Work, Energy and the Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

Instructor’s Guide

Work, Energy and the Simple Machines: INCLINED PLANE, WEDGE, SCREW

INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE Written and Produced by John Colgren

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INCLINED PLANE, WEDGE, SCREW Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Instructional Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Links to Curriculum Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Student Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Assessment Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Teacher Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Introducing the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Blackline Master Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Enrichment Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Internet Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Script of Program Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 CC

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INCLINED PLANE, WEDGE, SCREW GRADE LEVELS: 5-8 INTRODUCTION This live-action program is designed for use with the intermediate and middle school grades (5-8). These three simple machines are related to one another. The wedge is like two inclined planes attached along their bases. The screw is like an inclined plane turned around itself. The inclined plane is an important simple machine that finds its way into how mountain roads are planned and how to move objects from one elevation to another. The wedge is probably the most common simple machine. Anything that cuts is a wedge. The screw is designed to hold things tightly together.

INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES Before presenting this lesson to your students, we suggest that you preview the program and review this guide and the accompanying blackline master activities in order to familiarize yourself with their content. As you review the materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, additions, or deletions to meet the specific needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your class will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits afforded by the materials. It is also suggested that the program presentation take place before the entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context of the program; therefore, the presentation should be a common experience for all students.

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LINKS TO CURRICULUM STANDARDS This Unit of Study addresses the following National Science Education Standards for grades 5-8: Science as Inquiry Content Standard A: * Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry * Understandings about scientific inquiry Physical Science Content Standard B: * Motions and forces The motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed. * Transfer of Energy Energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical. Energy is transferred in many ways. Science and Technology Content Standard E: * Understanding about Science and Technology Many different people in different cultures have made and continue to make contributions to science and technology History and Nature of Science Content Standard G: * Science as a Human Endeavor * Nature of Science * History of Science STUDENT OBJECTIVES After viewing the program and participating in the follow-up activities, students/participants should be able to... • Tell how the inclined plane, wedge, and screw are related. • Identify uses of the three simple machines presented in this lesson. ASSESSMENT TOOLS This lesson provides you with three different assessment tools. Together they make it possible to follow closely the progress of your students and to judge their mastery of the subject matter.

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The Pre-Test Blackline Master #1 can be used to get some idea of students’ understanding of the topic before the program is presented. The Post-Test, presented as Blackline Master #6, can be used as a final test for the lesson. The Video Quiz and its accompanying answer sheet (Blackline Master #2) can be used as a follow-up to the video. TEACHER PREPARATION View the program and review the accompanying activities. Duplicate any blackline masters you wish to distribute. If you plan to use the Video Quiz, which immediately follows the video presentation, you may wish to have copies of the quiz ready to distribute at the completion of the video program. Also, plan to pause the tape between questions if students require more time. INTRODUCING THE PROGRAM The six simple machines can actually be grouped into two groups. The lever, wheel and axle, and pulley have similarities the same as the three simple machines discussed in this program. The inclined plane, wedge, and screw are related. VIEW THE PROGRAM Viewing time for this program is 10 minutes. The video quiz that follows the presentation will take about 5 minutes when you build in pauses for recording answers. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS You may wish to conduct a discussion after viewing the program based on the following: 1. Ask the students to describe the ways the inclined plane, wedge, and screw are related. 2. Ask if any students have ever seen a house being moved. If a house or building is to be relocated it may be lifted from its current foundation with giant jack screws. Then a flatbed truck drives under the house and the house is lowered onto the truck. Then it is moved to a new location. BLACKLINE MASTER DESCRIPTIONS This program contains six blackline masters that can be used to reinforce ideas and information presented in the program. • Blackline Master #1: Pre-Test provides a way of finding out how much students know about the material covered in this lesson before you present it. Student scores on the Pre-Test can be compared with their scores on the final

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Post-Test (Blackline Master #6). • Blackline Master #2: Video Quiz is to be used at the end of the program. At the completion of the program, there is a short quiz. The narrator will read the questions which are displayed on the screen. Students can use Blackline Master #2: Video Quiz to record their answers. Answers to the questions are provided in the Answer Key section of this teacher’s guide. • Blackline Master #3: Inclined Planes is an experiment to see how inclined planes are helpful. • Blackline Master #4: All Wrapped Up is an experiment that demonstrates how a screw is like a rolled up inclined plane. • Blackline Master #5: Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane provides information about calculating the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane. At the bottom of the page are two exercises. One is a word problem for students to determine the mechanical advantage of a mountain road. The other exercise describes how students can calculate the mechanical advantage of a staircase. • Blackline Master #6: Quiz. This is the Post-Test for this program.

ENRICHMENTACTIVITIES • Wedges are possibly the most common simple machines. Have students carefully count the wedges they find in the kitchen of their home. ANSWER KEY • BLACKLINE MASTER #1: Pre-Test 1. lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined planes, wedges, and screw 2. A wedge is like two inclined planes attached along their bases. 3. A wedge is any tool or device with a cutting edge. 4. A screw is like an inclined plane wound up around itself. 5. Roads winding around a hill or mountain are inclined planes. They make the work of going up the hill or mountain easier. 6. The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is determined by dividing the length of the incline by the height of the incline. 7. Answers will vary. They might include scissors, saw blades, axes, knives, tacks, razor blades, tips of shovels, etc. 8. Screws build an incline or ridge in the wood. A nail pushes the wood apart. 9. A machine is any tool or device that does one or more of the following; makes work easier, makes work faster, or changes the direction of the effort. 10. 20 pounds

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• Blackline Master #2: Video Quiz 1. lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw 2. Winding around the hill or mountain creates an inclined plane mechanical advantage so cars and trucks don’t have to work as hard to get over the hill or mountain. 3. wedge 4. A screw winds into the wood creating a stronger and longer lasting grip. 5. inclined plane 6. make work easier, make work faster, or change the direction of the effort 7. True 8. Answers will vary. They may include handicapped access ramps, loading docks, roads going up hills or mountains, ramps to load trucks and vans, etc. 9. Answers will vary. They may include knives, axes, razor blades, saw blades, tip of shovels, etc. 10. Answers will vary. They may include holding furniture, holding hanging plants, holding cabinet doors, etc. • Blackline Master #3: Inclined Planes Observations: answers will vary because of weight of book used in the experiment. When the book is dragged up the incline the reading on the spring scale will be less than when lifting the book straight up. Conclusion: An incline makes work easier. The less the slant of the inclined plane the less the effort needed to drag the book. • Blackline Master #4: All Wrapped Up Observations: The thumb and finger will move up the pencil. Conclusion: If a screw were unwound it would be shaped like an inclined plane. • Blackline Master #5: Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane 1. 2.25 2. Answers will vary. • Blackline Master #6: Post-Test 1. lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw 2. A wedge is like two inclined planes attached at their bases. 3. A wedge is any tool or device with a cutting edge. 4. A screw is like an inclined plane wrapped around itself. 5. Divide the length of the inclined plane by the height of the incline. 6. 30 pounds

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INTERNET RESOURCE The following website may be a valuable source of additional information to reinforce the objectives of this lesson: 1.) Work, Energy and the Simple Machines at http://www.unitedlearning.com will be designed as an electronic learning module specifically correlated to this Unit of Study. It will support and enhance the content and ideas presented in this series of vide tapes. This will add a new dimension to instruction and learning. INCLINED PLANE, WEDGE, SCREW Script of Narration The six simple machines have played an important role in the advancement of civilizations all over the world. In our world of complicated machinery we often forget that so much is owed to the six simple machines that have been used for thousands of years. Today we will look more closely at three of those simple machines; the inclined plane, wedge, and screw. The inclined plane which is often called a ramp can be found in use in many ways. Here the incline makes it easier to reach the entrance of this building. Roads are built at inclines to make it easier for cars to climb mountains and hills. It may take longer to travel on an incline, but that's the price you pay for making the work easier. To work on the underside of his car this man is using two incline planes. Stairs are really inclined planes with steps cut into them. To get a heavy load into this van would require a great effort. However, with the use of an incline the amount of effort is reduced. These lawn mowers are too heavy to lift so the inclined plane on the back of the trailer makes it possible to lift the heavy equipment into the trailer. We can demonstrate how an inclined plane can make work easier. This red board will be our incline.

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When we measure the weight of the block of wood we see that it is 240 grams. One student will hold the incline at an angle and the other student will drag the block up the ramp. This time the spring scale reads less. If we hold the ramp lower the reading on the scale is even less. The closer we get to ground level when the incline is flat the less effort to pull the block along. The steeper the angle of the inclined plane the greater the reading on the spring scale, indicating greater effort is required to move the wood along. So when building roads it must be planned that the inclines up hills don't get too steep. Otherwise a big truck couldn't make it up. Another simple machine is related to the incline plane in fact it is two inclined planes put together like this. A wedge is anything with a cutting edge to it. The wedge is probably the most common simple machine. Knives, edges to tools, saw teeth, scissor blades, all are examples of wedges. Wedges cut through things. This wood plane is used to smooth rough edges and prepare wood for painting. A chisel has a very sharp cutting edge so that it can chip the wood easily. A few strong hits with the hammer and the chisel slices through the wood. This wood lathe is used to make spindal legs or even baseball bats. It is designed to clamp and hold a piece of wood and then spin it quickly. With a chisel a woodworker can form nice rounded surfaces and give a nice shape to a regular piece of wood. In the case of a jack hammer the wedge drives the two sections of concrete apart causing them to split. A drill press uses sharp drill bits to cut into the wood. It can be controlled by the lever on the side. A ban saw has many sharp teeth that will make easy work of cutting through these pieces of wood. A hand saw has teeth that will also cut into wood.

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A crowbar is used to separate pieces of wood. The tip of the crowbar is wedge shaped to allow it to dig into and separate the wood pieces. The crowbar also provides leverage to make the job easier. The tips of nails and screws are wedge shaped so they can cut easily into wood, and other materials. Speaking of a screw, that's another simple machine. It's an inclined plane turned around itself. Here we'll demonstrate this idea. This paper is shaped like an incline plane. If we wind the paper around a central post like this pencil we can form a screw. See how the paper edge winds around the pencil just like the threads on a metal or wood screw. This vice uses a screw to enable it to squeeze the jaws tight. This carpenter's clamp can hold pieces of wood together while they're gluing. The screw in this wrench allows the jaws to be moved closer together or farther apart. This drill bit has a sharp tip to allow it to cut into the wood. Then as the hand drill is turned it digs further and further into the wood. The wood chips are moved away from the drilling by the screw shape of the bit. A nut and bolt are used to hold things together tightly. It may take a while to tighten the nut and bolt but that's just like the trade off for an inclined plane. It may take longer but it requires less effort to create a greater holding force. We use machines to make work easier, or to speed up a job or to change the direction of an effort. When a machine makes work easier we say the machine is providing a mechanical advantage. An inclined plane has a mechanical advantage that is determined by dividing the length of the incline by its height. So the longer the incline the greater the mechanical advantage. Let's calculate the mechanical advantage for the ramp used to lift a heavy container into the van. The board is four meters long and the height of the incline is

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one meter so the mechanical advantage is four. That means if the container or load weighs 60 newtons it will only take 15 newtons of effort to get it into the truck. To find the mechanical advantage of a wedge you divide the length of the wedge by its thickness. That's why people sharpen their knives. A long narrow wedge has a greater mechanical advantage than a short fat wedge. These two knives are about the same size but the steak knife will cut through things with greater ease because it is not as thick as the butter knife. A screw has a high mechanical advantage determined by how far away the threads are from each other as well as other things. It will take longer to get the screw into the wood or metal but the screw will hold better and with greater strength, than a nail or tacks. Today we've looked at three simple machines that are closely related. They're commonly found around our homes, school and businesses. The inclined plane makes it easier to go from one elevation to another. It helps us move heavy objects and ensure that our cars and trucks aren't overworked trying to get up a hill. The wedge is possibly the most common simple machine. It can be found anywhere. A wedge is anything that cuts. In a typical kitchen you'll find many wedges; can openers, and all kinds of knives. A lot of tools and garden equipment make use of wedges. The screw is often used to hold things tightly together. All three of these simple machines play an important role in our daily lives for all of today's machines are based on the six simple machines the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.

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And now it's time for the Video Quiz for today's presentation. There are ten questions for this quiz. Question number one. Name the six simple machines. Question number two. Why do roads wind around hills and mountains instead of traveling straight up? Question number three. Which simple machine is defined as any tool that cuts? Question number four. Why is a screw a better choice than a nail when it comes to holding furniture together for a long time? Question number five. Which simple machine is the screw related to? Question number six. To be considered a machine a tool must do one or more of what three things? Question number seven. True or False. The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is determined by dividing the length of the incline by the height of the incline. Question number eight. Name some examples of inclined planes in use around our homes and communities. Question number nine. Name some wedges typically found around the home. Question number ten. Name some ways screws are used around the home.

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw PRE-TEST

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Name some ways inclined planes are used.

2. How do inclined planes make work easier?

3. If you had to move a heavy box up an inclined plane into the back of a truck, would it be better to have a short steep incline or a long gradual incline? 4. How is a wedge related to an inclined plane?

5. How does a wedge make work easier?

6. Wedges are one of the most common simple machines. Name at least four wedges. 7. How is a screw related to an inclined plane?

8. Name some ways screws are used.

Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw VIDEO QUIZ This is the video quiz for the video called “Discovering Simple Machines: Work and Energy.” Questions will appear at the end of the video. Write your answers on this sheet of paper. 1. Which of these is an example of an inclined plane? a. an axe b. a can opener c. a pencil sharpener d. a ramp 2. Which of these is an example of a wedge? a. an axe b. a see saw c. a ramp d. a rake 3. Which of these uses a screw? a. an axe b. a see saw c. a ramp d. a vise 4. Which simple machine is like an inclined plane wound up? a. screw b. wedge c. lever d. wheel and axle 5. Which simple machine is like two inclined planes put together? a. screw b. wedge c. lever d. wheel and axle

Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw INCLINED PLANE AND WEDGE FACT SHEET

Inclined planes and wedges are very common and useful simple machines. The inclined plane is a flat surface with one end higher than the other. A ramp is a good example of an inclined plane in use.

It is easier to push a heavy crate up a ramp than it is to lift it straight up to the platform. Picture A shows a car going up a mountain. Picture B shows the same mountain with a road at a gradual incline. Which would be easier on the car, A or B?

A

B

Circle your choice.

Two inclined planes put together form a wedge.

A wedge is a very handy simple machine. It is used on anything that can cut. Some examples are: razor blade, knife, ax. DIRECTIONS: Make a list of as many things as you can that are wedges. Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw INCLINED PLANES DIRECTIONS: Try this experiment to see how inclined planes are helpful. Purpose:

To show that inclined planes help people move things.

Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a piece of wood at least eight inches (twenty cm) long a book a spring scale twine stairs

Procedures:1. Tie the twine around the book so that the spring scale can be used to lift it. 2. Lift the book straight up as if you were lifting it to the first step on a staircase. 3. Record the reading on the spring scale as you lift the book. 4. Now place the piece of wood so that one end is on the step and the other is on the floor. 5. Slide the book up the board with the spring scale and record the reading from the scale. Observations: Fill in the box below. Weight of book _______________ Reading on scale while lifting book _____________ Reading on scale while pulling up board ___________

Conclusion:

Does the inclined plane give people help when moving objects from one height to another?

Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw INCLINED PLANES - EXPERIMENT CHALLENGE DIRECTIONS: Develop a way to find out if the angle of an inclined plane makes a difference when sliding an object to a higher level. Fill in the materials you will use and write out the procedures for setting up your experiment. Then do the experiment and record your observations and conclusions. Purpose:

To test if the angle of the slant for an inclined plane makes a difference in the amount of effort and force applied.

Materials:

Procedures:

Observations:

Conclusions:

Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw STRENGTH TEST DIRECTIONS: Perform this experiment to test the advantage of screws. Answer the questions in the observations and conclusion sections. Purpose:

To test and compare the use of screws and the use of nails.

Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4.

one nail and one wood screw about the same length hammer screwdriver a piece of wood (2” x 4” or larger)

Procedure: 1. Use the hammer to hammer the nail into the board. Leave some of the nail above the surface of the wood. 2. Screw the screw into the wood with the screwdriver. Stop when about half an inch is above the wood. 3. Use the claw of the hammer to pull the nail out of the wood. 4. Now use the claw to pull the screw out. Observations: 1. Which was harder to get into the wood?

2. Which was harder to get out of the wood?

Conclusion:

When comparing nails and screws, which would probably hold two pieces of wood together with greater strength?

Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

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Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw POST-TEST DIRECTIONS: Use the space provided to write answers to the following questions. 1. How do inclined planes make work easier?

2. Would a steep incline or a long gradual incline make the job of pushing a heavy object easier?

3. How are inclined planes used?

4. How are wedges related to inclined planes?

5. How do wedges make work easier?

6. Name at least four examples of wedges.

7. How is a screw like an inclined plane?

8. Name some ways screws are used?

Discovering Simple Machines: Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw

©2001 Colgren Communications

All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.