WS 2005 Unit 2 - Dictionaries; Latin and Greek in English and German; Spoken English Reading: Sections 1.6. , 2.3, 2.4 and 2.10 in Survey Questions you should be able to answer: 1. 2.

Distance and nearness play an important role in which register categories ? How do the categories of use and user characterise a speaker's language?

Exercises A) Dictionaries: Fill in the gaps with a suitable item A dictionary is a _________________ (Zusammenstellung, Liste) of words and _______________ (Wendungen) that is _____________ (angeordnet) alphabetically and gives the pronunciation, ________________ (Schreibvarianten), ___________________ (Silbentrennung), and meaning of each _____________ 5 (Eintrag). Many dictionaries also explain the _________________ (Ursprung) of each word, state what ________________ (Wortart) it is, and indicate how it is ____________ (verwendet) idiomatically. An important distinction is that between __________________ (gedrucktes Wörterbuch) and those on CD-ROM... One type of CD-ROM dictionary can only be 10 used to access ______________ (Haupteinträge). Another type makes full use of the electronic medium by including visual and video materials and allows _________________ (Volltextsuche), which often finds more words than are listed as ___________ (Stichwörter). Such a search gives you a complete set of examples (or ____________ [Konkordanz]) in context of the item searched for. 15 Another distinction is that between __________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (Wörterbücher für Muttersprachler und Nicht-Mutterspachler). Dictionaries for people with English as their first language (or L1-dictionaries, to use the technical term) have word lists (referred to as ______________________ 20 [Makrostruktur]) in excess of 150,000 items and usually give etymologies. Dictionaries for foreign learners (or L2-dictionaries), while giving semantic, phonetic and _________________ (Rechtschreib-) help, also include information on how a word _________________ (sich verhalten) syntactically, what ________________ (Wortverbindungen, Kollokationen) it ____________ (eingehen)... Learner 25 dictionaries take greater care to explain the meaning of words in simple English, often using a __________________ (Definitionswortschatz) to do this (between 2,000 and 3,000 items). They also provide a great number of _________________ (Beispiel[sätz]e) and _________________ (spezielle Anmerkungen zum Wortgebrauch), which ___________________ (zeigen) the 30 correct use of words. In short, L1-dictionaries help you to find out about words (here one speaks of _____________________[Dekodierwörterbücher] ) while L2dictionaries take much greater pains to help you produce correct and idiomatic English (__________________ [Produktionswörterbuch] . More _____________ (ausführlichere) dictionaries supply

35 _________________________ (zusätzliche Informationen), including the chronological development of each word, _________________ (Bedeutungswandel ), and examples of its __________________ (Verwendung) in different contexts. ____________ (zweisprachige) and _________________ (mehrsprachige) dictionaries include at least some of these details and add the _______________ 40 (fremdsprachigen Entsprechungen). Encyclopedic dictionaries give additional information on substantive ________________ (Themen) and include the names of people and places. There are also specialized dictionaries of many kinds, including dictionaries arranged by ______________ (Wortstämmen); dictionaries of synonyms; dictionaries of _________________ (Fachgebiete); dictionaries of dialect 45 or jargon; and _________________ (rückläufige) indexes, in which words are arranged by their _________________ (Endungen). There are also numerous bilingual dictionaries, which are of varying degrees of ___________________ (Verläßlichkeit) . They are designed for the person learning a language and are thus generally limited to ___________________ 50 (Wortentsprechungen), not _______________ (Ableitungen) or pronunciation. The Greeks and Romans did not conceive of a work containing all the words of their own or any foreign language; their early dictionaries were merely ________________ (Glossare) of unusual words or phrases. The first Greek lexicon, a collection of terms used by Homer, was __________________ (verfassen, 55 zusammenstellen) by the philosopher Apollonius during the 1st century BC. The first English dictionaries confined themselves to ____________________ (schwierige Wörter) and phrases not generally understood, because the _______________________ (alltägliche Wortschatz) of the language was not expected to require elucidation. Bailey's Dictionarium Brittanicum: A More Compleat 60 Universal Etymological Dictionary Than Any Extant used __________________ (Zitate) from ________________ (anerkannten) literary works to _____________ (belegen) and supplement definitions. The great standard ______________ (Wörterbuch) for German is the Deutsches Wörterbuch... In France, Pierre LAROUSSE issued a series of important dictionaries, 65 and Emile Littre compiled his Dictionnaire de la langue francaise (1873-78), which is notable for its _______________ (Etymologien) and its ______________ (Anwendungsbeispiele) drawn from famous authors. In America, Noah Webster _________________ (schreiben) his first American lexicon, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806). His An 70 American Dictionary of the English Language included typically American ___________________ (Sprachgebrauch) as distinguished from the British _________________ (Idiom). Funk & Wagnalls Standard Collegiate Dictionary is designed for _________________ (Hausgebrauch). In Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language in 1961, 75 American _________________ (Lexikographen) increasingly attempted to reflect ____________________ (aktuellen Sprachgebrauch). Many slang words and __________________ (Fachtermini) were included. Newer __________________ (umfassend) dictionaries include The Random House _______________ (ungekürzt) Dictionary of the English Language. 80 Revisions have continued to be made _______ (prep) most____________ (wichtigste) dictionaries. In addition, _____________ (gekürzt) versions of most of these are available and are also frequently ________________ (neu bearbeitet).

B) 1. Give the English equivalents of the German words and phrases. 2. Look up the etymologies of the German and English words. What regularity can you derive from these examples ?

German English (erster) Rang (Theat) (Heiz)kraftwerk (Vor)Ruhestand: in den ~ treten Arithmetik malnehmen abziehen teilen zusammenzählen Aufzug (Drama) Ausländer Bücherei Frauenarzt, Frauenheilkunde Fürwort Gericht (Law); Hauptgericht; Militärgericht Hauptfach; hauptsächlich Heizkörper Herausgeber Jahrhundert/~tausend Kundendienst Lustspiel Mond-, Sonnenfinsternis Rat Satzkunde Stoffwechsel teilweise Übersetzung Verdauung C) 1) Find an/the appropriate adjective(s) meaning "like a(n) [the animal in question]" for the following nouns: ass, cat, cow/ox, dog, eagle, elephant, fish, fox, horse, lion, pig, sheep, tiger, wild beast, wolf. 2) For each of the following items provide a semantically corresponding and collocationally appropriate different item. Example mouth mouth

he should improve his skills he should improve his oral skills

Source Item animal car country death ear earth fable family father fit house joke language law lead learning letter letters line man money moon mother mouth oracle people poor secret sky smell son star sun table tailor warmth wealth word world

Target item the Royal the a decline in infant climate influences a my find an her a I need a

my an he got a he clambered out of the

Moses received by the district ahs some pockets of

his he measured arrange the data in

the Himalayas produced unparalleled IBM is a

Context item(s) behaviour Club team served to increase the size of the population skills life meal ties, relationships grandfather expression arrangements comment dictionary to translate into English authorities sky friend meaning novel increase voice system/union Module of their Apollo 11 spacecraft grandfather literature revelations from God demand but no slum society bodies nerves duty positions energy form elegance underwear in all sorts of flowers communication company

D) Spot the multi-word verbs and make sure you know their meaning. In lines 31ff fill in a suitable multi-word verb, and try to find one-word equivalents and comment on their origin.

Finally, provide an ending to the story. One Thousand Dollars I came to Los Angeles with the idea of making it in the entertainment business. I started as an actress and worked my way down. I truly believed I would be the lucky one who returned home rich and famous and would at last become the apple of her father's eye. I failed miserably. One of my schemes led me to a job as a receptionist 5 at a talent and literary agency. My motive was to become a talent agent and have my script sold through the literary agent I was working for. It was a job that barely paid my bills. My first year with the company, I lived off my credit cards. I was banking on the fact that as soon as I sold my script, I wouldn't have to worry about money again. The 10 second year with the agency was worse. My credit cards were maxed. I was struggling every month to pay the rent, the car payments, and the high auto insurance. I was getting further and further behind on my bills. The tactic of pay one month and skip the next was not balancing out as planned. To make matters worse, I was told I had to move within the month. The simple job of receptionist ended up 15 being more than I had been told. I had to spend nights trying to finish the large amount of work that was heaped on me: pulling pictures and résumés, keeping files in order, writing letters, and learning nothing about being an agent. Weekends were planned around working with my writing partner. I had no personal life. Still, I had the script to put my hope into. The literary agent thought it was quirky and fun, and I 20 believed that once it sold, all this struggling would have been worth it. I would be a success. The lack of money had always been the center of our lives at home. Every day seemed to end in a fight about the cost of food, braces, school equipment, trips, camps, girl-scout uniforms. In my late teens, the arguments shifted to the old car 25 breaking down, my college costs, the trips to Los Angeles I took with the car, and phone calls. Though my father stopped hitting me as I got older, the dirty looks continued. They were almost as stinging as the slaps used previously for discipline. My father had come to this country with no money and a disabled wife. My mother was a responsibility he promised the American government he would take care of all 30 his life. He even signed a contract to guarantee it. I became increasingly desperate for money. Obviously, I couldn't _________________ (go for help, advice) my father for the cash. He had never approved of any of my choices in life. I had no other relatives to ___________________ (ask for help). My Los Angeles friends had all left me, either 35 for a return ticket home or because they were afraid of being near someone who was so hopeless. I thought of jumping _________ the building where I worked. I began to daydream of robbing banks and old people. In my mind, I had _____________________ (make a decision about) the sum I thought I needed. Ten thousand dollars would be perfect, and one thousand would give me a chance to 40 _______________________ (balance my account). There are free newspapers that ___________________ (receive the money they need) the darker side of the city's population. Advertisements for prostitutes and ads ____________________ (try to find) models and actresses to work in porno. I called one ad that boasted a payment of one thousand dollars. 50 A man returned my call. He was offhanded yet businesslike. He began by asking me standard questions about my height and weight, then _____________________ (proceed) to personal questions, such as which sexual

acts I would and wouldn't perform...I became nervous on the phone. This was something I did not want to do. The man must have heard the hesitation in my voice. 55 An instant later, he started talking about how I could make up to ten thousand a week. With ten thousand dollars I could _____________________ (finish paying money for) all my bills and breathe again. I was to audition for the leading role in a porno movie that afternoon at a nearby motel. I was told by the man that the star of the movie was handsome. The star 60 ________________ (prove) to be far from handsome. I took his hand and shook it before entering the motel room. He told me to ______________ (remove) my clothes, and I did as he asked. He instructed me on what he wanted done and I followed his directions...After another sexual act, I had to vomit. I excused myself to go to the bathroom. When I 65 returned, we completed the scene. Outside the door he told me that he would "let me know". When I returned home, I took a hot bath and scrubbed the man off my body. I cried, but I needed to __________ myself ______________ (calm down) quickly for another interview. With that one, I failed to go any further than talking. I couldn't do a 70 porno movie. I couldn't _____________ (stand) what I had just done. I ________________ (leave your house for a social event) to dinner with my second interviewer, who _____________ (prove) to be a very nice man, even though he was a porno director. He told me I had been scammed. I ____________ bed (sleep) with him later that evening. After all, who was I to say no? 75 I managed to ______________ (survive) the month without the 1,000 dollars. I moved into a house with a female roommate. Every night, I would eat and _______________ (vomit) up the chocolates my new roommate ___________________ out (prepare) on the coffee table. I cut my hair short and dyed it dark brown. Otherwise, I ___________________(continue) with my life as 80 usual. I never thought of the incident. It happened. It was over. It could have been worse. From: P. Auster ed., True Tales of American Life. London 2002

E) These examples come from B. Kingsolver’s novel The Poisonwood Bible. The writer is 15-yr old Rachel Price, the eldest of four daughters of a missionary couple from Georgia that has gone to the Congo. Her linguistic blunders, you will notice, often consist of mixing up two words similar in sound. 1) Spot the wrong word, and then find the correct one , and 2) find the other word that may have confused Rachel, and 3) state the meaning that Rachel wants to express wrong item On the small plane, we got fumigated with the odor of perspirating bodies We just got shoved straight into the heathen pandemony A roar of voices and weird birds lombarded my ears Anatole teaches them their numbers and French congregations

correct word and meaning perspiring is the correct word ; meaning is sweat; the noun is perspiration and may have given Rachel the idea

he told us his personal life autography my sisters gawked at the stranger and hung on his every syllabus of English Father was as flustrated as it gets and looked like he was fixing to throw a rod Father was going to talk in the way he frequently perpeturates on his family I suppose it was a civilrous gesture on his part it's a woman's provocative to change her mind failing elevators, train wrecks, theater fires exetera F) Identify the phrasal verbs and state their meanings: Miles Kington “Could I say to the vet, ‘Here is my cat, please have her sent up?’”, The Independent, 25 June 1987 Learning English as a Foreign Language. Part 597: Dealing with Political Pollsters

Learner: Please help me. What do I say if I am stopped in the street by a man asking questions about elections? This was happening to me all the time during the general election. Teacher: You say :”Put me down as a Don’t Know.” 5 Put me down as a Don’t Know. I see. What exactly does that mean? It means you don’t want any more questions. I see. What does “put me down” mean? It means, write me down on paper. But in Lesson 413, you told me that “put down” means to make a lot of fun of. 10 Your sentence was ”Every comedian thinks it is funny to put down Val Doonican.” Yes, well, it means that as well. So maybe the man asking the questions will make fun of me? No, no. 15 And in Lesson 512, you said that “put down” also means to have your favourite animal killed. Your sentence was: “We are taking our cat to the vet for him to be put down.” Did I? Well, yes, it means that too. So I am afraid the man asking the political questions will have me painlessly 20 killed when I say “Put me down as a Don’t Know.” No, No, he won’t do that. I promise. If “put down” means to make fun of, I suppose “put up” means to take seriously. No, no. It means to accommodate for a few days. Here is another sentence for you: ”My mother has written to say she is coming to stay with us, so we will have 25 to put her up for the weekend.” That is a bit like a sentence I remember from Lesson 87. “I do my best to put up with your mother.” Ah, yes, that’s put up with. What does “put down with” mean? 30 Nothing. Could I say “Set me down as a Don’t Know”?

No. “Set down” means to let someone off a train at a railway station. And “set up” means to let them on the train at the railway station? Mmm, not exactly. Actually, it is something the police do when all else fails. Here 35 is another sentence for you. “I spent three years in jail because the police set me up for the Croydon job.” Would they do that? Not if you’d really done the Croydon job. “Set up”, by the way, also means to give someone lots of money. For example, my parents set me up as a teacher of 40 English as a second language. But the police would not give you lots of money for the Croydon job? No, I think not. Would it be possible to say to this man in the street: “Send me down as a Don’t Know”? 45 Well, not really. “Send down” means to put someone in prison. Oh, I see. The police set you up first and then they send you down. Yes. Well, not quite. The police set you up, but the judges send you down. This is all done to make more jobs? Yes, I think so. 50 Well, if “Send down” means to put you in prison, does “send up” mean to get someone out of prison? Not exactly. In fact, not at all. “Send up” means to make a lot of fun of. Ah, just like “put down”. So the sentence from lesson 413 could also be: ”Every comedian thinks it is funny to send up Val Doonican”? 55 Very good, absolutely right. Spot on. And I could also say to the man in the street : “Send me up as a Don’t Know”? No. And I could say to the vet: “Here is my cat - please have her sent up”? No. 60 English is very difficult to learn as a second language. Believe me, English is very difficult to teach as a second language. It gets me down sometime. Get down? You mean, as in the phrase: “get down and boogie”? Where did you learn to speak like that? 65 In a disco in the West End, where I also learn English as a second language. Ah, no, that is American as a second language. Oh, just look at the time. I think that is enough for today’s lesson. I must get off. Get off with whom? 70 I will deal with that in our next lesson. G) Determine the style of the passage starting " It sometimes occurred ...". What function do the Latinate, "hard words" serve? Think of Anglo-Saxon equivalents for the items in italics: how would they change the nature of the text? [The Revd Matthew Crampton, Archdeacon of Reydon, drove to St Anselm's by the shortest route from his vicarage at Cressingfield just south of Ipswich. He drove towards the A12 with the comfortable assurance that he had left the parish, his wife and his study in good order. Even in youth he had never left home without the assumption, never voiced aloud, that he might not return. It was never a serious worry but the thought was always there, like other unacknowledged fears which curled like a sleeping snake in the pit of his mind. ]

It sometimes occurred to him that he lived his whole life in the daily expectation of its ending. The small diurnal rituals which this involved had nothing to do with a morbid preoccupation with mortality, nor with his faith, but were more, he acknowledged, a legacy of his mother's insistence every morning on clean underclothes, since this

might be the day on which he would be run over and exposed to the gaze of nurses, doctors and the undertaker as a pitiable victim of maternal unconcern. As a boy he had sometimes pictured the final scene: himself stretched out on a mortuary slab and his mother comforted and gratified by the thought that he had at least died with his pants clean. From : P.D. James, Death in Holy Orders, London 2002, p. 171