Why is this funny? And why is this normal? The evolutionary origin of Western disease

The evolutionary origin of Western disease Frits A.J. Muskiet Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen 5000 generations 400 generatio...
Author: Vivian Warren
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The evolutionary origin of Western disease Frits A.J. Muskiet Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen 5000 generations

400 generations 5 generations

Deviation from chimpanzee

Out of Africa First homo sapiens Agricultural revolution

Industrial revolution Current homo sapiens

Why is this funny?

And why is this ‘normal’?

1

Diabetes

ellitus

1995 (118 mln) -2010 (221 mln): 87% increase

Europe: 50% (22-33) USA: 35% (13-17.5)

India/Asia: 111% (63-132)

Africa: 93% (7-13) Oceania: 44% (0.9-1.3) South-Am: 81% (12-22)

Courtesy Dr. J.M.W. van den Ouweland

NL: life expectancy and life expectancy without physical limitation increase, but life expectancy without chronic disease falls! Men

Women

48!

42!

Bruggink J-W, Lodder B, Kardal M, CBS webmagazine 12 februari 2009

Om het heden te begrijpen moet men het verleden kennen

2

Earth biological and geographic evolution Human (Scientific classification) 0.16 homo sapiens Kingdom: Animalia 2.0 homo Phylum: Chordata 3.4 N and S America connected 5.5 hominids Class: Mammalia 25 hominoids Order: Primates 30 S America and Antartica separated Superfamily: Hominoidea (hominoids) 40 anthropoid primates Family: Hominidae (hominids) 50 Australia and Antartica separated Subfamily: Homininae (hominines) 60 early primates 65 dinosaur extinct Tribe: Hominini (hominins) 85 Africa and America separated Genus: Homo

• Sss

150 birds 210 mammals 220 dinosaur 310 insects/reptiles 360 amphibians on land 420 fish 430 plants 700 invertebrates 1500 eukaryotes 2500 O2 in atmosphere stabilized/aerobic bacteria 3400 photosynthetic bacteria 3500 bacteria 4500 earth

Species: H. sapiens

10000

1000

100

10

gibbon

gorilla

orangutan

Million years ago 1

0,1

chimpanzee bonobo

5.9 Myr

0

0,01

homo sapiens

160.000 yr

7.2 Myr 17.9 Myr

Australopithecus africanus

13.9 Myr

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo erectus Neanderthal

Hacia. Trends in Genetics 2001 Based on β-globulin region

Homo habilis

Homo sapiens sapiens

3

Out of (East) Africa again and again

160.000 years ago bottle neck 10,000 persons founder population

Stringer, Nature 2003

Middle Awash, Ethiopia White, Nature 2003

160,000 years old H. sapiens idaltu from Herto, Middle Awash, Ethiopia

White, Nature 2003; Gibbons, Science 2003

Reconstruction: www.dienekes.com/blog/archives/cat_physical_ anthropology.html

We are of East African ancestry: 3rd Out of Africa wave

Genetic diversity highest among Africans Adaptation to local conditions – Mutation. – Gene flow (no admixture). – Genetic drift /bottle necks (small populations

72,000 BC Toba Vulcano, 6 y temp 5-10 degrees down

Migration speed: no more than one mile every eight years

4

‘Race’ is biologically meaningless. ‘Out of Africa’ predicts more genetic homogeneity in the geographic region of origin of a person’s ancestry Genetic variation: sub-Sahara Africa>Eurasia> East Asia>Oceania>America

Black/African White/Caucasian

Asian

Pacific Islander/ Hawai

American Indian/Alaska Microsatellite clustering of 52 world-wide populations Zhivotovsky Am J Hum Genet 2003

Do we people still adapt genetically? Candidate gene

Hypothesized selective pressure

Lactase persistence G6PD Duffy blood group HbC (Mossi, N-Ghana, -1000 y) TNFSF5 CCR5 (-700 y) H2 haplotype DRD4 MAO- A AGT CYP3A TAS2R38

improved nutrition from milk protection malaria protection malaria protection malaria protection malaria protection smallpox, HIV ? but only in Europe cognition, behavior cognition, behavior protection hypertension protection hypertension bitter taste perception Balter, Science 2005

So, what went wrong?

5

The background of typically “Western” disease is not genetic! Less than 5% of major CA and CAD is ‘merely’ genetic (i.e. derives from highly penetrant germline mutations)

Willett, Science 2002

Our genome is perfect since it is the result of millions of years of evolution It changes with 0.5% per million years

Environmental influences on major diseases PARs for lifestyle (here: specific aspects of diet, overweight, inactivity, smoking)

>90% >80% >70%

>70%

Willett, Science 2002

6

Macronutrient composition Fatty acid composition

Glycemic load

Fiber content

Dietary characteristics changed by the agricultural and industrial revolutions

Micronutrient density

Na-K ratio

Acid-base balance

Cordain AJCN 2005

UK/US yearly sugar consumption 1815-2000 for 70 kg/person that is: 200 g/day