Why is emission data needed?

IER Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich Why is emission data needed? 1. To monitor progress in air pollution control 2....
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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Why is emission data needed? 1. To monitor progress in air pollution control 2. To identify possible emission reduction measures 3. For use with atmospheric models: Air pollution control strategies should seek to • reach emission reduction efficiently, i.e. with the least costs possible • assure the fulfilment of environmental goals (e.g. ambient thresholds, critical loads) To find out which set of emission reduction measures allows to achieve environmental goals efficiently, atmospheric models are needed. Atmospheric models need emission data with high temporal and spatial resolution and known quality.

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Issue

IER Required emission data

Identification of emission sources, Annual emission, disaggregated for estimates on potential emission sources and processes control options As above, and costs of measures to be investigated Accurate actual hourly emission for Verification of atmospheric models grid cells, differentiated for that simulate transport and substance categories, emission chemical transformation of source height pollutants Future hourly emission for grid cells Application: Future trends and for typical weather conditions, possible developments of ambient differentiated for substance concentrations of pollutants categories, emission source altitude Development of efficient emission control options

Development of efficient emission control options

As above, for the application of emission control strategies

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Modelling of Air Pollution Requirements for the calculation of emission data: (I) • Investigation area:

A Regional B Europe C Hemispheric/Global

• Spatial resolution:

territorial units, road segments, transformed into grid elements A: e.g. 1 x 1 km B: e.g. 30 x 30 km C: e.g. 1° x 1° coordinates for large point sources (LPS)

• Investigation period: episodes (typically 1 to 2 weeks), a typical year • Year of investigation:

base: current update: future scenarios:

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

e.g. 2005 e.g. 2007 e.g. 2010, 2020

IER

Modelling of Air Pollution Requirements for the calculation of emission data: (II) • Temporal resolution: for episodes = hourly • Information:

emissions, height of release of emissions (in m above surface); for point sources: volume and temperature of the flue gas; technical parameters of the emission source; possible reduction measures and their costs; uncertainty range.

• Species:

SO2, NO, NO2, CO, NH3, VOC subdivided into classes, PM including size distribution and chemical composition

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Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Sources of air pollutant emissions (I) Air pollutants are emitted from a variety of sources, distinguishing: •

Biogenic and natural emissions (e.g. soils, vegetation, volcanos)



anthropogenic emissions (e.g. combustion of fossil fuels, handling of materials, production and use of products, etc.)

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Sources of air pollutant emissions (II) Classification of emissions by source type: • point sources • • • • • • • •



line sources •



furnaces > 20 MWth paint application > 25 kg organic solvent used/h printing > 25 kg organic solvent used/h degreasing > 20 t solvent used/h refineries gasoline storage > 10000 t tank size others e.g. de-icing of aircraft, extraction of edible fat and oil major plants of organic chemistry

motor vehicles on all road sections outside settlements

area sources (= all other sources) • •

motor vehicles on all streets inside settlements stationary sources (which are not included in point sources)

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Sources of air pollutant emissions (III) •

Combustion •

Mobile sources



Stationary sources



Industrial Processes



Transfer and storage of goods



Use of solvent containing products



Biological and natural processes

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Industrial Processes Fuels having a direct contact with the furnace •

coke ovens

dust, CO, NH3, H2S, VOC



cement production

dust, NOx, SO2, CO, H2S



pig iron production

dust, heavy metals, SO2, NOx



steel production

fine dust, CO



glass production

fine dust, NOx



refineries

VOC, H2S, SO2, NOx



paper and pulp production

SO2, fine dust

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Storage, mining and handling of goods •

coal-, oil-, natural gas mining

Methane (CH4)



coal transport and handling

dust



oil transport and handling

VOC



gas distribution networks (leakage)

Methane (CH4)



handling of radioactive materials

radioactive substances



handling of non-fuel materials (ore, sand, fertilisers, cement, cereals)

dust

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Use of Solvent Containing Products • paints, varnishes, thinners

(solvent containing paints and varnishes, water based paints, wood paints, thinners) • printing inks (solvent containing inks, water based inks, moisturiser in offset printing, cleaning goods) • glues and adhesives (solvent containing glues, dispersion glues) • surface cleaning (metal degreasing, paint remover, de-waxing, dry cleaning products) • household consumption goods (body care products, washing and detergents, soaps)

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Use of Solvent Containing Products • protection of buildings

(wood preservation, impregnant) • cooling and frost-protection (cooling agent for fridges and air conditioning, frost protection agents for windshield washing, aircraft de-icing agents) • other agents (plastic products, rubber products, textile finishing) • other chemicals and products (extraction agents for edible fats and oils, agents for fire extinguishers)

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Emission sources Biological and natural processes: •

methane producing bacteria Methane (CH4) (swamps, rice pads, landfills, slurry, enteric fermentation/livestock, sediments)



bio-synthetic processes (e.g. within trees)

VOC



lightning

NO



livestock and fertiliser application

NH3, N2O



erosion, sea salt, pollen

fine dust



volcanos

SO2

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Formation of air pollutants in fossil fuel combustion Products Complete combustion

By-products from ingredients

Incomplete combustion

in the air

of the fuel

NOx

SO2, SO3, H2S, NOx, heavy metals, PM, HCl, HF

CO, elemental carbon, VOC

CO2, H2O

Conversion in exhaust fumes: Aerosols, Dioxins/ Furan, NO2

Abatement / Reduction by Fuel substitution

Combustion management

Energy conservation

More oxygen

Less oxygen

renewable and nuclear energy sources

Higher temperature

lower temperature

Choice of fuel Additives

longer dwell time

shorter dwell time

Fuel preparation

Flue gas cleaning

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Generation of Emission Data (I) Annual emissions:

EMijkl =

EFjkl x ACijk

• EMijkl =

emission (mass/year) of pollutant l in spatial unit i from process or class of processes j in year k

• EFjkl =

emission factor for pollutant l and process j in year k

• ACijk =

activity level for process j in spatial unit i year k

Examples for activity data: • litres of light fuel oil burned in furnaces in a community • number of cars with three-way-catalysts driving on a specific road segment with a speed between 100 and 120 km/h • kg of specific solvents used in a factory Exceptions: biogenic emissions, gasoline evaporation, road transport

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Generation of Emission Data (V) Calculation of biogenic VOC-Emissions land-use data forest data forest areas by tree types: pine, other conifers; oak, other deciduous trees

agricultural crops grassland, pastures

Calculation of the leaf biomass factor

Calculation of hourly emissions (emission factor EF is temperature dependant, usually different for day and night)

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Parameterisation of NMVOC emissions

Source: Fraunhofer Institute

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Generation of Emission Data (VI) Calculation emissions from gasoline evaporation winter

winter

summer

summer

fi = β[(EK,i + C * Vi * EP,i) + [(EK,i + C* Vi * EP,i)] cwinter * (Ti-3 – Ti-4) * exp(bwinter*[(Ti-3 + Ti-4)/2]

in winter, if (Ti-3 – Ti-4) > 0

EK,i = 0 awinter * exp(bwinter*(Ti-3)

otherwise winter

EP,i = 0 fi

summer

= emission factor of hour i

β, C = normalisation factors winter EK,i = evaporation from gasoline tank of the hour i in winter winter

EP,i

Ti

= temperature of the hour i

Vi = traffic count of the hour i a, b, c = constants

= hot soak of the hour i in winter

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Generation of Emission Data (II) Input Data needed for the generation of emission data: 1.

Spatial Allocation: •

Point sources •

Emission declarations for power plants and many types of industrial plants, based on measurements

Or: description of technology Including abatement plants) and declaration of activity



Line sources •

Road net data (e.g. location of each road section, average daily amount of traffic per section, slope of the section, number of lanes etc.)



Own traffic counts, speed measurements, determination of technical parameters of vehicle collectives

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Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Generation of Emission Data (III) Input Data needed for the generation of emission data: 1.

Spatial Allocation: •

Area sources •

Statistical data (e.g. number of vehicles, mileage for different vehicle types, road types and driving patterns, production of goods, energy consumption, employees per industrial branch, buildings, inhabitants, apartments with different heating systems) for different types of administrative units (community, municipality, city districts)



Polygons of administrative units



Land use data (settled areas, densely settled areas, forest areas)

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Generation of Emission Data (IV) Input Data needed for the generation of emission data: 2.

Temporal Resolution: •

Cluster analysis of hourly data from continuous traffic countings



Hourly ambient air temperatures and other meteorological data



Monthly production rates for each industrial branch



Operation hours of production plants



Typical working hours regulations in commercial and industrial sectors



Patterns of user behaviour in households

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Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

CORINAIR/ EMEP EIGB emission inventory CORe INventory of AIR emissions

http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR4/en/page002.html

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

COPERT emission calculation model http://lat.eng.auth.gr/copert/ COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

US- EPA emission factors: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.htm

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Examples (I) Emission inventories for different geographic areas:

Federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, 1998 1x1 km resolution, NOx emissions

Germany, 1998 3x3 km resolution, NOx emissions

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Examples (II) Emission inventories for different geographic areas:

Europe, 1998, 9x9 km resolution, NOx emissions

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Temporal Resolution of Annual Emission Data Methodology used in the CAREAIR Model annual emissions

production indices energy consumption traffic counts temperature day-values for temp. working hours holidays/vacation

algorithms for the calculation of time-factors

8760 time-factors/year

year

spatial unit

activity

technology

process

pollutant

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

NMVOC Emissions of road traffic exemplarily shown for one week

350

300

250

200

Hot soak Tank respiration Cold start Urban exhausts Rural exhausts

150

100

50

2 6. 0 7

2 5. 0 7

2 4. 0 7

2 3. 0 7

2 2. 0 7

2 1. 0 7

2 0. 0 7

0

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Examples (III) European emissions in an hourly resolution for one day: th NO NOxx--Emissions Emissionsin inEurope Europeon onMonday, Monday,July, July,25 25th1994 1994 3 am

6 am

9 am

12 am

3 pm

6 pm

9 pm

12 pm

Emissions in kg/km2

< 0,02

0,02-0,05

Sources: CORINAIR/SANA/LOTOS

0,05-0,1

0,1-0,2

0,2-0,5

0,5-1

1-2

2-5

>5

IER, University of Stuttgart Heßbrühlstr. 49a, 70569 Stuttgart Uwe Schwarz, Burkhard Wickert

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Fuel

Sulphur content (limit value) [in % of weight]

Heavy fuel oil

< 1,0 from 2003 93/12 EWG

Light fuel oil

< 0.2 from 07/2003 99/32 EG < 0.1 from 01/2008 99/32 EG

Diesel • road vehicles

< 0.035 from 2000 98/70 EG < 0.005 from 2005 98/70 EG < 0,001 from 2009 < 0.2 from 2000 < 0.1 from 2008

• ships Wood

not detectable

Bark

< 0.15

Natural gas Hard coal

1

Lignite

0.9 – 1.1

0.0005 – 0.02

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Global SO2 emissions 1995 in Tg Global Total: 141,9 Tg

2%

18%

Fossil fuel Biofuel

v

0%

Industrial processes Agriculture 2%

78%

Biomass burning Waste handling

0%

Source: EDGAR 3

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Global SO2 emissions 1995

Source: EDGAR 3

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

SOx emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 8652 kt SOx. Projection for 2020: -68 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 2%

3% 0,1%

8%

Combustion in energy and transformation industry Small combustion plants Combustion in manufacturing industry

15%

Production processes Road transport Other mobile sources and machinery

8% 64%

Waste treatment and disposal Agriculture

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

NOx emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 11 200 kt NOx. Projection for 2020: -49 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 0,1% 16%

20%

Combustion in energy and transformation industry Small combustion plants Combustion in manufacturing industry

5%

Production processes Road transport

11%

Other mobile sources and machinery Waste treatment and disposal

2%

46%

Agriculture

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

NMVOC definitions Definition Boiling point (1013 hPa): 25°-300°C T=293,15 K;p=0,1 hPa (vapour pressure) T=293,15 K;p=1,3 hPa(vapour pressure) Boiling point (1013 hPa): 250°C Boiling point (1013 hPa): 200°C

Source Bräutigam/Kruse (1992) EU-VOC Directive (1999) Obermeier/Berner (1995/1996) Varnish industry (1998) Adhesvie indusrty (1999)

UN-VOC Protocol (1991): VOC`s means all organic Compounds of anthropogenic nature- other than methane-that are capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reactions with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight

EU-VOC Directive (1999): VOC shall mean any organic compound having at 293,15 K a vapour pressure of 0,01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions off use.

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

VOC - important substances • Alkanes

• Alkenes Monoolefine Diolefine • Aromatics

Methane Ethane Propane

CH4 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH3-CH3

Ethylene Propene Isoprene Terpene

CH3=CH3 CH3=CH3-CH3 C5H8 (C5H8)n

Benzene Toluene Xylene

C6H6 C6H5-CH3 C6H4-(CH3)2

• CFCs (chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons) Trichlorofluoromethane (R11) Dichlorofluoromethane (R12)

CFCl3 CF2Cl2

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

VOC - important substances Oxygen containing hydrocarbons: • Alcohols

Methanol Ethanol

CH3-OH CH3-CH2 -OH

• Aldehydes

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

H-CHO CH3 -CHO

• Ketones

Acetone

CH3 -CO- CH3

• Phenol

Phenol

CH6 -OH

• Ether

Dimethyl ether

CH3 -O- CH3

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Sources of NMVOCs (I) • Transport:

road transport (exhaust, evaporation) other transport

• Transformation, storage, transport of products based on mineral oil • Combustion • Solvent evaporation:

paints and varnishes, degreasing, cleaning, printing inks and printing support materials, glues and adhesives, detergents and personal care products, perfumes and after shaves

• sector-typical:

dry cleaning shops, chemical industry, rubber and plastics production, chipboard production, iron casting mills, textile products, food stuffs and beverages

• biogenic emissions:

deciduous and coniferous forests

(Sources with a share of more than 5%)

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

NMVOC emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 11100 kt NMVOC. Projection for 2020: -45 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 1% 7,7%

1%

6%

Combustion in energy and transformation industry

0,5%

Small combustion plants

11%

Combustion in manufacturing industry

6%

Production processes Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels

32%

Solvent and other product use Road transport Other mobile sources and machinery

35%

Waste treatment and disposal

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Sources of NMVOCs (IV) Emissions from product use in Germany 1998 (total: 151000 tonnes)

t/a

frost protection hairspray car-wash detergents beauty products alcohol consumption dishwash detergents toilet water after shaves detergents (laundry) perfumes

solvent content %

NMVOC emission t

74000 50 38000 60 65000 20 113000 11 750000* 100 112000 5 7600 50 8000 30 42000 7 4300 50

* pure ethanol

37000 23000 13000 12430 7500** 5600 3800 2400 2940 2150

** assumed evaporation rate of 1%

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

NMVOC Emissions from all sources 1998 in Germany 350 Bio Traffic Solvent use Small combustion plants Industrial combustion /processes

250

200

150

100

50

be r

r

m ec e

D

N

ov

em

be

er

r

ct ob O

m be te

Se p

ug us t A

Ju ly

Ju ne

M ay

pr il A

y

ch M ar

br ua r Fe

nu a

ry

0

Ja

NMVOC Emissions [kt / month] ]

300

20

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

VOC split for traffic in Germany 1998 Ketones 1% Others 0,04%

Aldehydes 11%

Alkanes 36%

Aromatics 30%

Alkynes 4%

Alkenes 18%

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Disaggregation of the emissions of solvent use in Germany 1998 Printing industry 8% Degreasing, dry-cleaning and electronics 4%

Production and processing of chemicals 7%

Other 17% Domestic use of solvent containing products 17%

Use of colours and varnishes 47%

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

NH3 emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 3900 kt NH3. Projection for 2020: -4 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 1% 0,4%

0,1% 1% 2%

Combustion in energy and transformation industry Small combustion plants

4% Combustion in manufacturing industry Production processes Road transport Other mobile sources and machinery

92%

Waste treatment and disposal Agriculture

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Emission sources of primary particles (III) Estimates of global PM emissions: (according to Roedel 1992)

sea salt mineral dust volcanos forest fires biological organic material

1000 Tg 200-500 Tg 10-20 Tg 3-30 Tg 80 Tg

anthropogenic sources

90-135 Tg

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

PM emission sources to be considered Road transport: PC, MC, LDV, HDV - diesel/gasoline, 2 / 4 stroke exhaust gas, tyre, brake and road abrasion and suspension Offroad machinery: construction, agriculture, military, industry, households/gardening - exhaust and non-exhaust Other transport: railway, shipping, aviation - exhaust and non-exhaust Power & heat plants: public and industrial plants (incl. waste incineration) Small combustion plants: commercial, institutional and residential plants Production processes: industrial/commercial plants (incl. process furnaces) Material handling: grain, ore, coal, fertilizer, sand, gravel, cement etc. Other processes: tobacco smoking, fireworks, agriculture, barbecues, construction processes

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

TSP emissions in EU27 (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 4500 4000

Emissions [kt] m

3500 3000

other sources

2500

industrial production

2000

small combustion power and heating plants other transport

1500 1000

road non exhaust 500 road exhaust 0 2000

2020 Year

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

PM10 emissions in EU27 (IIASA Baseline Nov 2004) 2500

Emissions [kt] m

2000 other sources 1500

industrial production small combustion

1000

power and heating plants other transport

500

road non exhaust road exhaust

0 2000

2020 Year

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

PM2.5 emissions in EU27 (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 1800 1600

Emissions [kt] m

1400 1200

other sources

1000

industrial production small combustion

800

power and heating plants other transport

600 400

road non exhaust 200 road exhaust 0 2000

2020 Year

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Emission sources in Germany year 2000 (v March 2006) PM: 506 kt

PM10: 248 kt 9%

13%

14%

15%

PM2.5: 147 kt

25%

39%

22%

27%

32% 14%

35%

5%

5%

16%

10%

3%

6% 8%

Transport processes - engines Transport processes - abrasion and suspension Power and heat plants Small combustion plants Industrial production processes Other anthropogenic sources*

* agriculture, construction, mining, fire works, smoking, barbecues

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Emission sources in Germany year 2000 (March 2006) 240

Other anthropogenic processes Material handling

210

Emissions [kt] m

180

Public & industrial power & heat plants Production processes

150

Small combustion plants Offroad machinery & other transport Road dust suspension

120 90 60

Road traffic tyre & brake Road traffic exhaust

30 0 2000 PM10: 248 kt

2010 PM10: 217 kt

2000 PM2,5: 147 kt

2010 PM2,5: 122 kt

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IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Mobile sources in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006) Road, diesel engines Road, gasoline engines Road, tyre & brake abrasion ~124 kt

Road, dust suspension

range of estimated values for PM10

TSP PM10

Nonroad, engines

PM2.5

Nonroad, abrasion & dust suspension

0

10

20

30 40 Emissions [kt]

50

60

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Power and heat plants in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006)

Public plants - lignite Public plants - hard coal Public plants - petroleum products Public plants - gases Industrial plants - lignite Industrial plants - hard coal

PM PM10

Industrial plants - petroleum products

PM2.5 Industrial plants - gases Waste incineration

0

1

2

3 4 Emissions [kt]

5

6

26

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Small combustion in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006) Households - wood Households - lignite Households - light fuel oil Households - hard coal Commercial plants wood

PM

Commercial plants fuel oil

PM10 PM2,5

Commercial plants coals etc.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Emissions [kt]

IER

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

Processes in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006) Iron and steel industry Other anthr. Processes* Mineral industry Agriculture Material handling Chemical industry Wood and paper industry Non-ferro metal industry PM PM10 PM2,5

Food industry Coal industry Other industries * agriculture, construction, mining, fire works, smoking, barbecues

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Emissions [kt]

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Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

Road dust PM10 emissions in Germany year 2000 - comparison of different methodologies -

Emissions PM10 [kt] m

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 modified BUWAL formula 2001 /EPA 1997/

Hueglin et Fitz & Duering & Gehrig et al. 2000 Bufalino Lohmeyer al. 2003 2002 2004

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

EMEP Database Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air pollutants in Europe

http://webdab.emep.int/

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Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

EDGAR Database Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research

http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/

Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

GEIA Database Global Emissions Inventory Activity

http://geiacenter.org/

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Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich

IER

US EPA Air Data

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eidocs/nei.html

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