Indeed Hiring Lab I July 2014

Where People Search for Jobs: Cross-Border Labor Mobility Report

“Economists typically study labor mobility by analyzing how many people have moved to a new location for a job. When mobility declines, this data tells us that people aren’t moving, but it doesn’t tell us whether this is due to an inability to find work or a disinterest in moving. By examining where people actively look for jobs, we can better understand job seeker intent. People often think of only the local population as being competition for local jobs, but if a relatively large number of outsiders are also looking for jobs in that area then the labor market may be tighter than it appears. Significantly, we find that 9.1% of global job seekers are contemplating a cross-border move. The analysis in this report reveals where people consider moving and what factors influence their decision.”

Tara M. Sinclair, PhD Indeed Economist

All content © Indeed Inc. 2014

Indeed Hiring Lab  3

Table of Contents Executive Summary

Data and Methodology

Job Seekers are Responsive to

Data Sources ............................................................... 52

Local Economic Conditions ........................................... 8

Worldwide Rankings

Directed Graphs Methodology .................................... 53 Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology............. 53

Key Insights ................................................................. 12

Index Methodology ...................................................... 54

Global Labor Movement .............................................. 14

About Us

Drivers of Cross-Border Search ................................... 16 External Competition Index ......................................... 17 Location Desirability Index .......................................... 18 Movers Index ............................................................... 19

About the Author........................................................... 58 About Indeed Hiring Lab............................................... 59 About Indeed................................................................ 59

Country Profiles ........................................................... 20 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table .................. 46

4 

© Indeed

All content © Indeed Inc. 2014

Indeed Hiring Lab  5

Executive Summary

6 

© Indeed

Indeed Hiring Lab  7

Analyzing Job Seeker Mobility

Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic Conditions As economies grow and change, employment opportunities and job candidates aren’t perfectly distributed. Amidst this mismatch of demand and supply, one of the most important questions is whether people are willing to move to where jobs are available. More broadly, this is a question of whether people respond to local economic conditions when looking for a job.

While these rates indicate that there is some reason people are not moving, they don’t tell us whether this is because people are unable to find jobs in other locations or are simply disinterested in moving. The aggregated, anonymized search data on Indeed provides a lens for us to begin answering these questions. Used by 140 million people in over 50 countries, Indeed is the world’s largest job site. By examining the direction and volume of searches on Indeed in conjunction with the number of postings and the top search terms, we can gain insight into how many job seekers intend to move for a job and where they’re looking to go. For our analysis, we assessed local economic conditions by analyzing the average monthly number of job postings on Indeed for 55 economies. While we also looked at other economic measures, the number of job postings enabled us to get a forward-looking view of the labor market as opposed to a view of what already happened. Looking at a full year of data from May 2013 to April 2014, we combined data on postings and job searches into and out of each country. Based on this analysis, we conclude that job seekers are in fact responsive to local economic conditions, with more people searching in locations where there are jobs available and fewer people searching in locations where they aren’t.

8 

© Indeed

0

Up until this point, economists have answered this question by measuring rates of realized mobility—how many people have moved for a job. In recent years, these rates have been low within the European Union, the United States, and other geographic clusters where we might expect to see high levels of mobility.

More people search in a country from outside that country when it has more postings

-1

0.59

1

Correlation -1

-0.31

0

1

A larger share of people search outside their home country when it has fewer postings

Globally, 9.1% of people are actively searching for a job in another country. To get a sense of what’s happening in each location, we examined the search activities of people outside a given state or country searching within that locality, as well as the search activity of people inside a given state or country looking to leave. These analyses are respectively divided between our External Competition and Movers Indices. We focused on the economic factors that influence labor mobility in 26 countries, found in the Country Profiles. Data on the remaining locations can be found in our Economic and Demographic Statistics Table. We know that today’s labor market is more global than ever, with more employers offering jobs in locations all over the world. The movement of a global workforce to fill these jobs can help economies confront fluctuations in unemployment, distributing skilled workers where they’re needed most. This research adds to our understanding of intended mobility, helping employers target the portions of the global workforce that are relevant to their jobs. Indeed Hiring Lab  9

Worldwide Rankings

Key Insights

The top 5 cross-border flows are: 1. US to India 2. India to US 3. US to Japan 4. US to Canada 5. US to UK

Searching Externally

“English” (and translations)

is the dominant international search term.

Of all international job seekers, 50.2% are searching for jobs

within the United States, more than 3 times as many external

The number of job postings drives search activity.

searchers as the next highest country (India).

There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a country and its number of unique searchers overall. There is a statistically significant correlation of 0.62. More people search for jobs within a country from outside when it has more postings. There is positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.59. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 0.29 additional monthly average external searchers. A larger share of people search outside their home country when it has fewer job postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.31. A decrease of 100,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.94 percentage point increase in the mover share.

12 

© Indeed

Oman

Brazil

is the most popular destination in Latin America, ranking 9th for number of postings and 8th for number of external searchers.

France

has a high share of people looking to move (ranking 3rd for share of movers) and ranks last for the number of postings.

is the second most popular destination in the EU (after the UK), ranking 8th for number of postings and 6th for number of external searchers. Indeed Hiring Lab  13

Global Labor Movement Searches to the US

Countries that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other countries:

Countries where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations:

United States

Bahrain

United Kingdom

Kuwait

Canada

Luxembourg

India

Oman

United Arab Emirates

Saudi Arabia

14 

© Indeed

Austria Belgium France Germany Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland

About This Graph This directed graph show searches among the 53 countries where Indeed has had a site since May 2013. A line is drawn between two countries when more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs in the other country. The dot indicates the country where the search originated.

Ireland United Kingdom Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Greece Italy Portugal Spain Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Russia

Regions are grouped by color North America

South Africa

South America

Israel Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Turkey Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates

Western Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Eastern Europe Africa Middle East

The US is 1st in total number of external job seekers and also leads as the country with the greatest diversity of outside searchers: people from more locations are searching in the US than any other country. Due to the volume of these searches, we have represented movement to the US on the left of the adjoining graph, while searches across the remaining countries are shown on the right.

Global Labor Movement Outside the US

Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Venezuela

Global Labor Movement Globally, 9.1% of people search for jobs outside of their current country.

Canada Mexico United States

Indian Subcontinent

India Pakistan

Destination of searches

China Hong Kong Japan Korea Taiwan

East Asia South East Asia Oceania

Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore

more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs in the other country Origin of searches

Australia New Zealand

Indeed Hiring Lab  15

External Competition Index

Drivers of Cross-Border Search

When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they’re looking for and the location in which they’d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given country from outside.

Luxembourg

67.1%

Qatar

58.1%

Oman

Population

The larger the population of a country, the more people search within that country from outside. At the same time, a large population correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, India and the US are large population countries. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these countries is relatively small.

Postings per 1,000 Population

The larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a country, the larger the total number and share of external searchers. More job postings per 1,000 people also correlates to a smaller number of people looking to move outside the country.

Unemployment

The higher the unemployment rate in a country, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that country.

Educational Attainment

The larger the share of a country’s population that has completed tertiary education, the smaller the share of residents searching for jobs in other countries.

GDP Per Capita (PPP)

The higher the GDP per capita, the larger the percentage of searches from outside that country.

38.7%

United Arab Emirates

37.2%

Singapore

34.7%

9.4%

United Kingdom

9.4%

Sweden

8.9%

Spain

8.4%

United States

8.4%

Germany

8.1%

Romania

8.1%

Italy

7.9%

Saudi Arabia

24.5%

Netherlands

6.9%

Venezuela

23.4%

France

6.7%

22.3%

Hong Kong

29.5%

Colombia

6.2%

South Africa

20.3%

Peru

6.0%

New Zealand

19.5%

Chile

6.0%

Switzerland

Norway

18.5%

Mexico

5.9%

Malaysia

18.4%

Philippines

5.5%

India

17.9%

Hungary

5.1%

17.7%

Indonesia

5.0%

Greece

4.5%

12.7%

Poland

4.4%

Austria Ireland Denmark

16.2%

Argentina

12.2%

Taiwan

3.7%

Republic of Korea

11.5%

Brazil

3.7%

Canada

11.4%

Czech Republic

3.6%

Australia

11.3%

China

3.0%

Belgium

11.0%

Turkey

2.5%

Japan

10.4%

Israel

2.0%

10.1%

Russian Federation

1.9%

Finland

© Indeed

52.9%

Bahrain

Portugal

16 

56.0%

Kuwait

Pakistan

9.6%

Indeed Hiring Lab  17

Location Desirability Index

This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100.

Movers Index

In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each country currently looking for a job outside that country.

Saudi Arabia 100.0

United States 31.3

India

28.7

United Kingdom 17.7

Canada

16.0

Japan

Venezuela

1.1

Luxembourg

Portugal

1.1

Oman

Philippines

1.0

Kuwait

Chile

0.9

Singapore

Hong Kong

0.9

Pakistan Malaysia

France

9.4

Romania

0.8

South Africa

9.3

Republic of Korea

0.8

65.0% 63.7% 53.6% 50.0% 48.7% 46.9% 45.5%

15.3%

Republic of Korea India

15.2%

Hungary

14.8%

Switzerland

14.7%

Belgium

13.1%

Czech Republic

12.8%

Canada

11.7%

Qatar

42.1%

Spain

11.6%

Brazil

6.8

Malaysia

0.7

Bahrain

41.4%

Germany

10.5%

Italy

6.4

Turkey

0.7

Hong Kong

40.2%

South Africa

10.5%

Germany

6.1

China

0.7

Philippines

30.6%

Argentina

9.9%

United Arab Emirates

6.0

Oman

0.7

Denmark

29.9%

United Kingdom

9.0%

Ireland

29.6%

United States

8.0%

28.4%

China

7.6%

Netherlands

6.5%

Australia

4.7

Kuwait

0.6

Switzerland

4.6

Pakistan

0.6

United Arab Emirates

Netherlands

4.3

Finland

0.5

Sweden

Mexico

3.5

Norway

0.5

Norway

25.3%

France

6.2%

Spain

3.3

Sweden

0.5

Australia

24.9%

Poland

5.9%

24.0%

Italy

5.9%

25.7%

Qatar

2.6

Saudi Arabia

0.5

New Zealand

Belgium

2.6

Hungary

0.4

Indonesia

19.5%

Chile

5.3%

Poland

2.4

Luxembourg

0.4

Romania

19.3%

Colombia

5.0%

18.9%

Peru

4.9%

Ireland

2.1

Bahrain

0.4

Venezuela

Colombia

1.9

Greece

0.3

Greece

18.2%

Turkey

4.9%

Russian Federation

1.8

Indonesia

0.3

Austria

18.0%

Mexico

4.8%

Portugal

17.8%

Russian Federation

18 

Argentina

1.7

Denmark

0.3

Singapore

1.6

Czech Republic

0.2

Taiwan

17.1%

Brazil

1.1%

Peru

1.3

Taiwan

0.1

Finland

16.9%

Japan

0.9%

New Zealand

1.3

Israel

0.1

Israel

16.6%

Austria

1.2

© Indeed

1.5%

Indeed Hiring Lab  19

Argentina

The unemployment rate in Argentina is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#23 for location desirability

Australia

The unemployment rate in Australia is 2.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#12 for location desirability

Argentina Unemployment Rate

Argentina ranks 26th for GDP worldwide. “Sin experiencia” (no experience) and limpieza (cleaning) are top search terms in Argentina from both inside and outside the country. “English” and “marketing” are top search terms for US residents searching in Argentina.

7.2%

Australia Unemployment Rate

Australia ranks 12th for GDP worldwide. Australia is the third most popular destination for searches for oil and mining related jobs.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Argentina

People in Argentina are searching in these countries Argentina

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

3.3% Colombia

5.2% 8.0%

People in these countries are searching in Australia

People in Australia are searching in these countries Australia

Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

22.4%

India Mexico Japan Peru

Spain

Postings and Population

41.49 million population

0.9 United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

20 

© Indeed

New Zealand

job postings (per 1000 population)

37

job posting rank

Postings and Population

23.20 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

population

5.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

19

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  21

Brazil

The unemployment rate in Brazil is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#8 for location desirability

Canada

The unemployment rate in Canada is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#4 for location desirability

Brazil Unemployment Rate

Brazil ranks 7th for GDP worldwide. “Engenheiro” (engineer) is a top search term for US residents searching in Brazil.

6.9%

Canada Unemployment Rate

Canada ranks 11th for GDP worldwide and is the most popular destination for people searching for nursing jobs.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Brazil

People in Brazil are searching in these countries Brazil

Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

5.2%

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Canada

People in Canada are searching in these countries Australia

Canada

Germany

France

Italy

India

Portugal

Postings and Population

Phillippines

198.29 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

22 

© Indeed

population

1.6

job postings (per 1000 population)

9

job posting rank

7.2%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

28.0%

Postings and Population

35.11 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

population

6.6

job postings (per 1000 population)

12

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  23

China

The unemployment rate in China is 3.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#37 for location desirability

Czech Republic #51 for location desirability

China Unemployment Rate

China ranks 2nd for GDP worldwide. “English,” “finance,” and “marketing” are top search terms for US residents searching for jobs in China.

4.5%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

The Czech Republic ranks 51st for GDP worldwide. “S ubytováním” (with accommodation) is a top search term for those looking for jobs in the Czech Republic from the UK.

People in China are searching in these countries Canada

China

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

3.9%

Czech Republic Unemployment Rate

7.0%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in China

The unemployment rate in the Czech Republic is 1.0 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

People in these countries are searching in the Czech Republic

People in the Czech Republic are searching in these countries Austria Canada

8.0%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

5.6%

Czech Republic

Hong Kong

Germany Japan Pakistan Taiwan

Postings and Population

1.36 billion United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

24 

© Indeed

population

2.5

job postings (per 1000 population)

1

job posting rank

Postings and Population Poland United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

10.52 million population

12.1

job postings (per 1000 population)

16

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  25

France

The unemployment rate in France is 1.9 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

#6 for location desirability

Germany

The unemployment rate in Germany is 2.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#10 for location desirability

France Unemployment Rate

France ranks 5th for GDP worldwide. “Comptable” (accounting) is the top search term for UK residents seeking jobs in France.

9.9%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Germany Unemployment Rate

Germany ranks 4th for GDP worldwide. “Teilzeit” (part time) is a top search term from both inside and outside of Germany. “English” is a top search term in Germany from both US and UK residents.

8.0% People in these countries are searching in France

People in France are searching in these countries Belgium

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

10.6% Canada

5.4%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Germany

People in Germany are searching in these countries Austria

Germany

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

12.8%

Netherlands France Poland Switzerland

United Kingdom

Postings and Population

63.66 million population

6.6 United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

26 

© Indeed

Switzerland

job postings (per 1000 population)

8

job posting rank

Postings and Population

80.80 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

population

5.8

job postings (per 1000 population)

7

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  27

India

The unemployment rate in India is 4.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#2 for location desirability

Indonesia

The unemployment rate in Indonesia is 1.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#49 for location desirability

India Unemployment Rate

India ranks 10th for GDP worldwide. India is the most popular destination for people searching for both IT and sales related jobs.

3.4%

Indonesia Unemployment Rate

Indonesia ranks 16th for GDP worldwide. “Driver” and “operator” are the top two search terms used by US residents looking for jobs in Indonesia.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in India

People in India are searching in these countries Australia

Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

4.1%

6.6% 8.0%

People in these countries are searching in Indonesia

People in Indonesia are searching in these countries Australia Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

1.7%

India India

Indonesia Malaysia

Qatar

UAE

Postings and Population

1.24 billion United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

28 

© Indeed

population

0.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

10

job posting rank

Pakistan Singapore

Postings and Population

247.95 million population

United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

0.1

job postings (per 1000 population)

40

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  29

Ireland

The unemployment rate in Ireland is 6.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

#20 for location desirability

Israel

The unemployment rate in Israel is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#53 for location desirability

Ireland Unemployment Rate

Ireland ranks 47th for GDP worldwide. “Pharmacist” is the top job sought by UK residents looking for jobs in Ireland.

14.7%

Israel Unemployment Rate

Israel ranks 40th for GDP worldwide. “English” is the top search term for US residents looking for jobs in Israel.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Ireland

People in Ireland are searching in these countries Australia

Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

20.2%

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Israel

People in Israel are searching in these countries Canada

France

France

Germany

Ireland

Israel

India

Postings and Population

Russia

4.78 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

30 

© Indeed

population

8.7

job postings (per 1000 population)

34

job posting rank

6.9%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

24.3%

Postings and Population

7.87 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

population

8.2

job postings (per 1000 population)

31

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  31

Italy

The unemployment rate in Italy is 2.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

#9 for location desirability

Japan

The unemployment rate in Japan is 3.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#5 for location desirability

Italy Unemployment Rate

Italy ranks 9th for GDP worldwide. “Hotel” and “marketing” are popular search terms for UK residents looking for jobs in Italy.

10.7%

Japan Unemployment Rate

Japan ranks 3rd for GDP worldwide. “英語” (English) is the top search term used by US residents searching for jobs in Japan.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Italy

People in Italy are searching in these countries France

Germany

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

6.6%

4.3% 8.0%

People in these countries are searching in Japan

People in Japan are searching in these countries Australia Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

24.0%

China Italy

India Japan

Romania

Switzerland

Postings and Population

59.69 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

32 

© Indeed

Korea Taiwan

population

3.5

job postings (per 1000 population)

13

job posting rank

Postings and Population

127.34 million population

United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

12.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

3

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  33

Republic of Korea #34 for location desirability The Republic of Korea ranks 15th for GDP worldwide. “MBA” is a popular search term for US residents searching for jobs in Korea.

The unemployment rate in South Korea is 4.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Republic of Korea Unemployment Rate

3.2%

Netherlands

The unemployment rate in the Netherlands is 2.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#14 for location desirability The Netherlands ranks 18th for GDP worldwide. “Administratief” (administrative) is a popular search term in the Netherlands from both inside and outside the country.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in these countries are searching in Korea

People in Korea are searching in these countries Australia Canada

8.0%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.

China

5.3%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in these countries are searching in the Netherlands

People in the Netherlands are searching in these countries Belgium

Tertiary Education Completion Rate

17.9%

Netherlands Unemployment Rate

8.0%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

Canada

16.5%

German

Japan United Kingdom Korea Postings and Population Philippines United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

34 

© Indeed

Netherlands

50.22 million population

15.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

6

job posting rank

Postings and Population

16.80 million Poland

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

population

7.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

18

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  35

Russian Federation #22 for location desirability The Russian Federation ranks 8th for GDP worldwide. “водитель” (driver) is the top search term in Russia from both inside and outside the country.

The unemployment rate in the Russian Federation is 2.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Russian Federation Unemployment Rate

5.5%

Saudi Arabia #44 for location desirability Saudi Arabia ranks 19th for GDP worldwide. “IT” is the top search term in Saudia Arabia from both inside and outside the country.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in these countries are searching in the Russian Federation

People in the Russian Federation are searching in these countries Canada Germany

8.0%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over.

Saudi Arabia Unemployment Rate

5.6%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in these countries are searching in Saudi Arabia

People in Saudi Arabia are searching in these countries India

Tertiary Education Completion Rate

23.3%

The unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia is 2.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

8.0%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

Pakistan

8.7%

Netherlands Qatar

Poland Russia Sweden Turkey

Saudi Arabia Postings and Population

142.93 million population

United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

36 

© Indeed

UAE

10.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

4

job posting rank

Postings and Population

29.99 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

population

1.7

job postings (per 1000 population)

32

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  37

Singapore

The unemployment rate in Singapore is 5.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

#24 for location desirability

South Africa

The unemployment rate in South Africa is 17 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

#7 for location desirability

Singapore Unemployment Rate

Singapore ranks 36th for GDP worldwide. “Director” and “head” are the top two search terms used by Indian residents searching for jobs in Singapore.

2.8%

South Africa Unemployment Rate

South Africa ranks 29th for GDP worldwide. “Driver,” “general worker,” “security,” and “cleaning” are popular search terms for people searching for jobs in South Africa.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Singapore

People in Singapore are searching in these countries Canada India

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

25.0% 8.0%

People in these countries are searching in South Africa

People in South Africa are searching in these countries Australia

12.2%

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

0.6% Canada

Malaysia India

Phillippines Poland Postings and Population Singapore United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

38 

© Indeed

5.40 million population

South Africa

United Kingdom

13.5

job postings (per 1000 population)

28

job posting rank

Postings and Population

52.98 million population

2.3 United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

job postings (per 1000 population)

17

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  39

Spain

The unemployment rate in Spain is 17.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

#16 for location desirability

Sweden

The unemployment rate in Sweden is equivalent to the advanced economy average. Sweden Unemployment Rate

#43 for location desirability

8.0%

Spain Unemployment Rate

Spain ranks 13th for GDP worldwide. “English” is the top search term for both US and UK residents looking for jobs in Spain.

25.2%

Sweden ranks 22nd for GDP worldwide. “VD” (CEO) is a top search term in Sweden from both inside and outside the country.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0%

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Spain

People in Spain are searching in these countries Argentina

Colombia

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

16.6%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in these countries are searching in Sweden

People in Sweden are searching in these countries Finland

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

16.7%

France Germany

France

Norway Mexico Poland Spain

Postings and Population

46.61 million United Kingdom

United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

40 

© Indeed

population

1.5

job postings (per 1000 population)

29

job posting rank

Postings and Population Sweden United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

9.64 million population

4.7

job postings (per 1000 population)

33

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  41

Turkey

The unemployment rate in Turkey is 1.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

#36 for location desirability

United Arab Emirates #11 for location desirability

Turkey Unemployment Rate

Turkey ranks 17th for GDP worldwide. “Şoför” (driver) is the top search term in Turkey from both inside and outside the country.

9.2%

United Arab Emirates Unemployment Rate

The UAE ranks 30th for GDP worldwide. “Accountant” is a top search term in the UAE from both inside and outside the country.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in Turkey are searching in these countries Canada France

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

5.9%

8.0% People in these countries are searching in the United Arab Emirates

People in the United Arab Emirates are searching in these countries Canada India

Germany

Pakistan

Russia

Phillippines

Turkey

Qatar Postings and Population

UAE United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

42 

© Indeed

76.48 million population

1.4

job postings (per 1000 population)

21

job posting rank

3.8%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in Turkey

The unemployment rate in the UAE is 4.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

10.1%

Postings and Population UAE United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

9.03 million population

7.3

job postings (per 1000 population)

30

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  43

United Kingdom #3 for location desirability

The unemployment rate in the UK is 0.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average.

United States #1 for location desirability

United Kingdom Unemployment Rate

The UK ranks 6th for GDP worldwide, and is the top source for international searches for flexible jobs.

7.9%

United States Unemployment Rate

The US ranks first for GDP worldwide. IT-related search terms such as “java,” “oracle,” “sql,” and “.net” are top search terms for people in India looking for jobs in the US.

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

People in the United Kingdom are searching in these countries Canada France

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

13.6%

India

8.1%

Average Unemployment Rate of Advanced Economies

8.0% People in these countries are searching in the United Kingdom

The unemployment rate in the US is 0.1 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average.

8.0% People in these countries are searching in the United States

People in the United States are searching in these countries Australia Canada

Educational attainment of population aged 25 and over. Tertiary Education Completion Rate

31.6%

India

Ireland

Japan

Italy South Africa Spain

Phillippines Postings and Population

64.09 million population

United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

44 

© Indeed

16.6

job postings (per 1000 population)

5

job posting rank

Postings and Population South Africa United Kingdom United States Line thickness indicates relative volume of searches

316.37 million population

9.1

job postings (per 1000 population)

2

job posting rank

Indeed Hiring Lab  45

Economic and Demographic Statistics Table Population in 2013 (thousands) 1

% of Pop in Indeed Countries

Unemployment Rate in 2012 2

Number of Job Postings per 1,000 Residents 3

% of Worldwide Indeed Job Postings

GDP (PPP) Per Person in 2013 4

Tertiary Education Completion % 5

Argentina (AR)

41,492

0.8%

7.2%

0.9

0.20%

$18,749.34

3.31%

Norway (NO)

Australia (AU)

23,207

0.4%

5.2%

5.3

0.80%

$43,073.06

22.35%

Oman (OM)

8,484

0.2%

4.3%

4.4

0.20%

$42,596.55

9.52%

Pakistan (PK)

Bahrain (BH)

1,174

0.0%

7.4%

4.1

0.00%

$34,584.44

4.43%

Belgium (BE)

11,162

0.2%

7.5%

10.4

0.70%

$37,880.51

20.40%

Country

Austria (AT)

Brazil (BR)

Country

Population in 2013 (thousands) 1

% of Pop in Indeed Countries

Unemployment Rate in 2012 2

Number of Job Postings per 1,000 Residents 3

% of Worldwide Indeed Job Postings

GDP (PPP) Per Person in 2013 4

Tertiary Education Completion % 5

5,096

0.1%

3.2%

6.1

0.20%

$54,946.68

14.58%

3,186

0.1%

8.1%

1.0

0.00%

$29,813.16

N/A

182,589

3.5%

5.1%

0.1

0.10%

$3,149.42

5.24%

Peru (PE)

30,946

0.6%

4.0%

2.8

0.50%

$11,123.70

16.56%

Philippines (PH)

97,484

1.9%

7.0%

0.8

0.50%

$4,681.96

22.37% 9.11%

198,000

3.8%

6.9%

1.6

2.00%

$12,220.90

5.20%

Poland (PL)

38,533

0.7%

10.1%

4.6

1.10%

$21,214.30

Canada (CA)

35,105

0.7%

7.2%

6.6

1.50%

$43,471.73

28.00%

Portugal (PT)

10,613

0.2%

15.6%

2.3

0.20%

$23,068.36

3.84%

Chile (CL)

17,557

0.3%

6.4%

4.0

0.40%

$19,067.25

11.65%

Qatar (QA)

2,020

0.0%

0.6%

7.1

0.10%

$98,813.66

11.62%

1,360,763

26.1%

4.5%

2.5

21.40%

$9,844.03

3.91%

Romania (RO)

21,285

0.4%

7.0%

0.8

0.10%

$13,395.90

6.48%

Colombia (CO)

47,151

0.9%

10.4%

2.0

0.60%

$11,188.81

8.46%

Russian Federation (RU)

142,929

2.7%

5.5%

10.3

9.30%

$17,884.49

23.28%

Czech Republic (CZ)

10,516

0.2%

7.0%

12.1

0.80%

$27,200.05

5.60%

Saudi Arabia (SA)

29,994

0.6%

5.6%

1.7

0.30%

$31,244.74

8.71%

Denmark (DK)

5,591

0.1%

7.5%

4.1

0.10%

$37,900.46

12.53%

Singapore (SG)

5,399

0.1%

2.8%

13.5

0.50%

$64,583.63

12.19%

Finland (FI)

5,451

0.1%

7.6%

4.9

0.20%

$35,616.55

13.06%

South Africa (ZA)

52,982

1.0%

25.0%

2.3

0.80%

$11,259.14

0.60%

France (FR)

63,660

1.2%

9.9%

6.6

2.60%

$35,784.00

10.55%

Spain (ES)

46,610

0.9%

25.2%

1.5

0.40%

$29,851.10

16.55%

Germany (DE)

80,800

1.5%

5.4%

5.8

3.00%

$40,006.74

12.77%

Sweden (SE)

9,635

0.2%

8.0%

4.7

0.30%

$41,188.39

16.74%

Greece (GR)

11,063

0.2%

24.2%

1.0

0.10%

$24,011.96

22.37%

Switzerland (CH)

8,003

0.2%

4.2%

11.6

0.60%

$46,430.13

12.38%

7,244

0.1%

3.3%

12.1

0.60%

$52,721.97

7.25%

Taiwan (TW)

23,374

0.4%

4.2%

10.4

1.50%

$39,767.01

10.63% 8.77%

China (CN)

Hong Kong (HK) Hungary (HU)

9,879

0.2%

10.9%

3.9

0.20%

$20,065.08

12.58%

Thailand (TH)

68,229

1.3%

0.7%

1.2

0.50%

$9,874.51

1,243,337

23.8%

3.4%

0.3

2.00%

$4,077.06

4.07%

Turkey (TR)

76,484

1.5%

9.2%

1.4

0.70%

$15,352.61

5.85%

247,954

4.8%

6.6%

0.1

0.20%

$5,214.06

1.73%

United Arab Emirates (AE)

9,031

0.2%

3.8%

7.3

0.40%

$30,122.11

10.10%

4,776

0.1%

14.7%

8.7

0.30%

$39,547.35

20.18%

United Kingdom (UK)

64,087

1.2%

7.9%

16.6

6.70%

$37,306.60

13.63%

Israel (IL)

7,871

0.2%

6.9%

8.2

0.40%

$34,770.10

24.31%

United States (US)

Italy (IT)

59,685

1.1%

10.7%

3.5

1.30%

$30,289.42

6.64%

127,341

2.4%

4.3%

12.3

9.90%

$36,899.36

24.01%

50,220

1.0%

3.2%

15.3

4.80%

$33,189.06

17.92%

3,890

0.1%

1.5%

1.6

0.00%

$39,706.14

4.61%

542

0.0%

5.1%

14.3

0.00%

$78,669.78

10.87%

India (IN) Indonesia (ID) Ireland (IE)

Japan (JP) Republic of Korea (KR) Kuwait (KW) Luxembourg (LU) Malaysia (MY)

29,620

0.6%

3.1%

1.2

0.20%

$17,747.97

5.03%

118,397

2.3%

4.9%

1.1

0.80%

$15,562.60

13.91%

Netherlands (NL)

16,795

0.3%

5.3%

7.3

0.80%

$41,710.70

16.45%

New Zealand (NZ)

4,479

0.1%

6.9%

4.4

0.10%

$30,493.26

24.40%

Mexico (MX)

316,373

6.1%

8.1%

9.1

18.20%

$53,101.01

31.59%

Venezuela (VE)

29,985

0.6%

7.8%

0.4

0.10%

$13,604.75

4.09%

Vietnam (VN)

89,691

1.7%

2.0%

0.8

0.40%

$4,011.51

3.01%

1  Source: World Economic Outlook 2  Advanced Economy average unemployment rate is 8.0 3  Average job postings per 1,000 residents is 3.0 4  Advanced Economy average for 2013 is $41,652.94 (USD $) 5  Average Advanced Economy Average is 20.3% for ages 25 years and older; Source: Barro and Lee

46 

© Indeed

Indeed Hiring Lab  47

Economic and Demographic Statistics Table Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country

Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches

Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Argentina (AR)

US

CO

MX

ES

PE

US

ES

CO

MX

PE

Norway (NO)

Australia (AU)

US

UK

IN

NZ

CA

US

IN

JP

UK

CA

Oman (OM)

Austria (AT)

DE

HU

US

CH

IT

DE

US

CH

UK

IT

Bahrain (BH)

IN

US

PK

SA

AE

US

IN

AE

QA

Belgium (BE)

NL

FR

US

UK

DE

FR

NL

US

UK

Brazil (BR)

US

PT

CA

UK

DE

US

PT

UK

CA

IT

Canada (CA)

US

UK

IN

FR

PH

US

UK

FR

IN

AU

Chile (CL)

US

ES

PE

CO

AR

US

ES

CO

PE

MX

Qatar (QA)

China (CN)

US

HK

TW

CA

UK

US

JP

UK

CA

HK

Romania (RO)

Colombia (CO)

US

MX

PE

ES

VE

US

ES

MX

PE

AR

Russian Federation (RU)

Czech Republic (CZ)

US

UK

DE

PL

PK

US

UK

DE

AT

CA

Saudi Arabia (SA)

Denmark (DK)

US

UK

SE

DE

PK

US

UK

DE

CA

NO

Singapore (SG)

Finland (FI)

US

UK

CA

SE

DE

US

UK

CA

ZA

SE

France (FR)

US

UK

BE

CA

CH

US

CH

UK

CA

Germany (DE)

US

PL

AT

UK

CH

US

UK

CH

PL

Greece (GR)

US

UK

DE

PK

NL

US

UK

DE

Hong Kong (HK)

US

UK

CN

IN

CA

US

UK

CN

Hungary (HU)

US

DE

RO

UK

AT

US

UK

AT

India (IN)

US

AU

UK

AE

CA

US

UK

AE

Indonesia (ID)

US

SG

IN

PK

MY

US

UK

IN

Ireland (IE)

UK

US

CA

IN

FR

UK

US

Israel (IL)

US

UK

DE

FR

CA

US

Italy (IT)

US

UK

DE

RO

CH

US

Japan (JP)

US

AU

CN

KR

TW

Republic of Korea (KR)

US

JP

CA

CN

AU

Kuwait (KW)

IN

US

PK

AE

SA

Luxembourg (LU)

FR

DE

BE

US

UK

Malaysia (MY)

US

AU

IN

SG

ID

Mexico (MX)

US

CO

ES

AR

PE

Netherlands (NL)

US

BE

UK

DE

CA

New Zealand (NZ)

US

UK

AU

IN

CA

48 

© Indeed

Country

Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

US

SE

PL

UK

DK

US

UK

PL

SE

CA

IN

PK

AE

US

QA

US

IN

AE

UK

QA

Pakistan (PK)

US

UK

IE

CA

AE

US

AE

UK

CA

QA

UK

Peru (PE)

US

CO

ES

MX

AR

CO

US

ES

MX

CL

CA

Philippines (PH)

US

SA

CA

KR

SG

US

CA

UK

AE

QA

Poland (PL)

DE

UK

US

NL

SG

US

UK

DE

CA

FR

Portugal (PT)

US

BR

UK

FR

CH

BR

US

UK

FR

CA

IN

US

AE

SA

UK

US

AE

UK

IN

CA

US

UK

IT

DE

SG

US

UK

IT

DE

FR

US

UK

DE

SE

NL

US

UK

PL

TR

CA

IN

US

PK

AE

UK

US

IN

UK

QA

AE

IN

US

MY

PH

UK

US

IN

UK

PL

CA

South Africa (ZA)

US

UK

IN

CA

AU

US

UK

CA

AU

IN

BE

Spain (ES)

US

UK

CO

MX

AR

US

UK

FR

MX

CO

NL

Sweden (SE)

US

UK

NO

DE

FI

US

UK

PL

NO

FR

CA

AE

Switzerland (CH)

FR

DE

US

IT

UK

US

FR

DE

UK

IT

CA

IN

Taiwan (TW)

US

HK

CN

PK

JP

US

JP

CN

UK

CA

DE

CA

Thailand (TH)

US

IN

UK

FR

CA

US

UK

JP

CA

AU

CA

QA

Turkey (TR)

US

RU

DE

UK

FR

US

UK

DE

CA

AE

CA

AU

United Arab Emirates (AE)

IN

US

PK

UK

PH

US

UK

IN

CA

QA

CA

IN

AU

United Kingdom (UK)

US

IN

IE

FR

ES

US

FR

IT

CA

ZA

UK

CA

RU

FR

United States (US)

IN

UK

CA

PH

AU

IN

JP

CA

UK

ZA

UK

CH

FR

DE

Venezuela (VE)

US

CO

MX

ES

AR

CO

US

ES

MX

AR

US

UK

CA

KR

IN

Vietnam (VN)

US

SG

CA

UK

FR

US

UK

JP

CA

IN

US

JP

CA

UK

PH

US

IN

CA

UK

AE

FR

US

BE

UK

DE

US

UK

SG

IN

CA

US

CO

ES

CA

PE

US

BE

UK

PL

DE

US

UK

AU

CA

ZA

Indeed Hiring Lab  49

Data & Methodology

50 

© Indeed

Indeed Hiring Lab  51

If the same searcher looks in more than one country, we count

In addition to studying searches, we examined the data from

them once for each country in which they search (including

job postings on Indeed, which include millions of jobs from

their own), but we only count one search per locality per IP

thousands of sources. The number of job postings on Indeed

The focus of this report is on job seeker interest in cross-

address per month. We conducted our main analysis on the

does not reflect a precise number of available jobs. A posting

The international directed graph shows the flow between

border job moves. Our main source of information included

average monthly count of searchers within each locality over

might refer to an unspecified number of job openings, it may

countries and economies, where each line represents at

aggregated and anonymous search data from Indeed sites in

the period of May 2013 through April 2014. Focusing on a full

be listed in numerous places, and it may remain online for a

least 2% of the searchers from the originating country

55 countries and economies.1

year of data allows us to smooth out seasonal movements in

period after it has been filled. Job postings do offer, however,

searching in the receiving country.

job seeker behavior.

a gauge of the broad share of job openings in the economy.

Data Sources

For this analysis, we define a cross-border searcher as

Directed Graphs Methodology

We used the average number of monthly job postings over one

The directed graphs reported in the country profiles identify

someone who, based on their IP address location, is currently

In addition to the location of the job seeker and the job

year (May 2014 through April 2014), which were considered

the top five countries in terms of searches to and from each

located in one of these places but conducts at least one

search, we also examined the top keywords entered by job

for searchers in each of the 55 economies analyzed.

locality, regardless of the share of searchers.

search using an Indeed site for another country. A home

seekers. We considered the actual search terms used by

searcher is defined as someone who searches the Indeed site

people outside a location searching within that location, and

We supplemented the Indeed data sources with data from

for the same country as their IP address location.

then grouped common search terms by field, as defined below.

the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Barro-Lee dataset. From the World Bank, we used

Field

query word in

Oil, Gas, or Mining

oil, gas, mining, petroleum

Nurse, RN, or Nursing

nurse, nursing, rn, lpn, cna, lvn

Java, Software, Developer, or IT

java, software, developer, IT, engineer, analyst, computer, sql, web, information, oracle, network, engineering, gis, programmer, intelligence, javascript, html, python, database

Accountant

accountant, accounting, accounts, cpa, controller, payroll

Sales

sales, salesperson

Teacher or Teaching

teacher, teaching, preschool, school, education

Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology

the 2012 unemployment rates for each location based on the standardized International Labour Organization (ILO)

In order to explore the relationship between cross-border

definition. From the IMF’s April 2014 World Economic Outlook,

job seeker behavior and economic indicators, we

we obtained estimates from 2013 regarding the Gross

reported correlations and estimates from simple linear

Domestic Product based on GDP purchasing-power-parity

regressions of our various index values as well as the

(PPP) per capita and the population of each country. To collect

economic and postings data discussed above. We

data on the percentage of the population aged 25 and over

acknowledge that the term “drivers” is being used loosely

who have completed tertiary education, we relied on data

here, and it is based on correlations rather than strictly

from the Barro-Lee dataset.

identified causal connections.

2

1  We have search data from more than 230 IP locations worldwide and could have included all of these locations in our analysis. We limited the sample to

Flexible Jobs

internship, intern, summer, temporary, part time

Visa or Sponsorship

visa, sponsorship

   countries with Indeed sites, and further limited it by excluding Thailand and Vietnam from our rankings. These are Indeed’s newest sites. Because they were    launched in June 2013, we do not have complete search data for the entirety of the sample year. 2  Barro, R. and Lee, J. (2013). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, [online] Volume 104,

Interpreter

52 

© Indeed

interpreter, translator, language

   September 2013, pp.184–198. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387812000855 [Accessed 10 June. 2014].

Indeed Hiring Lab  53

Index Methodology

Location Desirability Index Our location desirability rankings are based on the total number of external searchers (as opposed to being based on

External Competition Index

the share of external searchers from our External Competition

Our external competition rankings examine the share of job

Index). The more external searchers a country has, the higher

seekers who search in a particular country from outside that

it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on

country. We consider this a measure of external competition

a normalized scale, with the US (our top-ranked country for

because people often think of only the local population as

location desirability) equal to 100.

being competition for local jobs. However, if a relatively large number of outsiders are also looking for jobs in that area, the

Movers Index

labor market may be tighter than it first appears.

In contrast to the previous indices, our movers rankings show the percentage of unique job seekers in each country currently

It is important to keep in mind that this index is based on

looking for a job outside that country. The key difference here

where the searchers are looking for jobs, not on where the

is that we are now focusing on where job seekers are currently

searchers are currently located.

located rather than where they are looking to move.

54 

© Indeed

Indeed Hiring Lab  55

About Indeed

56 

© Indeed

Indeed Hiring Lab  57

About the Author

About Indeed Hiring Lab

About Indeed

Tara M. Sinclair, PhD, is an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University and an economist at Indeed. Her research focuses on examining historical patterns in data to understand both the current and past structure of the labor market and to forecast future movements. As Indeed Economist, Tara is developing original research using proprietary Indeed data to uncover exclusive insights into the labor market.

The Indeed Hiring Lab is a global research institute committed to advancing the knowledge of human resource and talent management professionals worldwide. Led by Dr. Tara Sinclair, Indeed Economist and an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University, the Indeed Hiring Lab research agenda includes large-scale labor research projects, ongoing tracking and analysis of employment trends, and surveys of industry professionals.

More people find jobs on Indeed than anywhere else. Job seekers can search millions of jobs on the web or mobile in over 50 countries. More than 140 million people each month search for jobs, post resumes, and research companies on Indeed, and Indeed is the #1 source of external hires for thousands of companies.

In addition to her research, Tara is frequently invited to brief the media on economic and labor trends as well as offer commentary. She has been quoted in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post, and she has appeared on CNN, C-Span, NPR, Fox Business, Bloomberg Radio and TV, and many other local and international news programs.

For more information, visit indeed.com.

Contributors Nayna Ahmed, Zak Cocos, Steven Fazzio, Chris Hadley, Eleanor Hooker

58 

© Indeed

Indeed Hiring Lab  59