IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Why is emission data needed? 1. To monitor progress in air pollution control 2. To identify possible emission reduction measures 3. For use with atmospheric models: Air pollution control strategies should seek to • reach emission reduction efficiently, i.e. with the least costs possible • assure the fulfilment of environmental goals (e.g. ambient thresholds, critical loads) To find out which set of emission reduction measures allows to achieve environmental goals efficiently, atmospheric models are needed. Atmospheric models need emission data with high temporal and spatial resolution and known quality.
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Issue
IER Required emission data
Identification of emission sources, Annual emission, disaggregated for estimates on potential emission sources and processes control options As above, and costs of measures to be investigated Accurate actual hourly emission for Verification of atmospheric models grid cells, differentiated for that simulate transport and substance categories, emission chemical transformation of source height pollutants Future hourly emission for grid cells Application: Future trends and for typical weather conditions, possible developments of ambient differentiated for substance concentrations of pollutants categories, emission source altitude Development of efficient emission control options
Development of efficient emission control options
As above, for the application of emission control strategies
1
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Modelling of Air Pollution Requirements for the calculation of emission data: (I) • Investigation area:
A Regional B Europe C Hemispheric/Global
• Spatial resolution:
territorial units, road segments, transformed into grid elements A: e.g. 1 x 1 km B: e.g. 30 x 30 km C: e.g. 1° x 1° coordinates for large point sources (LPS)
• Investigation period: episodes (typically 1 to 2 weeks), a typical year • Year of investigation:
base: current update: future scenarios:
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
e.g. 2005 e.g. 2007 e.g. 2010, 2020
IER
Modelling of Air Pollution Requirements for the calculation of emission data: (II) • Temporal resolution: for episodes = hourly • Information:
emissions, height of release of emissions (in m above surface); for point sources: volume and temperature of the flue gas; technical parameters of the emission source; possible reduction measures and their costs; uncertainty range.
• Species:
SO2, NO, NO2, CO, NH3, VOC subdivided into classes, PM including size distribution and chemical composition
2
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Sources of air pollutant emissions (I) Air pollutants are emitted from a variety of sources, distinguishing: •
Biogenic and natural emissions (e.g. soils, vegetation, volcanos)
•
anthropogenic emissions (e.g. combustion of fossil fuels, handling of materials, production and use of products, etc.)
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Sources of air pollutant emissions (II) Classification of emissions by source type: • point sources • • • • • • • •
•
line sources •
•
furnaces > 20 MWth paint application > 25 kg organic solvent used/h printing > 25 kg organic solvent used/h degreasing > 20 t solvent used/h refineries gasoline storage > 10000 t tank size others e.g. de-icing of aircraft, extraction of edible fat and oil major plants of organic chemistry
motor vehicles on all road sections outside settlements
area sources (= all other sources) • •
motor vehicles on all streets inside settlements stationary sources (which are not included in point sources)
3
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Sources of air pollutant emissions (III) •
Combustion •
Mobile sources
•
Stationary sources
•
Industrial Processes
•
Transfer and storage of goods
•
Use of solvent containing products
•
Biological and natural processes
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Industrial Processes Fuels having a direct contact with the furnace •
coke ovens
dust, CO, NH3, H2S, VOC
•
cement production
dust, NOx, SO2, CO, H2S
•
pig iron production
dust, heavy metals, SO2, NOx
•
steel production
fine dust, CO
•
glass production
fine dust, NOx
•
refineries
VOC, H2S, SO2, NOx
•
paper and pulp production
SO2, fine dust
4
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Storage, mining and handling of goods •
coal-, oil-, natural gas mining
Methane (CH4)
•
coal transport and handling
dust
•
oil transport and handling
VOC
•
gas distribution networks (leakage)
Methane (CH4)
•
handling of radioactive materials
radioactive substances
•
handling of non-fuel materials (ore, sand, fertilisers, cement, cereals)
dust
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Use of Solvent Containing Products • paints, varnishes, thinners
(solvent containing paints and varnishes, water based paints, wood paints, thinners) • printing inks (solvent containing inks, water based inks, moisturiser in offset printing, cleaning goods) • glues and adhesives (solvent containing glues, dispersion glues) • surface cleaning (metal degreasing, paint remover, de-waxing, dry cleaning products) • household consumption goods (body care products, washing and detergents, soaps)
5
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Use of Solvent Containing Products • protection of buildings
(wood preservation, impregnant) • cooling and frost-protection (cooling agent for fridges and air conditioning, frost protection agents for windshield washing, aircraft de-icing agents) • other agents (plastic products, rubber products, textile finishing) • other chemicals and products (extraction agents for edible fats and oils, agents for fire extinguishers)
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Emission sources Biological and natural processes: •
methane producing bacteria Methane (CH4) (swamps, rice pads, landfills, slurry, enteric fermentation/livestock, sediments)
•
bio-synthetic processes (e.g. within trees)
VOC
•
lightning
NO
•
livestock and fertiliser application
NH3, N2O
•
erosion, sea salt, pollen
fine dust
•
volcanos
SO2
6
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Formation of air pollutants in fossil fuel combustion Products Complete combustion
By-products from ingredients
Incomplete combustion
in the air
of the fuel
NOx
SO2, SO3, H2S, NOx, heavy metals, PM, HCl, HF
CO, elemental carbon, VOC
CO2, H2O
Conversion in exhaust fumes: Aerosols, Dioxins/ Furan, NO2
Abatement / Reduction by Fuel substitution
Combustion management
Energy conservation
More oxygen
Less oxygen
renewable and nuclear energy sources
Higher temperature
lower temperature
Choice of fuel Additives
longer dwell time
shorter dwell time
Fuel preparation
Flue gas cleaning
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Generation of Emission Data (I) Annual emissions:
EMijkl =
EFjkl x ACijk
• EMijkl =
emission (mass/year) of pollutant l in spatial unit i from process or class of processes j in year k
• EFjkl =
emission factor for pollutant l and process j in year k
• ACijk =
activity level for process j in spatial unit i year k
Examples for activity data: • litres of light fuel oil burned in furnaces in a community • number of cars with three-way-catalysts driving on a specific road segment with a speed between 100 and 120 km/h • kg of specific solvents used in a factory Exceptions: biogenic emissions, gasoline evaporation, road transport
7
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Generation of Emission Data (V) Calculation of biogenic VOC-Emissions land-use data forest data forest areas by tree types: pine, other conifers; oak, other deciduous trees
agricultural crops grassland, pastures
Calculation of the leaf biomass factor
Calculation of hourly emissions (emission factor EF is temperature dependant, usually different for day and night)
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Parameterisation of NMVOC emissions
Source: Fraunhofer Institute
8
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Generation of Emission Data (VI) Calculation emissions from gasoline evaporation winter
winter
summer
summer
fi = β[(EK,i + C * Vi * EP,i) + [(EK,i + C* Vi * EP,i)] cwinter * (Ti-3 – Ti-4) * exp(bwinter*[(Ti-3 + Ti-4)/2]
in winter, if (Ti-3 – Ti-4) > 0
EK,i = 0 awinter * exp(bwinter*(Ti-3)
otherwise winter
EP,i = 0 fi
summer
= emission factor of hour i
β, C = normalisation factors winter EK,i = evaporation from gasoline tank of the hour i in winter winter
EP,i
Ti
= temperature of the hour i
Vi = traffic count of the hour i a, b, c = constants
= hot soak of the hour i in winter
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Generation of Emission Data (II) Input Data needed for the generation of emission data: 1.
Spatial Allocation: •
Point sources •
Emission declarations for power plants and many types of industrial plants, based on measurements
Or: description of technology Including abatement plants) and declaration of activity
•
Line sources •
Road net data (e.g. location of each road section, average daily amount of traffic per section, slope of the section, number of lanes etc.)
•
Own traffic counts, speed measurements, determination of technical parameters of vehicle collectives
9
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Generation of Emission Data (III) Input Data needed for the generation of emission data: 1.
Spatial Allocation: •
Area sources •
Statistical data (e.g. number of vehicles, mileage for different vehicle types, road types and driving patterns, production of goods, energy consumption, employees per industrial branch, buildings, inhabitants, apartments with different heating systems) for different types of administrative units (community, municipality, city districts)
•
Polygons of administrative units
•
Land use data (settled areas, densely settled areas, forest areas)
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Generation of Emission Data (IV) Input Data needed for the generation of emission data: 2.
Temporal Resolution: •
Cluster analysis of hourly data from continuous traffic countings
•
Hourly ambient air temperatures and other meteorological data
•
Monthly production rates for each industrial branch
•
Operation hours of production plants
•
Typical working hours regulations in commercial and industrial sectors
•
Patterns of user behaviour in households
10
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
CORINAIR/ EMEP EIGB emission inventory CORe INventory of AIR emissions
http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR4/en/page002.html
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
COPERT emission calculation model http://lat.eng.auth.gr/copert/ COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport
11
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
US- EPA emission factors: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.htm
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Examples (I) Emission inventories for different geographic areas:
Federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, 1998 1x1 km resolution, NOx emissions
Germany, 1998 3x3 km resolution, NOx emissions
12
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Examples (II) Emission inventories for different geographic areas:
Europe, 1998, 9x9 km resolution, NOx emissions
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Temporal Resolution of Annual Emission Data Methodology used in the CAREAIR Model annual emissions
production indices energy consumption traffic counts temperature day-values for temp. working hours holidays/vacation
algorithms for the calculation of time-factors
8760 time-factors/year
year
spatial unit
activity
technology
process
pollutant
13
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
NMVOC Emissions of road traffic exemplarily shown for one week
350
300
250
200
Hot soak Tank respiration Cold start Urban exhausts Rural exhausts
150
100
50
2 6. 0 7
2 5. 0 7
2 4. 0 7
2 3. 0 7
2 2. 0 7
2 1. 0 7
2 0. 0 7
0
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Examples (III) European emissions in an hourly resolution for one day: th NO NOxx--Emissions Emissionsin inEurope Europeon onMonday, Monday,July, July,25 25th1994 1994 3 am
6 am
9 am
12 am
3 pm
6 pm
9 pm
12 pm
Emissions in kg/km2
< 0,02
0,02-0,05
Sources: CORINAIR/SANA/LOTOS
0,05-0,1
0,1-0,2
0,2-0,5
0,5-1
1-2
2-5
>5
IER, University of Stuttgart Heßbrühlstr. 49a, 70569 Stuttgart Uwe Schwarz, Burkhard Wickert
14
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Fuel
Sulphur content (limit value) [in % of weight]
Heavy fuel oil
< 1,0 from 2003 93/12 EWG
Light fuel oil
< 0.2 from 07/2003 99/32 EG < 0.1 from 01/2008 99/32 EG
Diesel • road vehicles
< 0.035 from 2000 98/70 EG < 0.005 from 2005 98/70 EG < 0,001 from 2009 < 0.2 from 2000 < 0.1 from 2008
• ships Wood
not detectable
Bark
< 0.15
Natural gas Hard coal
1
Lignite
0.9 – 1.1
0.0005 – 0.02
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Global SO2 emissions 1995 in Tg Global Total: 141,9 Tg
2%
18%
Fossil fuel Biofuel
v
0%
Industrial processes Agriculture 2%
78%
Biomass burning Waste handling
0%
Source: EDGAR 3
15
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Global SO2 emissions 1995
Source: EDGAR 3
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
SOx emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 8652 kt SOx. Projection for 2020: -68 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 2%
3% 0,1%
8%
Combustion in energy and transformation industry Small combustion plants Combustion in manufacturing industry
15%
Production processes Road transport Other mobile sources and machinery
8% 64%
Waste treatment and disposal Agriculture
16
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
NOx emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 11 200 kt NOx. Projection for 2020: -49 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 0,1% 16%
20%
Combustion in energy and transformation industry Small combustion plants Combustion in manufacturing industry
5%
Production processes Road transport
11%
Other mobile sources and machinery Waste treatment and disposal
2%
46%
Agriculture
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
NMVOC definitions Definition Boiling point (1013 hPa): 25°-300°C T=293,15 K;p=0,1 hPa (vapour pressure) T=293,15 K;p=1,3 hPa(vapour pressure) Boiling point (1013 hPa): 250°C Boiling point (1013 hPa): 200°C
Source Bräutigam/Kruse (1992) EU-VOC Directive (1999) Obermeier/Berner (1995/1996) Varnish industry (1998) Adhesvie indusrty (1999)
UN-VOC Protocol (1991): VOC`s means all organic Compounds of anthropogenic nature- other than methane-that are capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reactions with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight
EU-VOC Directive (1999): VOC shall mean any organic compound having at 293,15 K a vapour pressure of 0,01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions off use.
17
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
VOC - important substances • Alkanes
• Alkenes Monoolefine Diolefine • Aromatics
Methane Ethane Propane
CH4 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH3-CH3
Ethylene Propene Isoprene Terpene
CH3=CH3 CH3=CH3-CH3 C5H8 (C5H8)n
Benzene Toluene Xylene
C6H6 C6H5-CH3 C6H4-(CH3)2
• CFCs (chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons) Trichlorofluoromethane (R11) Dichlorofluoromethane (R12)
CFCl3 CF2Cl2
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
VOC - important substances Oxygen containing hydrocarbons: • Alcohols
Methanol Ethanol
CH3-OH CH3-CH2 -OH
• Aldehydes
Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde
H-CHO CH3 -CHO
• Ketones
Acetone
CH3 -CO- CH3
• Phenol
Phenol
CH6 -OH
• Ether
Dimethyl ether
CH3 -O- CH3
18
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Sources of NMVOCs (I) • Transport:
road transport (exhaust, evaporation) other transport
• Transformation, storage, transport of products based on mineral oil • Combustion • Solvent evaporation:
paints and varnishes, degreasing, cleaning, printing inks and printing support materials, glues and adhesives, detergents and personal care products, perfumes and after shaves
• sector-typical:
dry cleaning shops, chemical industry, rubber and plastics production, chipboard production, iron casting mills, textile products, food stuffs and beverages
• biogenic emissions:
deciduous and coniferous forests
(Sources with a share of more than 5%)
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
NMVOC emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 11100 kt NMVOC. Projection for 2020: -45 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 1% 7,7%
1%
6%
Combustion in energy and transformation industry
0,5%
Small combustion plants
11%
Combustion in manufacturing industry
6%
Production processes Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
32%
Solvent and other product use Road transport Other mobile sources and machinery
35%
Waste treatment and disposal
19
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Sources of NMVOCs (IV) Emissions from product use in Germany 1998 (total: 151000 tonnes)
t/a
frost protection hairspray car-wash detergents beauty products alcohol consumption dishwash detergents toilet water after shaves detergents (laundry) perfumes
solvent content %
NMVOC emission t
74000 50 38000 60 65000 20 113000 11 750000* 100 112000 5 7600 50 8000 30 42000 7 4300 50
* pure ethanol
37000 23000 13000 12430 7500** 5600 3800 2400 2940 2150
** assumed evaporation rate of 1%
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
NMVOC Emissions from all sources 1998 in Germany 350 Bio Traffic Solvent use Small combustion plants Industrial combustion /processes
250
200
150
100
50
be r
r
m ec e
D
N
ov
em
be
er
r
ct ob O
m be te
Se p
ug us t A
Ju ly
Ju ne
M ay
pr il A
y
ch M ar
br ua r Fe
nu a
ry
0
Ja
NMVOC Emissions [kt / month] ]
300
20
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
VOC split for traffic in Germany 1998 Ketones 1% Others 0,04%
Aldehydes 11%
Alkanes 36%
Aromatics 30%
Alkynes 4%
Alkenes 18%
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Disaggregation of the emissions of solvent use in Germany 1998 Printing industry 8% Degreasing, dry-cleaning and electronics 4%
Production and processing of chemicals 7%
Other 17% Domestic use of solvent containing products 17%
Use of colours and varnishes 47%
21
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
NH3 emissions in EU25 year 2000 (EMEP Webdab March 2005) Total 3900 kt NH3. Projection for 2020: -4 % (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 1% 0,4%
0,1% 1% 2%
Combustion in energy and transformation industry Small combustion plants
4% Combustion in manufacturing industry Production processes Road transport Other mobile sources and machinery
92%
Waste treatment and disposal Agriculture
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Emission sources of primary particles (III) Estimates of global PM emissions: (according to Roedel 1992)
sea salt mineral dust volcanos forest fires biological organic material
1000 Tg 200-500 Tg 10-20 Tg 3-30 Tg 80 Tg
anthropogenic sources
90-135 Tg
22
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
PM emission sources to be considered Road transport: PC, MC, LDV, HDV - diesel/gasoline, 2 / 4 stroke exhaust gas, tyre, brake and road abrasion and suspension Offroad machinery: construction, agriculture, military, industry, households/gardening - exhaust and non-exhaust Other transport: railway, shipping, aviation - exhaust and non-exhaust Power & heat plants: public and industrial plants (incl. waste incineration) Small combustion plants: commercial, institutional and residential plants Production processes: industrial/commercial plants (incl. process furnaces) Material handling: grain, ore, coal, fertilizer, sand, gravel, cement etc. Other processes: tobacco smoking, fireworks, agriculture, barbecues, construction processes
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
TSP emissions in EU27 (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 4500 4000
Emissions [kt] m
3500 3000
other sources
2500
industrial production
2000
small combustion power and heating plants other transport
1500 1000
road non exhaust 500 road exhaust 0 2000
2020 Year
23
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
PM10 emissions in EU27 (IIASA Baseline Nov 2004) 2500
Emissions [kt] m
2000 other sources 1500
industrial production small combustion
1000
power and heating plants other transport
500
road non exhaust road exhaust
0 2000
2020 Year
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
PM2.5 emissions in EU27 (IIASA Baselines Nov 2004) 1800 1600
Emissions [kt] m
1400 1200
other sources
1000
industrial production small combustion
800
power and heating plants other transport
600 400
road non exhaust 200 road exhaust 0 2000
2020 Year
24
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Emission sources in Germany year 2000 (v March 2006) PM: 506 kt
PM10: 248 kt 9%
13%
14%
15%
PM2.5: 147 kt
25%
39%
22%
27%
32% 14%
35%
5%
5%
16%
10%
3%
6% 8%
Transport processes - engines Transport processes - abrasion and suspension Power and heat plants Small combustion plants Industrial production processes Other anthropogenic sources*
* agriculture, construction, mining, fire works, smoking, barbecues
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Emission sources in Germany year 2000 (March 2006) 240
Other anthropogenic processes Material handling
210
Emissions [kt] m
180
Public & industrial power & heat plants Production processes
150
Small combustion plants Offroad machinery & other transport Road dust suspension
120 90 60
Road traffic tyre & brake Road traffic exhaust
30 0 2000 PM10: 248 kt
2010 PM10: 217 kt
2000 PM2,5: 147 kt
2010 PM2,5: 122 kt
25
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Mobile sources in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006) Road, diesel engines Road, gasoline engines Road, tyre & brake abrasion ~124 kt
Road, dust suspension
range of estimated values for PM10
TSP PM10
Nonroad, engines
PM2.5
Nonroad, abrasion & dust suspension
0
10
20
30 40 Emissions [kt]
50
60
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Power and heat plants in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006)
Public plants - lignite Public plants - hard coal Public plants - petroleum products Public plants - gases Industrial plants - lignite Industrial plants - hard coal
PM PM10
Industrial plants - petroleum products
PM2.5 Industrial plants - gases Waste incineration
0
1
2
3 4 Emissions [kt]
5
6
26
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Small combustion in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006) Households - wood Households - lignite Households - light fuel oil Households - hard coal Commercial plants wood
PM
Commercial plants fuel oil
PM10 PM2,5
Commercial plants coals etc.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Emissions [kt]
IER
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
Processes in Germany year 2000 (recalculation March 2006) Iron and steel industry Other anthr. Processes* Mineral industry Agriculture Material handling Chemical industry Wood and paper industry Non-ferro metal industry PM PM10 PM2,5
Food industry Coal industry Other industries * agriculture, construction, mining, fire works, smoking, barbecues
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Emissions [kt]
27
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
Road dust PM10 emissions in Germany year 2000 - comparison of different methodologies -
Emissions PM10 [kt] m
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 modified BUWAL formula 2001 /EPA 1997/
Hueglin et Fitz & Duering & Gehrig et al. 2000 Bufalino Lohmeyer al. 2003 2002 2004
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
EMEP Database Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air pollutants in Europe
http://webdab.emep.int/
28
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
EDGAR Database Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research
http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
GEIA Database Global Emissions Inventory Activity
http://geiacenter.org/
29
Air Pollution Control Strategies Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich
IER
US EPA Air Data
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eidocs/nei.html
30