Wilson Hago Andre Morin www.efficienthydrogenmotors.com
705 Anacapa st Santa Barbara-CA -93101
Efficient Hydrogen Motors
All Photographs are copyright of Andre Morin
Source: Science et Vie (2009)
Background: why bother? Present automobile technology Hydrogen in Fuel Cell Vehicles Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines (H2ICE) EHM H2ICE engine design features including CO2 capture EHM business strategy
Since 2005 conventional supply has not grown 5% of supply is lost every year to depletion $200/barrel $7/gallon coming in the next few years S. Foucher (2007)
Hubbert (1956) Expensive!
CO2 Levels over time Honisch et al Science (2009)
Tripati et al Science (2009)
Berner Science (1997)
CO2 levels have been been within 2x of Preindustrial levels for 60M years
Rising CO2 levels since Industrial revolution Marland (2006)
Milliken
How much should we care about CO2 levels? What should our target be? 450 PPM 600 PPM 800 PPM 1000 PPM 5000 PPM
EU stabilization point Some people will feel air stuffy CA limit for offices ASHRAE limit Federal limits for workers
CO2 tipping point: Nonlinear effects take over
1 gallon gasoline ≈ 20 lbs CO2 for a car with 20 mpg, 1 mile ≈ 1 lb CO2 Typical car drives 12k miles/year
Current CO2 emissions taxes Boulder $3/ton BC $5/ton
EHM: the best emissions strategy is a negative emissions strategy.
•Automobiles = mobile windmills! •Take avg automobile speed of 40mph. This is 20 m/sec. Assume it exposes an area of 1 m2. At 390 ppm CO2 it encounters 15 g/sec CO2. •An average driving time in US per day is 40 min. If one installs a device with 20% capture efficiency (150 µmoles/m2 sorbent/sec) one automobile could capture 11.2 kg CO2 /day. •With 200 million vehicles doing this, this represents a capability of removing 8.2 x108 tons CO2 /year worldwide. GRT CO2 capture device •Constitutes -15% of yearly US automobile emissions production and -5% yearly worldwide automobile emissions. •Should be used with cars running on fuels with no carbon footprints. •Assumption: •CO2 removal less ambient CO2
Tesla Roadster VW Polo Chevy Volt Toyota Prius Electricity
Big Battery
Electric Motor Automobile
CH4 Coal
Internal Combustion Engine
Carbon Footprints all over Petroleum
Little Battery
Automobile
Hydro Geothermal Wind
On-board CC
Solar
On-board CC
Electricity
Big Battery
Nuclear Biomass
Little Battery
Electric Motor Internal Combustion Engine
Electric motor
Coal with CCS CH4 with CCS
On-board H2 storage
CCS = carbon capture and sequestration CC = carbon capture
Hydrogen Production
Fuel Cell
Liquid H2 Compressed H2 Metal Hydride Complex Hydride Physisorbed H2
1966
Range: 120 miles 5 kW, 550 lbs, 1000 hrs FC Top speed: 70 mph source: www.Podtech.net
Ford Focus FCV 90 HP, 140 lb-ft 200 mile range CGH2 @3600 psi Cost is still major obstacle!
OEM Strategy to FC commercialization
Phase I 2010 technology development and cost reduction Phase II 2010-2015 make fuel cell competitive to internal combustion Phase III 2015+ full scale commercialization
-Fuel cell efficiency 55% avg on dyno, 35% avg on road -Fuel cell durability
