Welcome to History 06 History of the Americas II Prof. Valadez 1

Welcome to History 06 History of the Americas II Prof. Valadez 1 • For course info, syllabus, assignments, readings, lectures, and grades • http://...
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Welcome to History 06 History of the Americas II Prof. Valadez

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• For course info, syllabus, assignments, readings, lectures, and grades • http://www.professormgvaladez.com/

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Topics • Review: American Revolution, Haitian Revolution, and Mexico’s Wars of Independence • Wars of Independence in South America – How were Americas’ wars of independence similar and different in their struggles and achievements? • Participation Assignment #1 • Exam 1 Sept. 30 3

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European Settlements and Indians, 1754

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Map 4.4 Eastern North America after the Peace of Paris, 1763

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• Stamp Act 1765 – Internal tax on all legal documents. – Argument over virtual representation versus direct representation – British Govt. had not taxed colonies on internal products in the past. – Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies

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Quebec Act 1774

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• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense – anti-British propaganda –Calls for independence – Links independence with a sense of religious mission

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July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence List of grievances against the King of England Treaty of Paris 1783 U.S. gains its independence U.S. Constitution 1787

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation 1775

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Loyalist migration to Canada

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The Constitutional Convention This painting of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by an unknown artist shows George Washington presiding. Because the convention met in secrecy, the artist used his imagination to paint the scene. Independence National Historical Park

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U.S. Constitution 1787 Argentina Constitution 1853, 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 Brazil, seven constitutions, 1988 China, 1954, 1975, 1978, 1982 France 1791, 1958 Mexico 1824, 1835, 1917 Spain 1978

War of Independence in New Spain • Influence – Ideas of Enlightenment • social contract (Rousseau) – The state rules by the "consent of the governed"

– American Revolution 1776-1783 – French Revolution 1787-1799 – Haitian Revolution 1790-1804

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Toussaint L’Ouverture (1743-1803)

Jungle / Guerrilla Warfare

• Jacques Desallines • 1804 Massacre

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War of Independence in New Spain

• External Factors

– 1808 Spain invaded by French troops – Napoleon’s sets his brother Joseph on Spanish throne – Spanish King is in Cadiz

May 3, 1808

War of Independence in New Spain • Internal Factors – Criollo discontent

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753-1811

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El Zorro Criollo Guanajuato Educated in Jesuit college Liberal priest 1808 family loses hacienda Organizes literary club

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Padre Miguel Hidalgo

Schaalkwijk/Art Resource, NY

September 16, 1810 El Grito de Dolores My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once… Will not you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines!

Insurgents

Spanish loyalist • La virgen de los remedios

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753-1811 • Social Revolution – End of caste system

• Almost no criollo support • Oct. 30 retreats from Mexico City • July 31, 1811 executed in Chihuahua, Chihuahua

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Jose Maria Morelos

1813 Sentimientos de la Nación ("Feelings of the Nation“)

• America is free and independent of Spain and all other nations, governments, or monarchies. • The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others will be tolerated. • Division of powers into appropriate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. • Jobs to be reserved for Americans only. • An end to slavery and discrimination based on castes. • December 12 to be dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe , and celebrated.

December 22, 1815

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1815-1821

Spanish Loyalist • Agustin de Iturbide

Insurgents • Vicente Guerrero Acapulco • Felix Fernandez Oaxaca • Javier Mina

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Abrazo de Acatempa Feb.10 1821

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Plan de Iguala 1821 1. The Mexican nation is independent of the Spanish nation, and of every other, even on its own Continent. 2. Its religion shall be the Catholic, which all its inhabitants profess. 3. They shall be all united, without any distinction between Americans and Europeans. 8. His Majesty Ferdinand VII shall be invited to the throne of the empire, and in case of his refusal, the Infantes Don Carlos and Don Francisco de Paula. 9. Should His Majesty Ferdinand VII and his august brothers decline the invitation, the nation is at liberty to invite to the imperial throne any member of reigning families whom it may select.

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Treaty of Córdoba • August 24, 1821 • Augstín de Iturbide • the last royal viceroy Juan de O’ Donojú

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1st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide • Generalísimo de Tierra y Mar (120,000 pesos) • Becomes emperor July 21, 1822 • U.S. minister Joel Poinsett • Caudillo – Dissolves legislative branch

• Sends troops to Central America to crush rebellion

Argentina • In 1807—Britain invasions creoles defeat the British. • In May 1810 launches independence movement. – Struggles between Porteños & people from interior – Jose de San Martin

Bolivia • • • •

Conservative, mostly indigenous In 1809,1813,1815—Buenos Aires invasions Loyalty to Peru Montoneros, mixed group, radicals

Uruguay • Argentina-Brazil conflict • Jose Gervasio Artigas

Paraguay • Smooth transition to independence • Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia , dictator

Chile • Peru-Argentina • Bernardo O’Higgins

Peru • Most conservative • Last to support Independence

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Bolivar’s Accomplishment

Primary Source Activity • • • • • • •

What is the name of the source? Who wrote it? When was it written? What is the historical context of the document? What is the author’s bias? What did the author hope to achieve? Where were the justifications for the rebellion?

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Simon Bolivar

Brazil • 1822 – declared independence from Portugal • 1824 Pedro became constitutional monarch

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