End; : 1.

, ,

(

-

)

. 2.

-

3.

-

.

,

.

4.

, ,

.

5. Function

: Err(x, y: Word; a, b, y: Real): Real;

!

6. , ;

:

Function Summa(x, y: Real): Real; Var s : Real; Begin

!

s := x + y; End;

47

7.

,

-

.

-

Var ,

.

:

Function Fact(n: Word): Word;

n–

Var i, f : Word;

i, f –

Begin f:=1; For i:=1 To n Do f := f * i; Fact := f; End;

8.

(

For), ,

( 9.

(

).

)

,

.

( ,

)

-

.

-

,

,

. ,

:

Program Global; Uses CRT;

–

Var a, b, c, s : Integer;

Function Sum(x, y : Integer) : Integer; Begin c := c + 1; Sum := x + y + c; End;

48

Begin a := 1; b := 1; c := 1; s := c + Sum(a, b); WriteLn(‘s=’, s); ReadLn; End.

s = 5. ,

.

-

s :

s := c + Sum(a, b);

-

s = 5. : s := Sum(a, b) + c;

,

,

s = 6 –

c

-

= 2, .

(

).

-

: , , ,

-

, ,

-

: 49

64

. -

: CS –

,

DS –

,

SS –

.

: –

-

,

,

, , –

-

,

,

,

, ,

, -

Const, 50

,

, , :

Function Func(k: Word) : Word;

n –

Const n: Word = 0; Var i: Word; Begin

i

WriteLn(‘i=’,i); WriteLn(‘n=’,n); n:= n + k; Func:=n; End;

.

i n,

CONST,

,

-

k. –

: -

, –

,

,

.

10.

-

;

. 11.

,

,

,

,

,

, ;

(

,

),

,

,

-

.

12.

,

,

, 51

,

,

,

,

-

,

.

13.

(

)

-

,

;

-

.

,

.

:

Program Primer; Uses CRT; Var a, b, c : Integer;

x, y –

Function Sum(x, y : Integer) : Integer; Begin x := x + 1; y := y + 1;

Sum := x + y; End;

Begin a := 1; b := 1; c := Sum(a, b); WriteLn(‘a=’, a, ‘

b=’, b);

ReadLn; End.

x = 1, y = 1. ,

.

52

14.

;

, .

Var:

Program Primer; Uses CRT; Var a, b, c : Integer;

Function Sum(Var x, y : Integer) : Integer;

x, y –

-

Begin x := x + 1; y := y + 1;

Sum := x + y; End;

Begin a := 1; b := 1; c := Sum(a, b); WriteLn(‘a=’, a, ‘

b=’, b);

ReadLn; End.

x = 1, y = 1. x = 2, y = 2.

,

-

,

, . 53

: Program Primer; Uses CRT; Var a, b : Integer; Function Nemo(Var x : Integer; y : Integer) : Integer;

x–

,

y– Begin x := x + y; a := y; Nemo := x; End; Begin a := 1; b := 2; WriteLn(‘Nemo=’, Nemo(a, b),‘

a=’, a, ‘

b=’, b);

ReadLn; End.

: Nemo=2

a=2

b=2

,

a a

,

x 3

Nemo ,

2.

. 15.

(

Function

):

Func(x : 1..10; r : array [1..20] Of Real) : Real;

x

,

r

. :

54

Type TCount = 20; TVector

= Array [1 .. TCount] Of Real;

TInterval = 1 .. 10;

: Function

Func(x : TInterval; r : TVector) : Real;

16. , -

, –

-

. : Type, , , ,

{$F+} –

-

. :

, . :

Program Param_func; Uses CRT; Type TFun

-

= Function (x, y: Integer): Integer;

TFunc –

-

Var a, b, c: Integer;

–

{$F+}

-

55

Function Add(x, y: Integer): Integer;

Begin Add := x + y; End;

Function Mult(x, y: Integer): Integer;

Begin Mult := x * y; End;

Function Funny(x, y: Integer): Integer; Begin Funny := (x + y) * (x - y); End; {$F-}

,

operation

Function Par_func(m, n : Integer; operation : TFunc): Integer; Begin Par_func := operation(m, n); End;

Begin ClrScr; a := 5; b := 3;

-

c := Par_func(a, b, Add);

! WriteLn('c=', c); c := Par_func(a, b, Mult); WriteLn('c=', c); c := Par_func(a, b, Funny); 56

WriteLn('c=', c); ReadLn; End.

: =8 =15 =16

17.

–

-

,

.

.

,

1890

.

.

. –

,

-

.

, ,

-

. , n! = 1·2·3·…·(n-1)·n .

1

,

, 0! = 1.

-

n = 0,

n! = (n – 1)!·n

n > 0. 1, 1, 2, 3, ,

5, 8, 13… .

57

n : 1

n = 1,

Fn=

1 Fn-2

n = 2,

+

Fn-1

n > 2. , (

),

-

.

,

-

.

.

,

-

. ,

-

. , .

-

, . .

, .

-

. 0!, 1!, 2!, 3!,…,

ai = i!, i = 1, 2, 3,… 58

-

: ai = ai1·i,

-

a0 = 1, i = 1, 2, 3… , .

-

a0

.

i = n, n!

i = n : Fi = Fi-2 + Fi-1, F1 = 1, F2 = 1, i = 3, 4, 5,… ,

, ,

.

-

, :

1)

, ,–

-

, ,

,

,

2)

, ,

,

3)

, ,

-

,

.

,

-

(

). –

,

LIFO (Last in – first out: –

).

,

-

59

. , :

, .

–

– 65520

.

-

. (

)

,

.

-

Error 202: Stack overflow error. ,

n,

: Function Factorial(n: Word): Word; Begin If (n=0) Then Factorial := 1 Else Factorial := n * Factorial(n – 1); End;

:

n = 5 Factorial :=

5 * Factorial(4) 5 * 4 * Factorial(3) 5 * 4 * 3 * Factorial(2) 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * Factorial(1) 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120

: Factorial(5)

,

Factorial

: Factorial(4), Factorial(3), …

,

–

-

.

, .

60

Factorial := 1

n = 0.

, : n*Factorial(n-1). ,

-

: 1*1, 2*1, 3*2*1, 4*3*2*1, 5*4*3*2*1 – . ,

,

n

-

: Function Fibo(n: Word): Word; Begin If (n=1) Or (n=2) Then Fibo := 1 Else Fibo := Fibo(n-2) + Fibo(n-1); End;

– .

,

Func_1

– Func_2,

–

Func_2, ,

Func_1.

-

? .

Forward.

-

Forward, : Program Primer; Uses CRT; Var i: Integer;

61

-

Function Func_1(x: Integer): Integer; Forward;

Func_1 Function Func_2(y: Integer): Integer;

Func_2

Var k: Integer; Begin ………

Func_1

k := Func_1(y); ……… End;

Function Func_1; Var

Func_1

n: Integer;

Begin ……….

Func_2

n := Func_2(x); ………. End;

Begin ……..

Func_1

i := Func_1(i); …….. End.

1.

,

Cm n C 0n

=

C1n

0 max) Then Begin max:=vector[i]; i_max:=i; End;

End; End;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(out_min_max,’d:\User\out_min_max.txt’); ReWrite(out_min_max); Init(m_min, m_max, a); Writeln(out_min_max, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_min_max, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_min_max); Min_max(n, a, min, max, i_min, i_max); WriteLn(out_min_max, ‘min=’, min); WriteLn(out_min_max, ‘i_min=’, i_min); WriteLn(out_min_max, ‘max=’, max); WriteLn(out_min_max, ‘i_max=’, i_max); Close(out_min_max); ReadLn; End.

: : -1

-19

-19

-35

50

26

-47

min=-47 i_min=7

70

17

1

-7

max=50 i_max=5

2.

: , .

,

,

. out_sort.txt: Program Primer_2; Uses CRT; Const

n = 10; m_min = -50; m_max = 50;

Type TVector = Array [1..n] Of Integer; Var

i: Word; a : TVector; out_sort: Text;

Procedure Init(m: Word; elem_min, elem_max: Integer; Var vector: TVector); Var i: Word; Begin Randomize; For i:=1 To m Do

elem_min

elem_max

vector[i]:=elem_max - Random(elem_max - elem_min +1); End;

Procedure Sort_vybor(m: Word; Var vector: TVector); Var

i, j, k: Word; temp: Integer; 71

Begin For i := 1 To m-1 Do Begin k := i; temp := vector[i]; For j := i + 1 To m Do If

(vector[j] < temp) Then Begin temp := vector[j]; k:= j; End;

vector[k] := vector[i]; vector[i] := temp; End; End;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(out_sort,’d:\User\out_sort.txt’); ReWrite(out_sort); Init(n, m_min, m_max, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Sort_vybor(n, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Close(out_sort); ReadLn; End.

72

: : -15

-31

12

-10

50

-27

36

-29

2

5

-10

2

5

12

36

50

: -31

-29

-27

-15

3.

( ): . , .

–

,

.

-

n – 1 out_sort.txt:

Program Primer_3; Uses CRT; Const

n = 10; m_min = -100; m_max = 100;

Type TVector = Array [1..n] Of Integer; Var

i: Word; a : TVector; out_sort: Text;

Procedure Init(m: Word; elem_min, elem_max: Integer; Var vector: TVector); Var i: Word; Begin

73

.

Randomize; For i:=1 To m Do

elem_min

elem_max

vector[i]:=elem_max - Random(elem_max - elem_min +1); End;

Procedure Sort_obmen(m: Word; Var vector: TVector); Var

i, j, k: Word; temp: Integer;

Begin For i := m DownTo 2 Do For j := 1 To i – 1 Do If

(vector[j] > vector[j+1]) Then

Begin temp := vector[j]; vector[j] := vector[j+1]; vector[j+1]:= temp; End; End;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(out_sort,’d:\User\out_sort.txt’); ReWrite(out_sort); Init(n, m_min, m_max, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Sort_obmen(n, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

74

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Close(out_sort); ReadLn; End.

: : 47

-14

58

-69

9

-19

-72

24

97

-32

-14

9

24

47

58

97

: -72

-69

-32

-19

4.

: a1, a2, a3,…,ak ak+1. out_sort.txt:

Program Primer_4; Uses CRT; Const

n = 10; m_min = -150; m_max = 150;

Type TVector = Array [1..n] Of Integer; Var

i: Word; a : TVector; out_sort: Text;

Procedure Init(m: Word; elem_min, elem_max: Integer; Var vector: TVector); Var i: Word; Begin Randomize;

75

-

For i:=1 To m Do

elem_min

elem_max

vector[i]:=elem_max - Random(elem_max - elem_min +1); End;

Procedure Sort_vstavka(m: Word; Var vector: TVector); Var

i, j, k: Word; temp: Integer;

Begin For i := 2 To m Do Begin temp := vector[i]; j := i – 1; k := 1; While (j > 0) Do If (vector[i] > vector[j]) Then Begin k := j + 1; j := 0; End Else j := j – 1; For j := i DownTo k + 1 Do vector[j] := vector[j - 1]; vector[k] := temp; End; End;

Begin ClrScr; Assign(out_sort,’d:\User\out_sort.txt’); ReWrite(out_sort); Init(n, m_min, m_max, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

76

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Sort_vstavka(n, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Close(out_sort); ReadLn; End.

: : 115

-45

20

-39

91

75

44

138

-72

-63

20

44

75

91

115

138

: -72

-63

-45

-39

5. .

:

aj,

ai

i = 1, j = n.

ai < aj ,

, ,

.

ai > aj ,

-

, . , : i = j.

ai

: ,

–

.

.

out_sort.txt: Program Primer_6; Uses CRT;

77

-

-

Const

n = 10; m_min = -100; m_max = 100;

Type TVector = Array [1..n] Of Integer; Var

i: Word; a : TVector; out_sort: Text;

Procedure Init(m: Word; elem_min, elem_max: Integer; Var vector: TVector); Var i: Word; Begin Randomize; For i:=1 To m Do

elem_min

elem_max

vector[i]:=elem_max - Random(elem_max - elem_min +1); End; Procedure Sort_Hoar(m, bottom, top: Word; Var vector: TVector); Var

i, j: Word; Str: Boolean; temp: Integer;

Begin i := bottom; j := top; str := False; While (i < j) Do Begin If (vector[i] > vector[j]) Then Begin temp := vector[i]; vector[i] := vector[j]; vector[j] := temp; str := Not(str); End;

{If}

78

If (str) Then i := i + 1 Else j := j – 1; End;

{While}

If (i > 1) And ((i – 1) > bottom) Then Sort_Hoar(m, bottom, i – 1, vector); If (j < (m – 1)) And ((j + 1) < top) Then Sort_Hoar(m, j + 1, top, vector); End; Begin ClrScr; Assign(out_sort,’d:\User\out_sort.txt’); ReWrite(out_sort); Init(n, m_min, m_max, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Sort_Hoar(n, 1, n, a); Writeln(out_sort, ‘

:’);

For i:=1 To n Do Write(out_sort, a[i]:5); WriteLn(out_sort); Close(out_sort); ReadLn; End.

: : -62

18

-48

46

-44

-58

-95

76

4

-65

-44

4

18

46

76

: -95

-65

-62

-58

-48

.

-

.

79

,

. ?

,

,

,

,

,

.

-

,

,

-

,

. -

–

. -

,

, )

Turbo Pascal (Borland

Pascal). ,

, ,

, . –

,

. ,

(

)

.

-

executable, – .exe.

-

.pas.

-

–

, . Turbo Pascal

. 80

Borland Pascal

,

-

.exe .

: 1)

,

2)

(

). -

,

,

-

, Turbo.tpl

-

Turbo Pascal).

,

,

-

.

Turbo Pascal

.

Turbo Pascal.

-

. –

.

-

(compiler).

-

–

, ,

. -

(

, linker).

–

,

. :

, , -

.

-

81

, . Turbo Pascal

-

.

-

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

-

,

.

,

, (

.

) ,

-

. –

.

: 1) ,

,

2) , . ,

,

. :

1)

, ,

2)

, ,

82

3)

,

4)

,

, . –

-

, 5)

Turbo Pascal , (

64 ). .

: SYSTEM, CRT, GRAPH, DOS, PRINTER, OVERLAY –

Turbo.tpl

(Turbo Pascal Library).

-

SYSTEM ,

Uses: Uses CRT, GRAPH; .

–

-

,

-

: 1)

,

2)

,

3)

,

4)

. , . , 83

-

, .

,

, -

.pas.

.tpu (Turbo Pascal Unit). :

Unit Unit Abc; ,

Uses

-

. ,

. .

-

, –

,

,

,

:

Interface ,

Uses Const Type Var Function ,

Procedure

, . , ,

,

-

,

,

: Implementation

84

,

Uses ) Const Type Var Function Procedure

. ,

,

:

Begin ……. End. .

, .

End

: 1)

.

Begin

My_modul,

:

Geron ,

2)

-

Swap ,

3)

f.txt Geron.

Unit My_modul; Interface Var

f: Text; 85

– a, b, c –

}

Function Geron(a, b, c: Real): Real;

x

y -

}

Procedure Swap(Var x, y : Real);

Implementation Function Geron; Var p: Real; Begin p := (a + b + c) / 2.0;

}

Geron := Sqrt(p * (p –a) * (p – b) * (p – c)); End;

Procedure Swap; Var temp: Real; Begin temp := x; x := y; y := temp; End;

Begin Assign(f, ‘D:\User\f.txt’); End.

My_modul.pas.

Turbo Pascal

,

.

86

tpu (Turbo Pascal Unit), ,

.

exe

,

Compile, : Compile Make Build Destination (Memory, Disk) Primary File… –

:

Compile –

,

, (

).

-

,

tpu (

-

pas)

. Make –

, .

-

,

.

, ,

,

.

Build –

, .

,

-

. : Destination –

tpu-

Disk

exe , Memory –

.

Borland Pascal

,

-

Compile. 87

:

Primary File –

,

.

,

-

Primary File. . tpu(

!)

-

.

Uses:

Uses CRT, My_modul;

. : Unit A;

Unit B;

Interface

Interface

Uses B;

.....

.......

End.

End.

A: Uses CRT, A;

B: Uses CRT, A, B;

: Unit A;

Unit B;

Interface

Interface

88

Uses B;

Uses A;

.......

.......

End.

End.

: Uses CRT, A;

: Error 68: Circular Unit Reference (A) , : Unit A;

Unit B;

Interface

Interface

.......

.......

Implementation

Implementation

Uses B;

Uses A;

.......

.......

End.

End.

,

-

, .

:

Unit A;

Unit B;

Interface

Interface

Const x = 1;

Const x = 2;

Implementation

Implementation

End.

End.

: Program

Primer;

Uses WinCRT, A, B; Begin ClrScr; 89

x–

WriteLn('x=', x); End.

, .

:

x=2

B,

x = 2.

: Program

Primer;

Uses WinCRT, B, A; Begin ClrScr; WriteLn('x=', x); End.

: x=1

A

x = 1. , ,

,

, Program

:

Primer;

Uses WinCRT, A, B; Begin ClrScr; WriteLn('A.x=', A.x); WriteLn('B.x=', B.x); End.

: A.x=1 B.x=2

90

, ,

-

,

,

.

,

. , ,

.

, , . -

.

. (

,

,

,

), ,

. ,

,

-

(

),

,

.

-

,

,

-

,

. –

,

. . . -

(

), .

91

-

. . ,

,

, . , (

),

,

.

-

, . ),

, .

(

)

. Type

,

^ (

=

),

,

-

:

Type TPntint = ^Integer; TPntchar = ^Char; TPntReal = ^Real;

TPntint , TPntchar – , TPntReal –

-

.

, –

Var

:

a, b: TPntint; x, y: TPntchar; s, r: TPntReal;

92

-

-

, Var

Var:

a, b: ^Integer; x, y: ^Char; s, r: ^Real;

-

a, b, x, y, s, r ,

. Var, New:

New(a); New(b); ……

,

New,

,

,

-

. ,

New

,

. –

,

-

^: x^, y^, a^.

-

,

-

),

-

( ,

,

-

. , . , ,

-

: New(a); New(b);

93

WriteLn(a^, ‘

‘, b^);

, a WriteLn(a, ‘

b

!

‘, b);

(Error 64) a^ := 3; b^ := 5; WriteLn(a^, ‘

:3

‘, b^);

5

a

a := b;

,

WriteLn(a^, ‘

b– :5

‘, b^);

5

b

b := Nil; WriteLn(a^, ‘

!

‘, b^);

b^

! -

,

,

–

:

New(a); New(b); WriteLn(a^, ‘

a

?

a^

b

?

b^

‘, b^);

a a^

b

,

b^, , -

.

a

3

a^

b

5

b^

a^ := 3; b^ := 5; WriteLn(a^, ‘

‘, b^);

94

: a^

b^ –

3,

-

.

5. a := b; WriteLn(a^, ‘

‘, b^);

a

3

a^

b

5

b^

–

a ,

b. –

-

b.

b^.

a^ .

,

-

, a^

b^: 5

,

-

5.

b := Nil; WriteLn(a^, ‘

‘, b^);

a

3

a^

b

5

b^

Nil –

b

b^,

-

. ,

-

: 1) ( ),

-

,

95

2)

New,

3)

,

4)

,

-

. –

-

– : =

. , (

Nil ).

-

.

,

,

-

,

-

,

New(a), Dispose(a).

,

a, , .

a

Dispose

,

:

New(a); New(b);

a^ := 3;

a

?

a^

b

?

b^

a

3

a^

b

5

b^

b^ := 5;

96

Dispose(a); a := b;

a

3

a^

b

5

b^

5

b^

b := Nil;

a

b

Nil

97

,

-

,

,

,

-

–

–

,

,

,

-

. , ,

-

, .

, .

, , . ,

. .

,

,

,

,

.

-

. : , (

, )

.

98

,

: , ,

.

–

,

-

,

(

),

-

:

-

.

,

, . , – (

.

)

–

. .,

–

-

(

,

)

: Type TPoint = ^TElement; TElement = Record Inf: Integer; Next: TPoint; End; Var

head, q : TPoint;

TPoint – ment,

TElement – Next –

TEle-

,

: Inf – -

TPoint.

,

TPoint

99

.

TElement, , ,

. head

q

TPoint

,

-

,

.

,

.

,

, Nil –

.

,

-

,

-

. ,

–

. ,

head. (

-

),

Nil.

5 –

-12

,

-12 –

,

5, -3,

).

.

head q .

New(q) – ,

:

New(head);

Nil

Head := Nil;

,

: New(q);

q^.Inf q^.Next

100

12 -

head

-12 :

-

q

q^.Inf := -12;

,

,

-

. Nil –

head, :

q^.Inf

12 -

q^.Next

Nil

q^.Next := head;

q

-

head : head

head := q;

,

q^.Inf

12-

q^.Next

Nil

q

,

head New(q),

-12. ,

-3: :

New(q); q ^.Inf

q^.Inf := -3;

-3

q

q^.Next

, head :

head -12 Nil

101

-

, (

head

)

-

: q^.Next := head;

12 -

3q^.Next

Nil

q

–

head (

-

):

head

head := q;

-12 Nil ,

-3 q^.Next

(

)

q

,

5:

New(q); q ^.Inf

q^.Inf := 5;

5

q

q^.Next

( )

,

-3,

head –

: q^.Next := head; head := q;

head -12

-3

5 q^. Next

Nil

102

-

q

, (

)

, head

( ,

q. ,

.Next)

,

head^.Next^.Inf , . .

-3,

head^.Next^.Next – , . .

.

,

-

.

head, ,

«

» -

,

.

,

, 1

(

n,

-

): New(head); head := Nil; For i:=n DownTo 1 Do Begin New(q); q^.Inf := i*i; q^.Next := head; head := q; End;

-

head .

–

-

,

:

(

)

–

q := head; While (qNil) Do Begin

103

Write(q^.Inf:6);

–

q := q^.Next;

End;

-

While ,

q ,

, Nil.

,

. .

,

-

q := q^.Next;

-

q ,

,

Nil,

. ,

,

. :

( –

0),

, ,

: -12 : -3 : 5 : 0 : 3 : 5

-3

-12

Program Spisok; Uses CRT;

104

.

Type TPoint = ^TElement; TElement = Record Inf: Integer; Next: TPoint; End; Var

head, q : TPoint;

Begin ClrScr;

head –

New(head); head^.Inf := 0; head^.Next := Nil; New(q); Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(q^.Inf);

0,

If (q^.Inf=0) Then Exit;

head^.Inf := 1; q^.Next := head^.Next;

head^.Next

head^.Next := q; Repeat New(q); Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(q^.Inf);

0,

If (q^.Inf=0) Then Break;

1

head^.Inf := head^.Inf + 1; q^.Next := head^.Next;

head^.Next

head^.Next := q; Until (q^.Inf = 0); WriteLn(‘

: ’, head^.Inf); 105

WriteLn(‘

:’);

–

q := head^.Next; While (q Nil) Do Begin Write(q^.Inf:5);

–

q := q^.Next; End; WriteLn; ReadLn; End.

,

,

,

,

, .

: 5, -3, -12. r: Var

head, q, r: TPoint;

,

head

q

:

head -3

-12

5 q^. Next

Nil -3 ,

17.

106

q

-

: 1.

:

New(r); r^.Inf

17

r^.Inf := 17;

r

r^.Next

2.

, ,

-3;

q: While (q Nil) Do

,

If (q^.Inf = -3)

,

Then Break Else q := q^.Next;

q

-3,

q^.Next

q^.Inf = -3,

-12: r^.Inf

17

r

r^.Next

head

-12

-3

Nil

q^.Next

5

q

3.

r^.Next

,

( ,

-12,

r^.Next := q^.Next;

107

-

q^.Next):

17

r^.Inf

r

q^.Next

r^.Next

head -12

-3

Nil

q^.Next

5

q

(17

-3)

-12.

4.

-3

q^.Next

17,

r:

q^.Next := r;

17

r^.Inf r^.Next

r

q^.Next

head -12

-3

Nil

r

5

q

:

5, -3, 17, -12 . (

– .

: -12

108

0),

-

: 17 : -3 : 5 : 0 : 4 : 5

-3

17

-12

: -2 : -3 : 5

-3

-2

17

-12

: 15 : -12

: 5

-3

-2

17

-12

15

: 9 : 5

: 5

9

-3

-2

17

-12

15

17

-12

15

: 20 : 10

: 5

9

-3

-2

: 0

109

: 5

9

-3

-2

17

-12

15

Program Spisok; Uses CRT; Type TPoint = ^TElement; TElement = Record Inf: Integer; Next: TPoint; End; Var

head, q, r : TPoint; posle: Integer;

(0 –

flag: 0..1;

Procedure Formir_spisok; Begin

head –

New(head); head^.Inf := 0; head^.Next := Nil; New(q); Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(q^.Inf);

0,

If (q^.Inf=0) Then Exit;

head^.Inf := 1; q^.Next := head^.Next; head^.Next := q;

head^.Next

Repeat New(q);

110

)

Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(q^.Inf);

0,

If (q^.Inf=0) Then Break;

1

head^.Inf := head^.Inf + 1; q^.Next := head^.Next;

head^.Next

head^.Next := q; Until (q^.Inf = 0); End;

Procedure Vyvod_spisok; Begin

–

q := head^.Next; While (q Nil) Do Begin Write(q^.Inf:5);

–

q := q^.Next; End; WriteLn; End;

Begin ClrScr; WriteLn(‘

’);

WriteLn;

Formir_spisok;

WriteLn(‘ WriteLn(‘

: ’, head^.Inf); :’);

111

Vyvod_spisok;

WriteLn; WriteLn(‘

’);

WriteLn;

Repeat New(r); WriteLn; Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(r^.Inf);

,

If (r^.Inf = 0) Then

Break;

Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(posle);

–

flag := 0;

q–

q := head^.Next; While (q Nil) Do If (q^.Inf = posle) Then Begin

:

flag := 1; Break; End Else q := q^.Next;

:

If (flag = 0) Then Begin WriteLn(‘

’);

112

WriteLn(‘

:’);

Vyvod_spisok; Continue; End;

,

r^.Next := q^.Next; q^.Next := r; head^.Inf := head^.Inf + 1;

WriteLn; WriteLn(‘

:’);

Vyvod_spisok;

Until (r^.Inf = 0);

WriteLn(‘

:’);

Vyvod_spisok;

ReadLn; End.

: 5, -3, -12. ,

head

q

:

head -12 Nil

-3

5 q^. Next

–3. 113

q

(

)

-

: 1.

q (

)

)

r

: q := head^.Next; r := head;

2.

,

-

q: While (q Nil) Do

,

If (q^.Inf = -3)

,

Then Break Else Begin

r

r := q;

q q

q := q^.Next; End;

q

-3,

q^.Next

-12. ,

5,

q^.Inf = -3, r -

r^.Next

– r^.Next = q :

head

3. q^.Next,

-12

-3

Nil

q^.Next

5 r^.Next

q

r

r^.Next -12: 114

,

r^.Next := q^.Next;

(5

-3)

-12,

head -12

-3

Nil

q^.Next

5 q^.Next

q

r

-3

.

5 4.

-

-3 q

:

r

Dispose(q);

-3

q := head^.Next; r := head;

r

head -12

5

Nil

head^.Next

q

:

5, -3, 17, -12 . –

0),

.

115

-

: -12 : 17 : -3 : 5 : 0 : 4 : 5

-3

17

-12

: 17 : 5

-3

-2

-12

: 5 : -3

-2

-12

: 10

: -3

-2

-12

: 0 : -3

-2

-12

Program Spisok; Uses CRT; 116

Type TPoint = ^TElement; TElement = Record Inf: Integer; Next: TPoint; End; Var

head, q, r : TPoint; poisk: Integer;

(0 –

flag: 0..1;

)

Procedure Formir_spisok; Begin

head –

New(head); head^.Inf := 0; head^.Next := Nil; New(q); Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(q^.Inf);

0,

If (q^.Inf=0) Then Exit;

head^.Inf := 1; q^.Next := head^.Next;

head^.Next

head^.Next := q; Repeat New(q); Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(q^.Inf);

0,

If (q^.Inf=0) Then Break;

1

head^.Inf := head^.Inf + 1; q^.Next := head^.Next; head^.Next := q;

head^.Next

Until (q^.Inf = 0); 117

End;

Procedure Vyvod_spisok; Begin

–

q := head^.Next; While (q Nil) Do Begin Write(q^.Inf:5);

–

q := q^.Next; End; WriteLn; End;

Begin ClrScr; WriteLn(‘

’);

WriteLn;

Formir_spisok; WriteLn(‘ WriteLn(‘

: ’, head^.Inf); :’);

Vyvod_spisok; WriteLn; WriteLn(‘

’);

WriteLn; New(r); Repeat WriteLn; Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(poisk);

,

If (poisk = 0) 118

Then

Break;

–

flag := 0;

q–

q := head^.Next;

, r –

r := head; While (q Nil) Do If (q^.Inf = poisk) Then Begin

:

flag := 1; Break; End Else Begin

r

r := q;

q

q := q^.Next; End;

:

If (flag = 0) Then Begin WriteLn(‘ WriteLn(‘

’); :’);

Vyvod_spisok; Continue; End;

,

r^.Next := q^.Next;

-

Dispose(q);

head^.Inf := head^.Inf - 1;

119

q := head^.Next; r := head;

If (head^.Inf = 0) Then Begin WriteLn(‘

’);

Break; End; WriteLn; WriteLn(‘

:’);

Vyvod_spisok;

Until (poisk = 0);

WriteLn(‘

:’);

Vyvod_spisok; ReadLn; End.

,

.

. , :

3,

-

5, 12. v, :

Var

head, q, r, v: TPoint;

:

120

head – r

–

v

–

, , ,

-

. ,

head ,

-

r

q

r

head:

q

head 3

5

12 Nil

r

,

7 12.

: 1.

:

New(v); v^.Inf

7

v^.Inf := 7;

v

v^.Next

2.

, ,

, ,

r:

12; While (r Nil) Do

,

If (r^.Inf = q^.Data)

,

Then If (q^.Right Nil)

,

Then q:=q^.Right Else

,

Begin q^.Right:=v; Break; End; End;

{While}

Until (False); WriteLn; Writeln('

: ');

Order(root); WriteLn; ReadLn; End.

. :

136

Var

poisk: Integer;

; flag=1 –

flag: 0..1; n: Word;

0–

:

: 20

: 1 : 50

......... : 0

Program Bi_Tree; Uses WinCRT; Type TRebro = ^TUzel; TUzel = Record Data : Integer; Left, Right : Rebro; End; Var

root, q, v : TRebro; poisk: Integer; flag: 0..1; n: Word;

Procedure Formir_Tree; Begin New(root); Write('

: ');

–

ReadLn(root^.Data);

137

root^.Left:=Nil; root^.Right:=Nil; Repeat Write('

: ');

New(v); ReadLn(v^.Data);

–

If (v^.Data = 0)

,

Then Break; v^.Left:=Nil; v^.Right:=Nil;

–

q:=Root;

:

While (q Nil) Do Begin

If (v^.Data < q^.Data)

,

Then If (q^.Left Nil)

,

Then q:=q^.Left Else

,

Begin

-

q^.Left:=v;

Break; End;

If (v^.Data >= q^.Data)

,

Then If (q^.Right Nil)

,

Then q:=q^.Right Else

138

,

Begin q^.Right:=v; Break; End; End;

{While}

Until (False); End;

Procedure Order(base: TRebro); Begin If (base Nil) Then Begin Order(base^.Left); Write(base^.Data:5); Order(base^.Right); End; End;

Begin ClrScr; Formir_Tree; WriteLn; Writeln('

: ');

Order(root); WriteLn;

Repeat Write(‘

: ’);

ReadLn(poisk);

0,

If (poisk = 0) Then Break;

–

q:=root; flag:=0;

139

n:=0;

:

While (q Nil) Do Begin

:

If (q^.Data = poisk) Then Begin flag:=1; n:=n+1; End; If (poisk < q^.Data) Then q:=q^.Left Else q:=q^.Right; End;

{While}

If (flag = 1) Then Begin WriteLn(‘

’);

WriteLn(‘

: ’, n);

End Else WriteLn(‘

’);

Until (False); ReadLn; End.

: 1)

,

2)

. :q–

,

,

v,

:

140

Var

root, q, v, r : TRebro;

(

poisk: Integer;

)

:1–

flag: 0..1;

,0– ,

a)

:

,

b)

,

c)

. . –

Write(‘

q:

: ’);

ReadLn(poisk);

0,

If (poisk = 0) Then Break;

q–

q := root;

v

v := q; flag := 0;

:

While (q nil) Do Begin

:

If (q^.Data = poisk) Then Begin

–

flag:= 1;

1

Break; End;

{If}

:

v:=q;

v If (poisk < q^.Data) Then q:=q^.Left Else q:=q^.Right;

End;

{While}

141

q

:

(flag=1), 1.

–

(q –

,v–

):

18 v

16

20

q

17 Nil

Nil

If (q^.Left = Nil) And (q^.Right = Nil) Then Begin

,

If (v^.Left = q)

Nil,

Then v^.Left:=Nil

Nil –

Else v^.Right:=Nil; Dispose(q); {

}

End;

v

14

2. ,

–

q

:

15 Nil

18

If (q^.Left = Nil) And

16

20

(q^.Right Nil) Then

17

Begin If (v^.Left = q)

, –

Then v^.Left:=q^.Right

q,

142

–

Else v^.Right:=q^.Right;

-

q Dispose(q); {

}

End;

3.

,

v

–

:

9

q

7 Nil

5 4

6

If (q^.Right = Nil) And (q^.Left Nil) Then Begin

,

If (v^.Left = q)

–

Then v^.Left:=q^.Left

-

q, –

Else v^.Right:=q^.Left;

q Dispose(q); {

}

End;

4.

,

.

:

. q– r–

, ,

,

v–

r. r

q: 143

12 q

4 2

9 7

v

10

5

r

3

6 4

If (q^.Right Nil) And (q^.Left Nil) Then Begin v:=q;

v

q

v

r

r

r:=q^.Right;

While (r^.Left Nil) Do Begin v:=r; r:=r^.Left; End;

{While}

-

q^.Data:=r^.Data;

q , If (r^.Right = Nil)

Nil

Then v^.Left:=Nil Else v^.Left:=r^.Right;

-

Dispose(r);

End;

144

,

,

,

-

:

,

. – .

,

,

,

,

.

-

,

.

–

,

,

-

. , .

,

-

,

, .

-

,

-

,

. –

-

–

. (

)

-

. ,

. , . , 145

-

, ,

.

-

,

, ,

. , ,

,

.

,

–

-

. . ,

.

: ,

,

,

.

, .

-

.

. –

, ,

,

.

,

,

–

.

,

,

-

,

,

. ,

,

.

146

–

,

-

,

-

.

: .

,

, .

–

,

-

.

, ,

,

(

). –

.

, )

-

(

.

(

,

)

,

-

. . , :

(Interface) –

,

(Implementation) – (

,

.

-

) (

-

).

-

, . , ( (

)

,

).

(

)

,

. , . 147

-

.

,

-

, . –

,

,

, .

–

-

. , ,

-

.

:

,

(

Graph)

.

Program Tochka; Uses CRT, Graph; Var x, y, dx, dy: Word; driver, regim: Integer; Begin driver:=detect; InitGraph(Driver,Regim,'C:\BP\BGI');

–

SetBkColor(1); ClearDevice;

–

SetColor(14); x:=100;

x

y–

y:=150; dx:=50;

dx

dy –

dy:=100; PutPixel(x,y,14);

1

Delay(1000);

148

-

PutPixel(x,y,1); x:=x + dx; y:=y + dy; PutPixel(x,y,14); Delay(1000); ReadLn; CloseGraph; End.

. ,

:

y–

x

,

Init –

– ,

Show –

,

Hide –

,

Move –

-

. . Object: Program Tochka; Uses CRT, Graph; Type TPix =

Object x, y: Word;

-

Procedure Init(a, b: Word);

: a

b – -

Procedure Show; Procedure Hide;

149

-

Procedure Move(da, db: Word); : da

db – -

End;

Procedure TPix.Init; Begin x:=a;

x

y –

y:=b;

a

b – )–

End;

Procedure TPix.Show; Begin

-

PutPixel(x,y,14);

x

y

End;

Procedure TPix.Hide; Begin

(

PutPixel(x,y,1);

x End;

Procedure TPix.Move; Begin Hide; x:=x + da;

150

) y

x

y:=y + db;

y –

da

db – )–

Show; End;

Var

x0, y0, dx, dy: Word; driver, regim: Integer;

–

pixel: TPix;

pixel

Begin driver:=detect;

-

InitGraph(Driver,Regim,'C:\BP\BGI');

–

SetBkColor(1); ClearDevice;

–

SetColor(14); x0:=100;

x0

y0 –

dx

dy –

y0:=150; dx:=50; dy:=40;

:

pixel.Init(x0, y0);

-

pixel.Show; Delay(1000);

1 dx, dy

Pixel.Move(dx, dy); Delay(1000);

1

ReadLn;

151

CloseGraph; End.

: 1)

(

TPix

)

–

, 2)

;

-

! 3)

Init, Show,

Hide, Move, 4)

(

)

(

),

,

5)

( –

) .

:

-

TPix, ,

TRing rad –

.

Init, Show, Hide,

-

, ,

.

x

– Type TRing =

-

y :

Object (TPix)

TRing – TPix

rad: Word; Procedure Init(a, b, r: Word);

: a b – 152

-

, r– Procedure Show; Procedure Hide; End;

Procedure TRing.Init; Begin x:=a;

x, y, rad –

y:=b;

a, b, r – )–

-

rad:=r; End;

Procedure TRing.Show; Begin

-

SetColor(14);

-

Circle(x,y,rad);

x

y

–

(

End;

Procedure TRing.Hide; Begin SetColor(1);

) -

Circle(x,y,rad);

x End;

: Var x0, y0, dx, dy, radius: Word; driver, regim: Integer;

153

y

–

ring: TRing;

ring

Begin driver:=detect;

-

InitGraph(Driver,Regim,'C:\BP\BGI');

–

SetBkColor(1); ClearDevice;

–

SetColor(14); x0:=100;

x0

y0 –

dx

dy –

y0:=150; dx:=50; dy:=40; radius:=10;

:

ring.Init(x0, y0, radius);

ring.Show;

1

Delay(1000);

dx,dy

ring.Move(dx, dy);

ring.Move

TRing, pixel.Move – ,

.

,

-

,

. :

Procedure TPix.Move; Begin

154

Hide; x:=x + da; y:=y + db; Show; End;

,

Move :

-

Hide),

-

Hide. ( ,

Show

( ,

-

Show).

-

Move : pixel Move Hide

ring? TRing

TPix,

-

Show, ,

,

TRing -

rad .

, – Init, Show ,

TRing ,

.

Hide Ring.Move

,

TPix.

-

-

pixel.Move. Move ring.Hide

pixel.Move ring.Hide

ring

ring.Show

TPix: pixel.Hide

pixel.Show. ,

pixel.Show

:

ring.Show.

pixel.Move, pixel.Hide ,

155

-

–

,

TPix.

,

,

-

.

,

. ,

Hide

-

Show

,

Move? (

–

(

)

)

.

-

:

Virtual:

Procedure TPix.Show; Virtual; Procedure TPix.Hide; Virtual;

(

),

,

:

Procedure TRing.Show; Virtual; Procedure TRing.Hide; Virtual;

! Init

Procedure

structor: a)

Tpix:

Constructor Init(a, b: Word); . . . . . . . . . . . Constructor TPix.Init; Begin x:=a; y:=b; End;

156

Con-

b)

Tring:

Constructor Init(a, b, r: Word); . . . . . . . . . . . Constructor TRing.Init; Begin x:=a; y:=b; rad:=r; End;

(

Move ) –

-

,

. .

,

-

,

, , . , ,

. ,

,

-

.

-

,

,

. . ,

(

)

,

-

.

-

, dure

. Constructor.

:

157

Proce-

, ,

, ,

, , ,

,

. , .

, . ,

.

Private

Type TRing =

Public: TRing –

Object (TPix)

TPix Private rad: Word; Public

Constructor Init(a, b, r: Word);

: a

b – -

, r– Private

Procedure Show; Procedure Hide; End; 158

:

rad,

Hide.

-

Private

Pub-

Show

Init. .

lic

-

,

. ,

Private, ,

.

, .

-

. ,

TPix ,

TRing,

,

,

,

-

:

Program Pix_And_Ring; Uses CRT, Graph; Type TPix =

Object Private x, y: Word; Public Constructor Init(a, b: Word);

: a

b – -

Private Procedure Show; Virtual; Procedure Hide; Virtual; Public

159

Procedure Move(da, db: Word); :da

db –

End;

Constructor TPix.Init; Begin x:=a;

x

y –

y:=b;

a

b – )–

End;

Procedure TPix.Show; Begin

-

PutPixel(x,y,14);

x

y

End;

Procedure TPix.Hide; Begin

(

PutPixel(x,y,1);

x End;

Procedure TPix.Move; Begin Hide; x:=x + da; y:=y + db;

x

y –

160

) y

da

-

db – )–

Show; End;

Type TRing =

TRing –

Object (TPix)

TPix Private rad: Word; Public Constructor Init(a, b, r: Word);

: a b –

,

r– Private Procedure Show; Virtual; Procedure Hide; Virtual; End;

Constructor TRing.Init; Begin x:=a;

x, y, rad –

y:=b;

a, b, r – )– -

rad:=r; End;

161

Procedure TRing.Show; Begin

–

SetColor(14);

-

Circle(x,y,rad);

x

y

–

(

End;

Procedure TRing.Hide; Begin SetColor(1);

) -

Circle(x,y,rad);

x

y

End;

Var

x0, y0, dx, dy, radius: Word; driver, regim: Integer;

TPix –

pixel: TPix;

-

pixel TRing –

ring: TRing;

-

ring Begin driver:=detect;

-

InitGraph(Driver,Regim,'C:\BP\BGI');

–

SetBkColor(1); ClearDevice;

–

SetColor(14); x0:=100;

x0

y0 –

y0:=150; 162

-

dx:=50;

dx

dy –

dy:=40; radius:=10;

:

ring.Init(x0, y0, radius);

ring.Show;

1

Delay(1000);

dx,dy

ring.Move(dx, dy);

x0:=200;

y0 –

x0

y0:=250; dx:=80;

dx

dy –

dy:=50;

:

pixel.Init(x0, y0);

-

-

pixel.Show;

Delay(1000);

1 dx, dy

Pixel.Move(dx, dy); Delay(1000);

1

ReadLn; CloseGraph; End.

163

1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Out of memory Identifier expected Unknown identifier Duplicate identifier Syntax error

.

. .

.

Error in real constant Error in integer constant String constant exceeds line Too many nested files Unexpected end of file Line too long Type identifier expected Too many open files Invalid file name File not found Disk full Invalid compiler directive Too many files

.

.

-

20

Variable identifier expected

164

21

Error in type

.

22

Structure too large Set base type out of range

. – 64

23

.

-

0…255 256 24

25 26 27

28

29

30 31 32

33

34

File components may not be files or objects Invalid string length Type mismatch Invalid subrange base type Lower bound greater than upper bound Ordinal type expected

. – 255 .

-

.

,

,

Integer constant expected Constant expected Integer or real constant expected Pointer type identifier expected Invalid function result type

. ,

36 37 38

-

Begin End

Begin expected End expected Integer expression expected

165

-

39 40 41 42 43 45 48 49 50 54 55 57 58 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Ordinal expression expected Boolean expression expected Operand types do not match operator Error in expression Illegal assignment Object file too large 64 Code segment too large 64 Data segment too large 64 DO expected OF expected INTERFACE expected THEN expected TO or DOWNTO expected Division by zero Invalid file type Cannot Read or Write variables of this type Pointer variable expected String variable expected String expression expected Circular unit reference

-

– – – Do Of Then To

DownTo

-

.

.

Unit name mismatch

, .tpu,

, Uses

73

-

– Implementation

Implementation expected 166

74 75 76 77 78 79

81 82

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Constant and case types do not match Record variable expected Constant out of range File variable expected Pointer expression expected Integer or real expression expected Label already defined Undefined label in processing statement part Unit expected ‘;’ expected ‘:’ expected ‘,’ expected ‘(’ expected ‘)’ expected ‘=’ expected ‘:=’ expected ‘[’or ‘(‘ expected ‘]’or ‘)‘ expected ‘.’ expected ‘..’ expected Too many variables Invalid FOR control variable Integer variable expected Files are not allowed here String length mismatch

(

) Case

)

( «

-

»

«

» -

-

Unit ‘;’ ‘:’ ‘,’ ‘(’ ‘)’ ‘=’ ‘:=’ ‘[’ ‘]’

‘(‘ ‘)‘

‘.’ ‘..’

For –

.

167

-

102 103

104 106

108

109

112 123 124 132

137

140

145 146 147

String constant expected Integer or real variable expected Ordinal variable expected Character expression expected Overflow in arithmetic operation No enclosing FOR, WHILE or REPEAT statement CASE constant out of range Too many symbols Statement part too large Cannot evaluate this expression Structured variable are not allowed here Invalid floating-point operation Too many nested scopes File access denied Object type expected

-

– LongInt Break Continue

-

Case –32768…32767 – 64 – 24

–

.

168

2. )

2 3 4 5 15 18

MS-DOS

File not found Path not found Too many open files File access denied Invalid driver number No more files ) {$I-}

-

IOResult.

100 101 102

Disk read error Disk write error File not assigned

103 104

File not open File not open for input File not open for output Invalid numeric format

105 106

.

–

)

150 151 152 153 160 161 162

Disk is write protected Unknown unit Disk not ready Unknown command Device write fault Device read fault Hardware failure 169

)

200 201 202 204 205 206 207 210 215

Division by zero Range check error Stack overflow error Invalid pointer operation Floating point overflow Floating point underflow Invalid floating point operation Object not initialized Arithmetic overflow

-

170

. . – . .

.-

. . 11,76.

171

4.12.2014. 2014 .