Rice Situation, PalayCheck System, and Methane System, Emissions in the Philippines EJP Quilang, Quilang FH Bordey, Bordey RT Cruz Cruz, CA Asis Jr., Jr & ED Alosnos Workshop on Paddy Field Management and Greenhouse Gases, Tsukuba Japan Tsukuba, Japan, 1 1-3 3 September 2010

Objectives 1 Assess and discuss rice situation 1. 2. Discuss the PalayCheck System 3. Present methane emission inventory y

Comparative Area Harvested Selected  Asian Countries, 2000 Asian Countries, 2000‐‐2008 Million Hectares illi 50.0 45 0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20 0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Source: FAO

44.00

We IMPORT rice because our area harvested to rice is small compared to exporters

29 49 29.49

12.31

10.25 4 46 4.46

China

India

Indonesia Philippines Thailand

7.41

Viet Nam

Ratio of Population to Area Harvested  Selected Asian Countries, 2000 Selected Asian Countries, 2000‐‐2008 Person/hectare 50 46

We feed 20 people per hectare  of area harvested to rice

40 30

27 18

20

20 12

10

7

0 Source: FAO

China

India

Indonesia Philippines Thailand

Viet Nam

Physical and Area Harvested, 2000‐‐2009 Physical and Area Harvested, 2000 3.05 M ha is irrigated 1.45 M ha is rainfed lowland

Million Hectares

5.0  4.5 

0.02 M ha is rainfed lowland

4.53

4.04

4.0 

Area Harvested ↑ ≈ 53,000 ha/yr

3.5  3.0 

2.50

2.76

Physical Area ↑ ≈ 29,000 ha/yr 

25 2.5  2.0  2000 Source:  BAS

2002

2004 Year

2006

2008

Palay and Rice Production, 1970‐ and Rice Production, 1970‐2009 Million Tons 18 0 18.0

In 2009, 12. 08 M tons from In 2009 12 08 M tons from irrigated;  irrigated 4.14 M tons from rainfed lowland;  0.05 M tons from rainfed upland. M tons from rainfed upland.

16.0 14 0 14.0 12.0

16 82 16.82 16 26 16.26 10.57

10.0

10.22

8.0 6.0

5 32 5.32

4.0 2.0

3.34

Palay Production

Rice Equivalent

0.0 1970  1974  1978  1982  1986  1990  1994  1998  2002  2006  Source: Palay Production‐BAS;  Rice equivalent calculated based on 62.85% MRR

Year

Rice and Palay Rice and  Palay Yields, 1970‐ Yields, 1970‐2009 Tons/hectare

3.80

4.0 3.5

Palay Yield

3.0

Rice Yield

3.59 2.39

2.5 2.0

1.71

2.25

1.08

Palay and rice yields has more  than doubled than doubled since 1970 since 1970

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

1970 1970 

1975 1975 

1980 1980 

Source: Palay Yield‐BAS;  Rice equivalent calculated based on 62.85% MRR

1985 1985 

1990  1990 Year

1995 1995 

2000 2000 

2005 2005 

Yield Gap Analysis Tons/hectare 10 8

9.00 7 20 7.20

Dry Season

7 20 7.20 5.76

6

Wet Season

5.40 4.32

4

3.60

2.88

2 0 Maximum Attainable  Yield with best cultural  Yield under  Yield  management practices  macronutrient (NPK)  and water constraints  Source: Sebastian, Bordey and Alpuerto, 2006

Yield under  micronutrient  deficiency, pest and  other management  problems

Factors Affecting Yield Factors ) 1)R&D •Seeds (biotechnology, hybrid rice, certified seed, nutrition) •Integrated crop management •Mechanization 2)Infrastructure •Irrigation •Farm-to-market roads •Transportation •Postharvest 3)Extension 4)Environmental Factors

Contribution 25% 10 10 5 40% 25 5 5 5 15% 20%

Source: Balisacan, A.M., and Sebastian, L.S. 2006. " Challenges and Policy Directions: Overview." In Securing Ri Reducing Rice R d i Poverty, P t A.M. A M Balisacan B li andd LL.S. S Sebastian S b ti (eds.). ( d ) Science S i City Cit off Muñoz: M ñ Philippine Phili i Ri Rice Research Institute.

World Rice Export Supply and Import  Demand, 1960‐‐2008 Demand, 1960 Million tons 35.0 30 0 30.0

World Exports World Exports

25.0

World Imports

20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0

Very thin y world trade

0.0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Source: USDA Year

Imports of Non Imports of Non‐‐traditional Rice Eating  Countries, 1960 Countries, 1960‐‐2008 Thousand Tons Th dT 9000 Middle East* 8000 7000

South America

6000

USA

5000

Africa f

4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Source: USDA *Middle East is composed of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Year

Why do we need to be self Why do we need to be self‐‐sufficient in  rice ? Thin World  Supply Export Bans

↑demand from  Non‐traditional  Rice‐eating  Countries

Rice Self‐ Sufficiency

Rice Requirement and Projected Rice  Production, 2009 Production, 2009‐‐2013 Million Tons

15 14 13

12.89

13.16

13 44 13.44

13.58 12.33

12 11

10.76

10

10.59 

10.24

13.72 13.78

11.29 10 96 10.96 

11.34 

11.73 

Rice Requirement

9

Projected Rice Production

8

Rice Prod'n Business  As‐Usual

2009 Source: PhilRice 

2010

2011 Year

2012

2013

What does it takes to be self What does it takes to be self‐‐sufficient in  rice? Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: PhilRice

Area Harvested (Million ha) 4 60 4.60 4.67 4 77 4.77 4.92

Yield (Tons/ha) 3 71 3.71 3.84 4 04 4.04 4.33

Yield Difference (In cavans) 3 4 6

PalayCheck System for Improving Yield of Irrigated g Lowland Rice

“Learning, Checking, and Sharing for Best Farming Practice”

Ton/ha or Cavans/ha

Grain Yield (t/ha)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ORYZA1 Model

Expt. Station

Water & nutrient deficiencies

Potential Yield

Yield Potential

Average Provincial Yield

Soil problems: acidity  or salinity in Brunei? Pests, stresses

Yield in stress environment

To increase yield, improvements have to made in the use of quality seeds irrigation seeds, irrigation, nutrients and other crop management operations operations. Rice production problems are complex & better approached thru an integrated crop management - PalayCheck System.

The development and use of Rice I t Integrated t d Crop C M Management t (RICM) such as the PalayCheck System offers great potential to address problems in p p productivity, y, input p use efficiency y crop (water, fertilizer & pesticide use, & others) and environmental safety. others), safety Input p use efficiency y and environmental concerns are worthy approaches to sustainable rice production. production

PalayCheck System ‐ combines the best crop management practices  (inputs) to achieve the Key Checks (outputs) ‐ a continuous learning process & improvement in  crop management can be made in the next crop crop management can be made in the next crop ‐ covers the principal areas of crop management: Seed Quality Land Preparation p Crop Establishment Nutrient Management Water Management Pest Management Harvest Management

Crop Management Areas and Corresponding Key Checks (output) for 2007 Crop p Management Area

Number

Key Check

Seed Quality Qua ty

1

Used ce certified t ed seeds o of a recommended eco e ded variety a ety

Land Preparation

2

No high and low soil spots after final leveling

Crop p Establishment

3

Crop Establishment

4

Sufficient number of healthy seedlings

Nutrient Management

5

Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering

Water Management

6

Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop

Pest Management

7

No significant yield loss due to pests

Harvest Management

8

Cut and threshed the crop at the right time

Practiced synchronous y planting p g after a fallow

PalayCheck S System Handbook db k for Rice Integrated Crop Management for I i t d Lowland Irrigated L l d English Version March‐April 2007: Distributed 400 copies June 2007: 3,000 copies printed ( (1,200 to ATI, 400 to ARMM) ) Sept. 2007‐ Feb. 2008: 13,000 copies printed

Fili i Di l t V i Filipino Dialect Versions (Tagalog, Ilocano  (Iluko) & Cebuano) printed 1,000 copies each in  February 2008

Crop Management Area: Seed Quality Key y Check 1. Used certified seeds of a recommended variety. “Output” Assessment of Key Check (Indicator): Seed of an improved variety certified by NSQCS as evidenced by a tag attached in the sack 

Foundation and registered seeds from a reliable li bl source are acceptable. 

Importance of Key Check 1 of Key Check 1 Certified seed is pure, clean, full and uniform in size, size and has a minimum germination rate of 85%. The use of certified seeds leads to healthy seedlings that grow fast and uniformly. All these can contribute to a 5-10% 5 10% increase in grain yield.

Crop Management Area: Land Preparation Key Check 2. No high and low soil spots                            after final leveling  Field should have 25 cm water depth during land leveling

 No visible mounds of soil above water surface after final leveling

Crop Management Area: Crop Establishment p g p Key Check 3. Practiced synchronous planting  Key Check 3. Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period. The field should have a fallow period of at least 30 days after harvest It should be harvest. planted 14 days before and after the majority off th the irrigation i i ti service i area has been planted. 

Practice synchronous planting after a fallow period. • Fallow

period of at least 30 days (between harvest and crop establishment) breaks the insect pest cycle and destroys y disease hosts. • Synchronous planting- the field should be planted within 14 days before and 14 after the majority of the i i ti service irrigation i area h has b been planted. l t d Thi This avoids id th the overlapping incidence of insect and disease populations. -14 days

+14 days

1 23456789 10111213141516171819202122232425262728 days (about 1 month)

•Use Use of beneficial insects & bio of beneficial insects & bio‐control control agents (for ex.,  agents (for ex., Metarhizium anisopliae, a pathogenic fungus, against  rice black bug) 

Crop Management Area: Crop Establishment Key Check 4. Sufficient number of healthy  seedlings. dl Transplanted –– At 10 DAT, achieve healthy  Transplanted At 10 DAT achieve healthy seedlings at least 25 hills/m²



 Direct Wet‐Seeded – At 15 DAS, achieve at 

least 150 plants/m² for a seed rate of 40 kg/ha  p / g/ and 300 plants/m² for a seed rate of 80 kg/ha 

Crop Management Area: Nutrient Management Key Check 5. Key Check 5. Sufficient nutrients at tillering to  Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.  Applied N fertilizer based on LCC  Transplanted At flowering, flowering achieve at least 300 panicles/m²  Direct Wet-Seeded At flowering, panicle density should be at least 350 panicles/m²

Crop Management Area: Water Management p g g Key Check 6. Key Check 6 Avoided excessive water or  Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth  and yield of the crop. f No symptoms N t off stress t due d to t excessive i water and drought  Excessive water means water depth >5 cm for 7 days or more

Crop Management Area: Pest Management Crop Management Area: Pest Management Key Check 7. Key Check 7 No significant yield loss due to  No significant yield loss due to pests. No significant yield loss due to insect pests, diseases, weeds, rats, snails and birds. See Tables 4-6; & Annexes 121. 21 

Crop Management Area: Harvest Management Key Check 8. Cut and threshed the crop at the right  time. time Thresh the palay not later than 1 day after reaping for 

wet season, and not later than 2 days for dry season. Harvest/reap the crop when 1/5 or 20% of the grains at the base  of the panicle are in hard dough stage  Harvest/reap at 20‐25% grain moisture content in wet season  / and 18‐21% in dry season See Annexes 22‐24 for methods of assessing grain yield. See Annexes 22‐24 for methods of assessing grain yield 

PalayCheck Provincial Test Sites and  Number of Farmers Number of Farmers No. of No Provinces

No of Sites No.

No. of No farmers

2004 DS

12

15

259

2005 DS

11

21

416

2005 WS

11

23

495

2006 DS

13

27

542

2007 DS

14

15

280

Cropping Season

2005 DS

6 5 4 3 2

2005 WS

7 G rain yield (t/h a)

G rain Yield (t/h h a)

7

1

6 5 4 3 2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2

3

Number of key checks

6

7

6 5 4 3

2007 DS

7 G raain Yield (t/h a)

Gra in Yield (t/ha)

5

Number of Key Checks

2006 DS

7

4

6 5 4 3 2

2 1

1

2

2

3

4

5

6

7

3

4

5

6

7

Number of Key Checks

Num ber of key checks

The higher the number of key checks achieved, the higher the grain yield. *Note that in 2005 DS,there were 9 key checks. However, there were 7 key checks each in 2005 WS and 2006 DS. K checks Key h k 4 4,5,6 5 6 were pooled l d as 1 kkey check h k under d N Nutrient ti tM Managementt (NM) tto fit th the fformatt off 2005 DS DS. Th The procedure was if a farmer got all these NM key checks (4,5,6),then he was given a score of 1 for NM otherwise if he missed any of the 3 key checks, then he was given a score of 0. Likewise, for 2007 DS, there were 8 key checks.Key checks 3 and 4 were pooled as 1 under crop establishment to fit the format of 2005 DS.

On the average, for irrigated ecosystem, yields in Farmer‐Partner (FP) sites  (followed the PalayCheck System) were higher by 1 t/ha or more than yields  i F in Farmer‐Cooperator (FC) sites for inbred & hybrid. C t (FC) it f i b d & h b id INBRED

G rain Yieeld (t/h a)

7 6

1 t/ha x 4.3 M ha  = 4.3 M mt. 4.3 M mt.

5 4 3 2 1 0

FP DS 2005

WS 2005

DS 2006

FC

HYBRID

7 G rain Yield (t/ha)

DS 2007

This can offset  the yield deficit the yield deficit  of 1.6 M mt. 

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 DS 2005

WS 2005

DS 2006

DS 2007

FP FC

FCs generally  missed on seed missed on seed  quality, nutrient & pest  & pest management.

Computation of Methane Emmision (Gg CO2 eq)  M Mw = (Aw x Sw (A S x Efw)/1000 Ef )/1000 Irrigated M1994 = (2,219.38 x 114 x 2.3)/1000 = 581.9214 x 21  = 12,220 Gg CO2 eq M2000 = (2,703.35  x 114 x 2.3)/1000 = 708. 8194 x 21= 14,885 Gg ( ) g CO2 eq 2 eq Rainfed M1994 = (1,315.87 (1 315 87 x 113 x 0.4)/1000 = 581.9214 x 21  = 1,249.02 113 0 4)/1000 581 9214 21 1 249 02 Gg G CO2 eq M2000 = (1,269.67 x 113 x 0.4)/1000 = 708. 8194 x 21= 1,205.17 Gg CO2 eq Year 1994 (INC) 1994 (INC) 2000 (SNC)

PhilRice Comp

13,469.37 16,090.37

GHGs TWG

636 40 (Table 2 636.40 2.4) 4) 16,436.91

17, 322.93 216 74/year 216.74/year

9 303 39 9,303.39

Conclusion & Recommendation  • Philippines can be rice sufficient given the full support of Philippine Government • The PalayCheck system will contribute significantly to the attainment of  rice self sufficiency ce se su c e cy • Methane inventory should be further improved given that farmers now adapts integrated crop management approach • The rice self‐sufficiency plan will not necessarily increase methane emmission

End