Wireless Sensor Networks Jeroen Doggen
[email protected] AP Hogeschool Antwerpen Versie: 9 december 2013 About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 2/75
Wie ben ik? (studies) About me Introduction
I
Industri¨eel ingenieur Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen, 2006. (huidige master elektronica-ICT, Universiteit Antwerpen) I
I
Thesis: Design of a H.264 AVC video streaming model for simulation in OPNET Modeler. Erasmusstudent Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
3/75
Wie ben ik? (studies) About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
I
Schakeltraject master wiskunde-informatica (pre-doctorale opleiding), Universiteit Antwerpen, 2006-2008. (niet afgerond) Bachelor milieu-natuurwetenschappen, Open Universiteit, 2012-heden I
Huidige vakken: energie analyse, evolutieleer, fysiologie
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
4/75
Wie ben ik? (onderzoek) About me Introduction
I
Onderzoeker Universiteit Antwerpen (2006-2008) I I
I
Departement Wiskunde-Informatica Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems Research Group (PATS), Topic: Netwerksimulaties: WSN & InfiniBand
Onderzoeker Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen (2006-2008) I
E-lab: IW-elektronica-ICT topic: wireless sensor networks (WSN), simulaties van datanetwerken (OPNET, ns-2)
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
5/75
Wie ben ik? (onderzoek) About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Lector/onderzoeker AP Hogeschool Antwerpen (2008 - Heden) I
Embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, embedded Linux
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
6/75
Wie ben ik? (online2) About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Arduino libraries: sensoren, communicatie, motor aansturing,... I
Momenteel ±16 projecten op Github1
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms
I
Python software tools: I
I I
1 2
Tools for Arduino development: Unit test automation tool LATEX handouts builder for course handouts Blackboard Analysis Tool: An analysis automation tool for assignments that have been handed in using the Blackboard learning system
http://github.com/jeroendoggen http://about.me/jeroendoggen
WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
7/75
Wie ben ik? (onderwijs) About me Introduction
Lector elektronica-ICT (AP Hogeschool Antwerpen) (2008 - Heden) I 1e Jaar: I I I I
I
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
2e jaar: I I I
I
Digitale technieken (theorie) Elektriciteit (theorie) Digitale systemen (lab + theorie) Besturingssystemen / Linux
Hardware Platform
Microcontrollers 3 (lab + theorie) Computer systemen (theorie) Lab embedded systems
3e jaar: I I
Smart objects Begeleider elektronica-ICT bachelorproeven 8/75
Wie ben ik? (onderwijs) About me Introduction Hardware Platform
Assistent, Universiteit Antwerpen, Fac. Industri¨ele wetenschappen (vroeger Artesis Hogeschool) (2006 2008) I
Wireless Sensor Networks
I
Lab multimediatools (Matlab)
Lector elektronica-ICT (AP Hogeschool Antwerpen) (2008 - Heden) I Vakken die ik ooit gegeven heb: I
I
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Toegepaste wetenschappen 1 (wiskunde) (2008-2011) EA1: Lab digitale technieken (2008-2011)
9/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 10/75
Wireless Sensor Network? About me Introduction
I
“A wireless sensor network is a set of small autonomous systems, called sensor nodes which cooperate to solve at least one common application using some kind of perception of physical parameters.”3 .
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
3
An FDL’ed Textbook on Sensor Networks, Thomas Haenselmann.
11/75
History of WSNs5 About me Introduction
I
1967: REMBASS Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System4 I I
I I
4 5
Passive sensors with a lifetime up to 30 days The sensors detect a change in the ambient energy level (seismic/acoustic, thermal, magnetic). It sends short messages to a monitoring device The system was used in the Vietnam War to detect enemy troop movements.
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/rembass.htm http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/290Q/timeline.htm
12/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction
I
1978: Distributed Sensor Networks for Aircraft Detection, Lincoln Labs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology I
I
Acoustic and “TV position” tracking elements are extended Kalman filters that update position tracks using sensor measurements. (e.g. estimating azimuth) The tracking algorithm provides a real-time estimate of position and velocity.
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
13/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction
1992: RAND Workshop - Concepts behind Smart Dust emerge6
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
6
www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA285478
14/75
History of WSNs About me
1992: RAND Workshop
Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
15/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction
2000: Crossbow begins selling “Berkeley
motes”7
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
7
www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA285478
16/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction
2003: IEEE 802.15.4 standard published
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
17/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction
2004: ZigBee 1.0 standard ratified
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
18/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction Hardware Platform
2007: Wireless HART standard ratified
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
19/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction Hardware Platform
2007: RFC 4944: IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
20/75
History of WSNs About me Introduction Hardware Platform
2008: DASH7 Air Interface Standard finalised
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
21/75
History of WSNs: Belgium About me Introduction
I
iMinds research projects (formerly known as “IBBT”) I I
WBA project (Wireless Building Automation) Deus project (Deployment and Easy Use of wireless Services) (Video8 )
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
8
http://bit.ly/TymnHm
22/75
History of WSNs: Belgium About me Introduction
I
iMinds research projects (formerly known as “IBBT”) I I
I
GreenPeak I
I
8
WBA project (Wireless Building Automation) Deus project (Deployment and Easy Use of wireless Services) (Video8 ) Formed through the merger (2008) of Xanadu Wireless (2005) and Ubiwave (2003). Ultra-low-power wireless communication controller chips (ZigBee)
http://bit.ly/TymnHm
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
22/75
History of WSNs: Belgium About me Introduction
I
iMinds research projects (formerly known as “IBBT”) I I
I
GreenPeak I
I
I
Formed through the merger (2008) of Xanadu Wireless (2005) and Ubiwave (2003). Ultra-low-power wireless communication controller chips (ZigBee)
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Essensium I I
8
WBA project (Wireless Building Automation) Deus project (Deployment and Easy Use of wireless Services) (Video8 )
Hardware Platform
LOST RTLS technology for ranging and tracking Ultra-low-power Wavenis communication technology
http://bit.ly/TymnHm
22/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 23/75
Hardware Platform About me Introduction
I
Spatially distributed sensor nodes perform processing and sensing tasks.
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
24/75
Hardware Platform About me Introduction
I I
Spatially distributed sensor nodes perform processing and sensing tasks. Runs a lightweight OS or just bare-metal C code.
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
24/75
Hardware Platform About me Introduction
I I I
Spatially distributed sensor nodes perform processing and sensing tasks. Runs a lightweight OS or just bare-metal C code. Forward “information” to a central processing unit or perform local processing (data fusion).
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
24/75
Hardware Platform About me Introduction
I I I I
Spatially distributed sensor nodes perform processing and sensing tasks. Runs a lightweight OS or just bare-metal C code. Forward “information” to a central processing unit or perform local processing (data fusion). Usual hardware components: radio transceiver, embedded processor, internal and external memories, a power source and one or more sensors.
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
24/75
Hardware Platform About me Introduction
I I I I
I
Spatially distributed sensor nodes perform processing and sensing tasks. Runs a lightweight OS or just bare-metal C code. Forward “information” to a central processing unit or perform local processing (data fusion). Usual hardware components: radio transceiver, embedded processor, internal and external memories, a power source and one or more sensors. A popular platform: “Mica2 Mote” by Crossbow Technology.
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
24/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 25/75
“Which Central Processing Unit?” About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Schedule tasks, process data and control the functionality of other hardware components.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
26/75
“Which Central Processing Unit?” About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
I
Schedule tasks, process data and control the functionality of other hardware components. The types of embedded processors that can be used in a sensor node include: I I I
I
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Microcontroller Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).
26/75
“Which Central Processing Unit?” About me Introduction
I
General purpose CPU? I I I
High performance Very high energy consumption Could be used as a central “data-processing” node
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
27/75
“Which Central Processing Unit?” About me Introduction
I
General purpose CPU? I I I
I
High performance Very high energy consumption Could be used as a central “data-processing” node
Field programmable gate array (FPGA)? I
I
I
I
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Very complex functionalities can be implemented Very high performance (e.g. Xilinx Spartan) Very low energy consumption (e.g. Microsemi Igloo) Specific knowledge required (VHDL, Verilog) 27/75
“Which Central Processing Unit” About me Introduction
I
Application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) ? I I
I
I
Very high performance High complexity in the design phase (time, cost, knowledge, resources) Very cheap when used in mass production Very low energy-consumption is possible
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
28/75
“Which Central Processing Unit” About me Introduction
I
Application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) ? I I
I
I
I
Very high performance High complexity in the design phase (time, cost, knowledge, resources) Very cheap when used in mass production Very low energy-consumption is possible
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Microcontroller (MCU)? I I
I
I
Low energy-consumption Optimal performance: lots of MCUs available Design is relatively easy (software) Very cheap in medium volumes
28/75
Typical Microcontrollers About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Atmel ATMega128+ I
I
I
High-performance, low-power Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller 128KB flash memory, 4KB SRAM, 4KB EEPROM, 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, JTAG interface. 16 MIPS at 16 MHz and operates between 4.5-5.5 volts.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
29/75
Typical Microcontrollers About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Texas Instruments MSP 430 I
I
16-bit microcontroller platform with ultra-low power RISC mixed-signal microprocessors A solution for a wide range of low power and portable applications.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
30/75
Alternative Processing Units About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
ARM Cortex-M3 I
I
Processor for real-time applications High-performance low-cost platforms for a broad range of devices I I I I
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
microcontrollers automotive body systems industrial control systems wireless networking and sensors
31/75
Alternative Processing Units About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
I
NXP Coolflux DSP I I
Real-time signal processing of vectorial data Typically not required because of the simple nature of the data
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
32/75
Alternative Processing Units About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Xilinx “Zynq” Extensible Processing Platform I
A highly integrated combination of an embedded processor and an FPGA.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
33/75
Alternative Processing Units About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Xilinx “Zynq” Extensible Processing Platform I
I
A highly integrated combination of an embedded processor and an FPGA. Processor-centric: at power-up, and OS is booted, rather than loading a bit stream to configure the programmable logic like an FPGA.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
33/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 34/75
Wireless Communication About me Introduction
I
I
Several technologies for wireless communication have been developed and are available on the market in a IC package. Typical properties for wireless RF communication: I I I I
2.4 Ghz → 3.125 cm (e.g. TelosB) 868 Mhz → 8 cm (e.g. Wavenis) 433 Mhz → 17.3 cm (e.g. DASH7) Power: typically 10-20 mW
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
35/75
Wireless Communication About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Optical communication I I
IrDA standard: IR transmitter and receiver Disadvantage: Needs Line of sight
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
36/75
Wireless Communication: Ultrasound About me Introduction
I
I
Sound: cyclic change of air pressure. The human ear can detect these pressure changes if their frequency is between 20 Hz and 20 kHz.
I
Frequencies above 20 kHz are called ultrasound.
I
Several research projects have used it for communication.
I
Sound propagation is very slow (compared to light): 343 ms in air, 1484 ms in water, 0 ms in vacuum,
Hardware Platform
Marine research
a
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
a
http://www.lab.upc.edu/
37/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 38/75
Energy Source About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Energy scavenging I
Using the energy that is available in the direct surrounding of the module: e.g. vibration, wind energy, RF signals, photovoltaic cells
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
39/75
Energy Source About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
The module needs some form of energy source: I
The obvious energy sources: I
I
I I I
Battery, fuel cell
Less obvious: Nuclear battery Energy contents per gram of energy carrier:
Comparison of energy contents per gram
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
40/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 41/75
What is a Sensor? About me Introduction
I
I I
A sensor converts some “physical phenomenon” into an electrical signal (most of the time this a voltage). The behaviour of the sensor is described by its transfer function. Signal properties: sensitivity, dynamic range, hysteresis, resolution, uncertainty, bandwidth, noise, ...
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
42/75
A Smart Sensor About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
A smart sensor is composed of several building blocks (often ICs). I
The actual sensor
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
43/75
A Smart Sensor About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
A smart sensor is composed of several building blocks (often ICs). I I
The actual sensor Signal conditioning circuitry
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
43/75
A Smart Sensor About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
A smart sensor is composed of several building blocks (often ICs). I I I
The actual sensor Signal conditioning circuitry Analog digital converter
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
43/75
A Smart Sensor About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
A smart sensor is composed of several building blocks (often ICs). I I I I
The actual sensor Signal conditioning circuitry Analog digital converter Microcontroller
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
43/75
A Smart Sensor About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
A smart sensor is composed of several building blocks (often ICs). I I I I I
The actual sensor Signal conditioning circuitry Analog digital converter Microcontroller Communication interface
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
43/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 44/75
Memory About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Low energy consumption9
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
9
Image source: http://low-powerdesign.com/article_MRAM_everspin
45/75
Memory About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Applications need some form of non-volatile program memory and (volatile) data memory
I
Most microcontroller have on-chip program memory
I
Flash memory can be put into low-power mode when the module is inactive
I
External memories are possible (“quad-SPI” serial bus)
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
46/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 47/75
Node architecture About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
48/75
Node architecture10 About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
10
Analog Devices (Presented at Silica Techical Seminar 2011)
49/75
Node architecture11 About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
11
Cook et al.: SoC Issues for RF Smart Dust, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 94, No. 6, June 2006 50/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 51/75
Mica Motes12 About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Developed at UC Berkeley
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
12
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote.htm
52/75
TelosB About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
53/75
Intel Shimmer Motes About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
54/75
SunSPOT About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
55/75
GreenPeak GP500C About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Dutch/Belgian company
I
IEEE 802.15.4 compliant
I
Ultra-low power consumption
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
56/75
Arduino About me Introduction
I
Arduino development board + XBee Shield + XBee module
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
57/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 58/75
WSN Protocol for Smart Parking Application
About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Arduino-based wireless sensor network
I
Monitor available parking spots in Barcelona
I
Provide in-car feedback to commuters
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
59/75
Arduino meets WSN: Why? About me Introduction
I
Typical WSN applications require: I
I
Specialised knowledge: TinyOS, Contiki Specialised hardware: TelosB, Z-Wave, XBee
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
60/75
Arduino meets WSN: Why? About me Introduction
I
Typical WSN applications require: I
I
I
Specialised knowledge: TinyOS, Contiki Specialised hardware: TelosB, Z-Wave, XBee
The Arduino platform provides: I
I
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Well-documented libraries for hardware interfacing A big existing user community with many options to share designs
60/75
Arduino meets WSN: Why? About me Introduction
I
Typical WSN applications require: I
I
I
The Arduino platform provides: I
I
I
Specialised knowledge: TinyOS, Contiki Specialised hardware: TelosB, Z-Wave, XBee
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Well-documented libraries for hardware interfacing A big existing user community with many options to share designs
Question: “Can we build a competitive WSN using the Arduino platform?”
60/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 61/75
Envisioned Application13 About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
13 Ostiz L., Pita C., Doggen J., Dams T., Van Houtven P.: “Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for Smart Parking Application, Experimental Study on the Arduino Platform”, AMBIENT 2012, The Second International Conference on Ambient Computing, Applications, Services and Technologies Barcelona, September 2012. 62/75
Hardware Specifications About me Introduction
I
I
I
Seeeduino development board: Atmel AVR ATmega328P nRF24L01 wireless interface: Nordic Semiconductor Sharp GP2Y0A21YK infra-red distance sensor
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
63/75
Arduino meets WSN: Sensing About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Our nodes are based on the Arduino compatible Seeeduino board.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
64/75
Arduino meets WSN: Sensing About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
I
Our nodes are based on the Arduino compatible Seeeduino board. Sensing: I
I
I
A sensor node detects cars in parking spots using an IR distance sensor. The values coming from the distance sensors is interpreted using our own sensor library. Multiple measurements are combined to confirm the presence of a car.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
64/75
Arduino meets WSN: Communication About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
The radio module: nRF24L01 (Nordic Semiconductor) I
I
I I
I
I
Ultra low power 2.4GHz RF Transceiver Approximately half the power of a typical XBee RF Transceiver Only Physical layer on-chip Partial Link-layer through an existing Arduino library (RF24 by Maniacbug) We implemented collision avoidance We implemented a cluster based Layer 3 protocol, very similar to the popular LEACH protocol.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
65/75
Arduino Libraries About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
I
Arduino software libraries make it straightforward for anyone to start embedded development. Used Arduino libraries I I I
I
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Developed Arduino libraries14 I I I
14
Sharp GP2Y0A21YK infra-red distance sensor Maniacbug RF24 library Low-Power library
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Cluster network library Detecting car library Node energy library
http://code.google.com/p/arduino-cluster-network/
66/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 67/75
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH)
About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. Divide the network in clusters 2. Election a temporary Cluster Head (CH) 3. The CH aggregates all sensor data and forwards it to the sink I
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
During operation we have two phases: I I
CH selection Normal operation
68/75
Cluster Head Selection About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
69/75
Cluster Head Selection About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
69/75
Cluster Head Selection About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
69/75
Cluster Head Selection About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
4. Node with the most energy is selected as the new CH.
69/75
Cluster Head Selection About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
4. Node with the most energy is selected as the new CH. 5. CH broadcasts the new CH ID to all SNs.
69/75
Cluster Head Selection About me Introduction Hardware Platform
1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels.
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
4. Node with the most energy is selected as the new CH. 5. CH broadcasts the new CH ID to all SNs. 6. SNs update the CH ID at the same time.
69/75
Sensing and Communication About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Sensor node: 1. Check for parking lot status change 2. Send changes to the CH 3. Go to sleep
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
70/75
Sensing and Communication About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Sensor node: 1. Check for parking lot status change 2. Send changes to the CH 3. Go to sleep
I
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Cluster head: 1. Aggregate all sensor data. 2. Forward data to the sink. 3. Go to sleep
70/75
Overzicht About me Introduction
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study 71/75
Experimental Study About me Introduction Hardware Platform
Evaluation and solutions to practical problems. I Energy consumption I
I
I
Packet Loss Ratio I
I
Minimise energy consumption by maximising sleep time Power down external sensors Evaluation of packet loss ratio to ensure proper system operation
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Synchronisation I
I
ATmega328P internal oscillator: significant error margin between individual sensors Software based solution: recalibration in reference to CH 72/75
Future Work
(as presented in September 2012) About me Introduction Hardware Platform
I
Further development of the proof-of-concept application I I
I
I
Protocol enhancement I I
I
Server-side data management Mobile phone application to search for vacant parking spots Embedded display module for in-car placement
Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
Better scalability and security Location aware cluster head selection
Clean up the code and allow other people to use it I I
Better documentation Easy and working examples
73/75
Conclusions for “Smart Parking Project” I
We implemented an event-driven, hierarchical WSN clustering protocol with an energy-aware CH selection algorithm similar to the LEACH protocol.
I
Our synchronisation mechanism solves the problems caused by the inaccuracy of the Arduino internal Timer.
I
Preliminary measurement results show that the hardware choices were not optimal for this WSN Application.
I
Although Arduino is easy to use as an experimental open-source platform, it is currently not the most appropriate platform to develop low-power WSN applications.
About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
74/75
Questions About me Introduction Hardware Platform Embedded Processing Communication device Energy Source Sensors Memory Node architecture
Example Platforms WSN Project System Design WSN Protocol Design Experimental Study
75/75
