FACT SHEET PHILIPPINES

Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production KEY FACTS ◆

◆

◆

◆

The Philippine population is 49.7 percent female The female literacy rate is 92.7 percent Women’s labour force participation rate is 50.2 percent The population growth rate is 2.3 percent

◆

53.4 percent of overseas workers are women who work as sales and service workers

◆

Women’s actual contribution to food production and the rural economy remains undervalued and invisible

◆

In the rice industry, women spend an average of 7.8 hours working in the field

◆

◆

◆

Agriculture and fisheries are viewed as male areas even if women engage in such occupations The financial and economic crisis in the late 1990s has contributed to the persistence of poverty among rural women Environmental problems greatly affect women’s livelihoods, food security and overall health and well-being limiting their participation and empowerment

GENERAL PROFILE Population The Philippine population in 2000 was 76 504 077, making it the 13 th most populous country in the world. Its population in 2005 is estimated at 85 236 913; women comprise about 50 percent of the total population. The sex ratio is such that there are 101.4 men per 100 women. In 2000, 48 percent of the population lived in urban areas compared to 37.4 percent in 1980 (NSO, 2000). The population growth rate has improved from 2.35 percent in 1980 to a projected 2.05 percent in 2005. The fertility rate as of 2003 was 3.5 percent (NSO, 2003). The population is young: 37 percent is under 15 years of age, 60 percent is of working age (15-64 years) and three percent is 64 years or older. Life expectancy is 72.5 years for women and 67.2 years for men. The average Filipino household has grown smaller, from six members in 1970, to five in 2000. Female-headed households increased from ten percent in 1970 to 12.2 percent in 2000. Female-headed households tend to be smaller, with an average of four members (NCRFW, 2005). Sex Ratio by Type of Area 110 106 102 98 94 Urban

Rural

Philippines

Source: NSO, October 2000

The Philippines is an archipelago with more than 7 100 islands. Eleven large islands make up about 95 percent of the total land area; small islands and islets, some of which emerge and disappear with the ebbing and rising of the tides, comprise the remaining 5 percent. The country is divided into three major island groups: Luzon is the largest island group with an area of 141 000 sq km, followed by Mindanao covering 102 000 sq km, and the Visayas with 57 000 sq km (FAO, 2004).

The Philippine population is divided geographically and culturally into regions, and each regional group is recognisable by distinct traits and dialects. Tribal communities can be found scattered across the archipelago. The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and cultural groups. Some 80 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. About 15 percent is Moslem and these people can be found mainly in Mindanao. The rest of the population subscribes mostly to smaller Christian denominations and Buddhism (www.gov.ph). In 2004, the Philippines ranked 77 th out of 173 countries in terms of human development. This translates to high life expectancy at birth, high literacy rate, and medium levels of income. Its Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) rank was 63rd out of 146 countries in the same year. Both the HDI and GDI indices indicated satisfactory performances in health and education, but not in income. Income growth lagged behind because of the country’s erratic economic growth and high poverty incidence (ADB, 2004). Over the years, the Philippine government has had limited success in bringing down poverty levels. Poverty incidence in 2000 was 28.4 percent or about 4.3 million families or 26.5 million Filipinos. This means that more than one-third of the total Philippine population lived below the poverty line (ICPD, 2004). The poverty threshold in the rural areas was $207 whereas the urban poverty threshold was $242 (NSCB, 2002). Approximately 17.7 percent of the total female-headed households were living below the poverty line; the average income of femaleheaded households was higher than the male-headed households. The average annual family income of female-headed households in the rural areas was $1 576 whereas male-headed households in the rural areas’ average annual family income was $1 548. This could be attributed to the fact that most of the female-headed households were smaller in size than the male-headed households (NSCB, 2005).

Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production Education Basic education consists of ten years of formal schooling with six years in the primary level and four years in the secondary level. Tertiary education consists of four to five years depending on the degree course. The government provides free basic education to all children of school age. Rapid population growth led to rapid increases in the school age population, and the provision of free basic education resulted in increased school enrolment. However, lack of resources for providing basic quality education, along with pervasive poverty, have adversely affected the school attendance rates, particularly among poor households (ICPD, 2004). In 2000, 48.6 percent of the enrollees at the primary level were females, whereas 51.4 percent of the enrollees at the secondary level were females. Data show no significant gender differences in enrolment rates up to the secondary level, but female students tend to stay longer in school and are more likely finish secondary education than their male counterparts (NCRFW, 2005). In 2001, 95 percent of the population was literate. There were no significant differences in the literacy rates of females and males. Urban females’ literacy rate was eight percent higher than the rural females’ literacy rate. However , the gender gap in functional literacy between women and men in rural areas was 4.9 percent, with women having the higher rate. Female literacy rates across regions vary; it is lowest in the Administrative Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), at 59 percent (ADB, 2004). Labour The female labour force participation rate (LFPR) has consistently lagged behind the male LFPR in the past 10 years. Since 1995, female LFPR registered only 50 percent whereas the male LFPR was steadily above 80 percent (NCRFW, 2005/NSO, 2004). Labour Force Participation Rate by Sex 110

In 2004, about 13.5 million females were part of the country’s labour force in the rural areas. More women in the rural areas are unpaid family workers. Of the total number of employed women in agriculture in 2002, unpaid family workers accounted for 51.4 percent, own-account workers accounted for 30 percent, and wage and salary earners accounted for 18.6 percent. Women wage earners received lower pay for similar work done by men (NSO, 2004). Until the mid-1980s, agriculture absorbed half of the labour force, but its relative size shrank in succeeding decades. By 2000, only 37 percent of employed workers were in agriculture. Most of the waged agricultural workers were men, who comprised 72 percent of all workers in agriculture, hunting and forestry; and 94 percent of all workers in fishing (NSO, 2002). Macroeconomic policies and deregulation in the agricultural sector have restricted the choices and limited the resources available to women and men. Hence, the number of overseas Filipino workers (OFW) has been increasing. During the mid-90s, almost 800 000 Filipinos were working abroad; this number increased to 1.06 million after a decade. Correspondingly, the number of female OFW also increased over the years. Of the total OFW in 1995, women accounted for only 47.7 percent; in 2004, women comprised 50 percent of the Filipinos who are working abroad (NSO, 2004).

AGRICULTURE Agriculture plays a significant role in the Philippine economy. Involving about 40 percent of Filipino workers, it contributes an average of 20 percent to the Gross Domestic Product. This output comes mainly from agribusiness, which in turn accounts for about 70 percent of the total agricultural output (CIDA-LGSP, 2003). The main agricultural enterprise is crop cultivation. Others are chicken broiler production, including operation of chicken hatcheries (20.4 percent), agricultural services (19.8 percent), and hog farming (18.4 percent) (NSO, 2002).

80 60 40 20 0

Of the 11.5 million women of working age, 4.9 million were employed and 0.6 million were unemployed. The declining livelihood opportunities, particularly for young women, pushed many of them to migrate not only to Metro Manila and other urban centres but also overseas (CEDAW, 2005).

Female

Source: NSO, October 2004

Male

The general trends in the last two decades present a dim picture of the

agriculture sector. Significant decrease in productivity, high production costs, and low government support to the sector, among other things, have led to a crisis in Philippine agriculture (CIDA-LGSP, 2003). The neglect of the agriculture sector and the uneven distribution of resources worsened the poverty situation in rural areas. Only the remittances of migrant workers to their families have enabled the latter to survive crippling poverty brought about by stagnant agricultural productivity, stiff competition from cheaper food imports, and periodic droughts and floods that devastated crops and livelihoods.

Bureau of Communication Services

Rural women undertake a variety of production and caring activities. Though not counted in official statistics, women are active economic actors such as landless workers, traders of agricultural and fishery products, and engaged in micro-manufacturing enterprises. Of the total rural work force, women comprised 27.3 percent of the 10.4 million workers employed in the agricultural, hunting and forestry sector in 2004 (NSO, 2004). Women’s actual contribution to food production and rural economy remains undervalued if not invisible. As a result, women have less access to productive resources than men do. Access to land, technology, extension services, capital, and infrastructure support tend to favour rural men (WAGI, 2003). Ownership of land remains elusive for many rural women. As per an assessment from January to September 2001, women comprised only 34.8 percent of total agrarian reform beneficiaries (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005). Crop Production Major agricultural systems include lowland irrigated farming, rainfed farming and upland farming. Irrigated farm areas mainly grow rice and sugarcane whereas rainfed areas are planted with coconut, corn and cassava. The Philippines’ major

Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production agricultural products include rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, and mangoes.

Women farmers toil with their male counterparts in most of the farm tasks, except for food preparation, which is usually undertaken by the women, and for ploughing with tractors, which is usually done by men. Rural women are also mostly responsible for accessing capital needed for farm production. Many of these women engage in off-farm activities that can help augment household income (PPI, 2002). Forestry

Bureau of Communication Services

From 1999 to 2003, women’s participation was significant in planting/transplanting, manual weeding, care of crops and harvesting. Women were least involved in land preparation and furrowing. In palay farming, about 35 percent to 49 percent of the farming households hired women workers in pulling and bundling of seedlings, and in planting and harvesting activities. More women workers were also employed in corn (harvesting/husking, planting and transplanting and care of crops), and sugarcane farming (weeding and fertilizer application). Women workers were least employed in coconut farming, particularly in the removal of coconut meat (BAS, 2004). The following chart describes the gender division of labour in rice production: Gender division of labour in rice production Farm Activities Land preparation Seedbed preparation Ploughing Harrowing Levelling Care of seedlings Pulling and bundling of seedlings Planting/Transplanting Irrigation Care of irrigation canal Care of crops Mechanical weeding Manual weeding Fertilizer application Spraying Picking of snails Harvesting Threshing Hauling Drying Other farm activities

F

M X X

B

X X X X X X X X

Source: BAS, 2004 Note: F – Female; M – Male; B – Both

X X X X X X X X X X X

The Philippines’ total land area is 300 179 sq km, 49 percent of which is classified as forest (although only 21 percent is under forest cover) (EIU, 2001/2002). It directly supports approximately 30 percent of the population, including indigenous peoples. Three percent of the total land area is still unclassified (DENR, 2004). With a per capita forest cover of about 0.085 ha, the forest cover of the Philippines ranks as one of the 11 poorest among 89 countries in the tropics. It declined from 70 percent of the total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999, or just over 5 million ha of residual and old-growth forests (ESSC, 1999a as cited in FAO, 2001). Among forest-based industries, more women are employed in saw milling than in logging, veneer and plywood manufacturing, and other wood-based products manufacturing. On the whole however, there are more men than women employed in forest-based industries (DENR, 2004). Women in the environment and natural resources (ENR) sector are constantly seen in the limited context of implementing forestry-related programmes, focusing on special activities such as nursery establishment in reforestation. There is a need to expand women’s participation in ENR programmes and projects, particularly as these affect their roles as: a) heads of households who might benefit from forestry-related programmes; b) entrepreneurs in forestry-related occupations needing assistance and extension services; c) technical workers and researchers especially in the private sector, and as supervisors and managers in both private and public sectors in ENR development and management (PPGD, 1995-2025). The continuous destruction of the environment threatens everyone, but has graver consequences for marginalized women and indigenous communities. The immediate effects of environmental problems on them include not only the loss

of traditional sources of livelihood and food, but also serious damage to health and life (FPW, 2001-2004). Since time immemorial, women and indigenous cultural communities have taken part in the maintenance of ecosystems. A corollary of this is that they are especially affected by the deterioration of the environment. There is a need therefore to harness women and indigenous groups as active agents in the preservation of the environment: as advocates supporting programmes for environmental maintenance; as vigilant groups deterring polluters; as educators advocating values on conservation/ development of natural resources and preservation of the environment; or as agents of technology generation for environmental sustainability (PPGD 1995-2025). Fisheries Fisheries is an important sector in the Philippine economy. The fisheries industry accounted for 15 percent ($1.22B) and 18.6 percent ($618.2M) of the Gross Value Added (GVA) in the agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors at current and constant prices, respectively, with the second largest share next only to agricultural crops (BFAR, 2004). The sector provides substantial employment and income for some segments of the population, contributes to export earnings, and supplies a major part of the dietary protein requirement of the population as a whole (DA, 2004). With regard to employment, the fisheries sector provides direct and indirect employment to over one million people, or about 5 percent of the national labour force, of whom 65 percent (675 677) are in municipal fisheries, 26 percent (258 480) in aquaculture and 6 percent (56 715) in commercial fisheries (BFAR, 2004). Of the total employed workers, women consisted of only 8.2 percent, dropping to 6.3 percent in 2002. Whereas men fishers are primarily involved in catching fish, women are engaged in pre- and postfishing activities. Women undertake

Bureau of Communication Services

Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production 50 percent to 70 percent of local fish processing and marketing activities. They are also involved in mending the nets and tending the fishing equipment, among others (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005). Currently, the fisheries sector is besieged with major issues and concerns brought about by the open-access policy in fisheries resources use, the rapid increase in population size of the povertystricken fishing communities where the exploitation of natural resources is most intense, and the inability of the government to provide for an environment that can support the fishery industry’s growth and development (DA, 2004).

dairy production, are prone to physical strain compared with men. The lack of machine-assisted facilities or equipment (e.g. milk machine) that would aid women in milking the cows can be an additional burden to women in terms of time and physical ability or strength. The additional time that is required of manual labour may also eat up time from their caregiving functions at home and to their children, thus creating multiple burdens on women (NDA, 2005). Division of Labour in Dairying Gathering grass Feeding animals Milking

Livestock

Milking processing Record keeping

Livestock production contributed 12.7 percent to total agricultural output. The most common livestock raised in the Philippines include broiler chickens, carabao, cattle, ducks, goats, and swine. The livestock subsector, which contributed 13.53 percent to total agricultural production, posted a negative growth of 0.41 percent in 2004. This was largely attributed to the decline in hog and cattle production (DA, 2004). In lowland irrigated and rainfed farming systems, households generally raise a brood of chickens, ducks and or geese, and one or two pigs. On the other hand, cow and/or carabao (water buffalo) are among the other animals households keep (Illo, 1994). Women in the rice and corn industry allot three hours to do farm-related work during ordinary days. This does not yet include 1-2 hours spent in backyard gardening and livestock raising, which provide most of their daily provisions and even for special occasions as in the case of hogs they raise (PPI, 2002). In the dairy sector, women are involved mainly in: sanitizing milk equipment and facilities; cleaning cattle barns, grazing areas and surroundings; and conversion of raw milk into milk products. Men participate more in: production, cultivation and harvesting of fodder and other crops; water collection; collection of feeds of animals; watering and grazing cattle; calving animals; tending to sick animals; and milking and bathing of cattle. Both women and men share responsibilities in feeding the cattle, and the proper management and handling of cattle prior to milking (NDA, 2005). Women who are involved in dairying, especially those who actively participate in

Wife Husband

Obtaining credit 0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: Paunlagui, 2002

Most women seem to be unaware of their potential roles in dairying, thus missing out on their possible contributions to the sector’s development. The farmers’ views on traditional roles in dairying, the lack of effective gender responsive dairy campaigns, the failure to value women’s work in dairying and to deliberately target women beneficiaries are factors that make women unaware of their roles as potential contributors in the dairy industry (NDA, 2005). Although women assume mainly the responsibilities of the daily activities in goat raising (herding, feeding, cleaning of the pen, cleaning of females anuses, assisting nursing of kids), they have a minor role in receiving and applying new techniques that could improve overall goat raising (Solis, 2002).

ENVIRONMENT Coastal mangroves, fertile plains, luxuriant tropical jungles, rugged mountains, and active volcanoes and hot springs characterize the landscape of the Philippines. The islands are rich in mineral resources such as lead, nickel, zinc, copper and cobalt. The country is considered to be one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world, home to over 52 000 species of flora and fauna. The country’s species rank in the top ten in the world, making it one of the most unique in terms of biodiversity (MTPDP, 2004-2010). However, forest resources have been declining because of harvesting and logging activities, conversion of forestland

to non-forest use, forest fires, and natural death of trees (NSCB, 2005). The productivity of the coastal and marine areas has been continuously threatened by destructive and illegal fishing methods, siltation, pollution, and overfishing. Widespread loss of the country’s coral reefs, mangroves and sea grass has contributed to a dwindling fish population. These environmental problems caused by profit-driven concepts of development have greatly affected women’s livelihoods, food security, and overall health and well-being. Thus, women’s participation and empowerment have been limited. Natural and man-made calamities have added to the burden of women, given their domestic and caring roles in the family and in the community (RSFW, 2001-2003). Rural women recognize that threats to the environment are threats to their lives as well. Indigenous women assert that mining and logging concessions are a direct hazard to their culture and a violation of their rights to their ancestral domains. Peasant women raise the issues of chemical-intensive farming systems and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as hazardous to both the environment and to the peoples’ health. Fisher women draw attention to the fact that proliferation of aquaculture farms, illegal fishing and mangrove conversion put coastal biodiversity, and eventually their livelihoods, at risk (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005). The government has instituted major policies and programmes to grant women equal access to natural resources through its community-based forest management and community livelihood assistance programmes. Certificates of stewardship contracts have been issued to both spouses and training programmes were made available to women and men (CEDAW, 2004). The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 or IPRA provides equality between indigenous women and men in connection with rights and opportunities in various spheres of life, and participation of indigenous women in decision-making processes at all levels. The IPRA, however, exempts mineral lands from the coverage of certificates of ancestral domain claims (CADCs). It is a known fact that mining, logging and agribusiness have serious negative impacts on the economic, health, environment and cultural aspects of the lives of the indigenous peoples (IPs). These industries focus on the extraction of resources in ancestral lands that displace and uproot the IPs from their lands and their culture.

Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production Women’s representation and participation in environmental-related bodies have been noted through policy issuances on admission of women in corps of commissioned officers in the coastal and geodetic surveys, beneficiaries of homestead patents, and memberships in Protected Areas Management Boards, the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development and the Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005)

RURAL PRODUCTION The agricultural sector was the hardest hit during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Because of declining employment opportunities and family incomes, women had to engage in multiple economic activities, including selling cooked food to farm workers, engaging in backyard swine raising, picking of duck eggs, working as laundry women or domestic helpers, and whenever possible, participating in rice transplanting. Land conversion of agriculture to non-agriculture enterprises led also to lost opportunities for agricultural workers. Displaced women have become operators of a variety of stores and eateries, and assistants in retail shops. To a certain extent, the shift from rice to vegetable and fruit production has also limited women’s participation in wage work. Though beneficial to farming households, the same is not true for landless agricultural workers, since this meant limited work. The shift in crop not only limits the number of workers but also the type of agricultural work engaged in by rural workers (Illo and Ofreneo, 2002).

development programme, and distribution of Certificates of Land Ownership Agreement and Emancipation Patents and extension services. (ADB, 2004). Women beneficiaries however, exceeded men in programmes on loans for agricultural and fishery-related businesses (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005).

FOOD SECURITY Various laws have been passed promoting agriculture and fisheries to push economic advancement. These measures impact primarily on women because these affect food security and health services among others. With less food from subsistence crops, women have to find ways to feed the family by engaging in other livelihood activities. With limited health care services, women have to take care of the sick in the family (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005). Consumer food price data show that food prices have been rising more slowly compared to other commodities in the consumption basket from 1997 onwards. As a measure of the purchasing power of households, the food, beverage and tobacco price index is particularly relevant for women in their role as caretakers of the family. Thus, any threat to the household’s access to food – whether through higher food prices or inaccessibility of resources for food production – threatens poor women and increases their burden of care. The relatively slow growth of food prices in 2002 and 2003 has benefited women in poor households (WAGI, 2003).

◆

develop rural women’s capabilities, encourage women’s membership in farmers’ organizations, and support women to form organizations, including cooperatives, where they can push for common concerns like getting credit for rural entrepreneurial/ agricultural projects, assistance for projects on environmental protection;

◆

expand income opportunities for women to improve household incomes;

◆

provide infrastructure and technology support that considers the needs of women in rural areas; and

◆

forge stronger government and non-government linkages for cooperation and sharing of resources.

PROGRAMME FOCUS The Philippines’ agricultural and rural development programmes need to respond to rural women’s and men’s concerns by: ◆

Raising awareness of rural women and men of the importance of their roles and means for productive participation in agricultural and fisheries development;

◆

training project implementers and beneficiaries on gender-sensitive participatory planning and programme implementation;

◆

expanding availability and sustainability of services and technical assistance programmes for women;

◆

enhancing inter-agency, inter-partner coordination for a more effective and integrated support for women’s access to capital and services;

To recognize gender issues in agriculture, environment and rural production, policy-makers and planners in the Philippines need to:

◆

monitoring and evaluating the implementation of mechanisms for the expanded participation of women in agricultural and fisheries development;

◆

Collect sex-disaggregated local data through the conduct of genderresponsive agriculture, fishery and environment surveys and administrative-based reporting systems;

◆

conducting advocacy programmes that involve civil society organizations (CSOs), people’s organizations (POs) and the private sector in community-based livelihood and skills development initiatives; and

◆

mainstream gender concerns in agricultural and environmental development policies and programmes;

◆

developing and promoting genderresponsive technologies by and among women farmers in cooperation with men farmers and extension staff.

◆

integrate women’s particular needs in the planning, programming and implementation of projects;

POLICY AND PLANNING FOCUS

Bureau of Communication Services

In a predominantly male industry such as agriculture, women’s economic participation is further limited following socially ascribed roles and responsibilities for women and men. Women’s work was seen largely as an extension of their reproductive and domestic functions in the home. Hence, government programmes benefited men more than women such as in the agrarian reform beneficiaries’

Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production References: ◆ ◆ ◆

◆

◆

◆

◆ ◆

◆ ◆

◆

◆

◆

◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2004. Philippines: Country Gender Assessment. BAS (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics). 2004. Trends in Agricultural Wage Rates 2001-2003. BFAR (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). 2004. Role of Fisheries Sector in the Philippine Economy (available at www.bfar.gov.ph/index1.html). CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). 2004. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. Combined Fifth and Sixth Philippine Country Report on CEDAW. CIDA-LGSP (Canadian International Development AgencyPhilippines-Canada Local Government Support Program). 2003. Re-Envisioning Local Agricultural Development: A Guide for Development Managers. DA (Department of Agriculture). 2005. Performance of Philippine Agriculture, January-December 2004 (available at www.bas.gov.ph/ perfperiod.php). DA (Department of Agriculture). 2004. Ginintuang Masaganang Ani (GMA) Program (available at www.da.gov.ph). DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2004. Essential Statistics on Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines. EIU (Economic Intelligence Unit). 2001/2002. Executive Briefing: Philippines (available at http://eb.eiu.com/index.asp). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2001. Forest Out of Bounds: Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: Philippines. FAO Corporate Document Repository (available at www.fao.org/documents). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1994. Development of Fisheries in the Region: The Role of Filipino Women in Fishing Communities. FAO Corporate Document Repository (available at www.fao.org/documents). FNRI (Food and Nutrition Research Institute). 2003. The 6th National Nutrition Survey: Initial Results (available at www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/ nns/6thnns.pdf). ICPD (International Conference on Population and Development). 2004. Country Report ICPD at 10: Putting People First (available at www.popcom.gov.ph/pdf/icpd10report.pdf). Illo, Jeanne Frances. 1994. Women in Agriculture: The Philippine Case. Illo, Jeanne Frances and R. Ofreneo. 2005. Philippine NGO Beijing+10 Report. Illo, Jeanne Frances and R. Ofreneo. 2002. Carrying the Burden of the World. NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women). 2005. Facts and Figures (available at www.ncrfw.gov.ph/insidepages/ inforresource/inforesource.htm).

◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

◆

◆

◆

◆

◆

◆ ◆

◆ ◆ ◆

◆ ◆

◆ ◆

NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women). 2001-2004. Framework Plan for Women. NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women). 2001-2003. Report on the State of the Filipino Women. NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women). 1995-2025. Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development. NDA (National Dairy Authority). 2005. Dairy Enterprise Enhancement Program. Gender Situation Analysis in Two Dairy Farms in Bulacan: The Case Studies of Two Dairy Cooperatives. NEDA (National Economic and Development Authority). 2004-2010. Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (available at www.neda.gov.ph/ads/mtpdp/MTPDP2004-2010). NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2005. Statistics on Agriculture and Fishery (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/ d_accounts.asp). NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2005. NSCB. Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA) (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/peenra/results/ default.asp). NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2005. Women and Men Factsheet (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/gender/ statwatch03March05.asp). NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2002. Poverty: Latest Reports and Statistics (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/ default.asp). NSO (National Statistics Office). 2004. October 2004 Labour Force Survey (available at www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datalfs.html). NSO (National Statistics Office). 2002. Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry Final Results (available at www.census.gov.ph/ data/sectordata/dataagri.html). NSO (National Statistics Office). 2000. Census of Population (available at www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datapop.html). Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines. (www.gov.ph). Paunlagui, Merlyn M. 2001. Assessment of Dairy System Constraints and Opportunities for the Development of RD&E Framework: Focus on the Social Concerns and Information System. PPI (Philippine Peasant Institute). 2003. (available at www.ppi.org.ph/ publications/publ_main.htm). PPI (Philippine Peasant Institute). 4th quarter 2002. Farmnews and Views. Magna Carta for Rural Women: Recognizing the Rural Women! Solis, Chester. 2003. The Gendered Impact of Goat Breeding Technology Program. WAGI (Women and Gender Institute). 2003. To Produce and To Care.

For more information Contact:

Revathi Balakrishnan Senior Officer, Gender and Development

Telephone: (662) 697-4000 Facsimile: (662) 697-4445 E-mail: [email protected]

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand FAO website: http://www.fao.org http://www.fao.org/world/regional/rap