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Welcome to Drawing! TO DRAW IS TO ________?________

Drawing is…. Depth & Perspective creating a sense of space and eye level Light and shadow Drawing Techniques and Approaches Contour Line, beautiful lines Mark making and markmaking systems Drawing to render (create) the illusion of 3-D form Traditional Drawing Subject Matter Designing

From The College Board’s AP Studio Art Course Description, 2013

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These are some of the supplies used for drawing: Graphite pencil examples       

6H very light, hard 3H light, hard HB 2B soft, dark 4B soft very dark 6B very soft, very dark 8B very dark, soft, black

Erasers  white nylon eraser (good for smooth paper)  yellow Artgum eraser (good for rough paper)  kneaded rubber (Squish the eraser in your fingers, then press it to the drawing. It lifts value.) Ebony pencil - a brand name of pencil, it has a thick, black, smooth lead black charcoal pencil white charcoal pencil paper blending stump (or tortillon) Made of paper, it can be used to blur lines. When it is rubbed on value scribbled on scratch paper, it picks up value on the tip of the stump. Then the stump can be used as a pencil. Clean the stump with sandpaper.

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Review of Drawing Techniques Drawing Review

Drawing from Observation/ Ways to analyze what you see: Look at geometric shapes Compare objects to geometric shapes (circle, square, rectangle, oval, triangle, etc.) Looking at geometric shapes helps you to figure out a complicated subject. Look at the contours Draw only smooth lines, usually outline. Look at the outermost edge of the subject first. Use sighting Sighting is a technique that analyzes relationship of parts to the whole. It uses one eye, one hand and your pencil. Look at lighting on the subject Use blended shading to illustrate highlights and dark shadows on a subject matter. This type of drawing looks 3-D. Types of Drawings: Sketch - quick rough drawing without much detail that can be used as a plan or reference for another work of art. mark making - this drawing technique that focuses on the use of many different short lines to create an overall composition or subject

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contour drawing-drawing that contains lines that create boundaries that separate one area from another, also called “line drawing” blind contour drawing -a drawing created when the artist looks only at the object they are drawing (and not at their paper) continuous line drawing -contour drawing that includes uninterrupted line or contour gesture drawing - line drawing done quickly to capture movement of the subject A value drawing creates the illusion of being 3-D. Value drawing includes the principle of chiaroscuro (modeling or rendering an object's surface to show changes between light and dark). Chiaroscuro was a characteristic of drawings and paintings developed by artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo during the High Renaissance 1490-1520. What is value? Value is the amount of lightness or darkness on the subject (in real life and in art).

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What is the Value Scale? The value scale is an orderly arrangement of values from white to black with a gradual shift in gray values in between white and black. The value scale is also called the grayscale. The value scale shows a range from white to black with gray values in between. The number of boxes in the scale can vary, but the grays should become lighter or darker in regular intervals.

The value scales above use a smooth technique called blended shading.

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Shading Techniques Shading Techniques add value and form (3-D effect) to your drawings!  Blended shading (also called blending, modeling, rendering)

 Hatching (uses lines)

 Crosshatching (uses overlapping lines)

 Stippling (uses dots)

Smooth, even shading is called blending, blended shading, modeling or rendering. Other techniques include hatching, crosshatching, and stippling. A realistic value drawing may show different techniques of shading if there are differing textures or surfaces in the picture. The use of shading to create the illusion of form (3-D effect), light and shadow is an important drawing concept. Examples of other shading techniques include smudging and reductive or subtractive methods (erasing or removing value already drawn).

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Basic Adult Proportions and Human Figure Notes How do the proportions in your point of view compare to the average proportions? Average adult height is 7 ½ heads tall. The average adult human is 7 ½ heads tall. The average child is 5 heads tall. The average baby is 3 heads tall. The shoulder width is 2 heads wide. (The width of the head x 2) When the arms are at one’s side, the fingers stop mid-thigh. The armspan is the height of the body. The length of the hand is the length of the face from chin to the edge of the forehead/ hairline. The length of the foot is the distance from the inner elbow to the wrist. The mid-point of the body is the hip.

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Vocabulary Read pages 138-147 in Exploring Painting. Define these words: proportion

commission

contour drawing

gesture drawing

mannequin or manikin

portraiture

scale drawing: a drawing created in exact proportion to a smaller picture

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Two Figures Assignment PART ONE Create a small sketch (at least 5x7 inches) showing at least 2 proportional mannequins. Both mannequins should be created within the picture plane. Develop a theme in your design. Examples of theme may be: Emphasis on a pose or emotion Changes in scale Humans in motion across or around the page Mannequins in an abstract setting Develop a meaning in your artwork.

“Props” must be abstract without detail. Props are not required.

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PART TWO The finished project will be on your choice of paper. Examples include white Bristol board or Canson paper (your choice of color). Use shading on the mannequin to show direction of light. Show unity of technique on the mannequin forms. More details for the assignment will be provided in class. Choose a color scheme for the background. You may use a different art medium for the background to help with the illusion of space. Uses for color in this project: Emotional use of color Analogous color Complements/ color contrast Monochromatic color Achromatic color

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Rubrics

I’m Alive! Manikin Figures

Name:

2.5 and below

3 or 3.5

4 or 4.5

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Two manikins or humans in proportion are shown. At least one figure is completely shown.

6 or more proportional errors, some parts of the manikin may be incomplete.

Fills the page, 3-5 weak areas; some parts of the manikin may be incomplete.

Fills the page, drawing is very good, 1-2 weak area, all parts of manikin are included.

Excellent proportion, fills the page, all parts of manikin are included.

Choice of Art Materials/ Technique

Drawing demonstrates weak understanding of techniques appropriate for the art media.

Satisfactory application of techniques and use of art media

Good craftsmanship in application of techniques and use of art media

Excellent craftsmanship in application of techniques and use of art media

The figures show a creative composition that tells a story or describes a series of actions.

Two figures are drawn. The meaning is not communicated in the figures.

The figures show some interaction. Composition is satisfactory.

The figures are involved in a story or presentation. The composition is good.

The drawing is unique in its presentation. The composition is excellent.

Value is used to create manikin or human forms.

Very little change in value is noted within the figure.

Form emerges as the figures are shaded with two levels of value.

Form is apparent as three levels of value can be seen in the figures, with appropriate shadows.

The artist paid careful attention to light, medium and dark using transitions and shadows where appropriate.

Some change in depth is presented. Depth in the foreground

A clear sense of depth is used. Figures are presented in a

A deep sense of depth is used. Figures are presented in a

The figures and the environment show depth beyond the

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Work submitted on time

is clear. The background may present space only minimally. 2 days late (1) Scores of 0 reflect grossly incomplete work.

Score of 3 (1 day late)

point of view that engages space well.

challenging point of view that engages space on multiple levels. Score of 5 (on time)

Multiply grade by 3.33 for total.

Score: out of 30

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Manikin Figures Writing Describe your theme in terms of emotion, poses, point of view, message and color schemes. Please use complete sentences. If you prefer to type your response, include all information requested below, and type the paragraph before the class due date.

Name________________________________________

My title for this art work is _____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________

14 HOW TO USE A GRID TO DRAW FROM A PHOTOGRAPH

Artists have used photography for hundreds of years in some way to produce their visions. Photograph means “drawing with light.” Some of the earliest tools were called light boxes. *

Place a grid over the photograph. Number each square that covers your photo. Draw a grid onto your paper. It is important that your grid on paper contains exactly the same number of squares. You will draw larger squares on the paper; however, the number of squares must remain the same. Each square on the paper must be the same size too. Number the squares on the drawing in the same order that you numbered the squares on the clear grid. There is a 1:1 correspondence between the two grids. Start drawing what you see in the photo on your drawing. Draw the squares one by one. What are the pros and cons of using a grid? Advantages You can make your outlines exactly the same using the grids. The grid helps with size and proportion. The grid helps the artist to notice details. It may be easier to take a detailed subject matter to break it into manageable parts. Disadvantages The grid limits creativity to realism. Drawing the grid is time-consuming, and the multiple steps in the process take a lot of time too. The grid can distract you from seeing the big picture.

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography

15 PRINTMAKING TERMS Edition: An edition of a print includes all the impressions published at the same time or as part of the same publishing event. Impression: An impression is a single piece of paper with an image printed on it from a block. The term as applied to prints is used in a manner similar to the term "copy" as applied to a book. Numbered Print: A numbered print is one which is part of a limited edition and which has been numbered by hand. The numbering is usually in the form of x/y, where y stands for the total number of impressions in this edition and x represents the specific number of the print. The number of a print always indicates the order in which the prints were numbered, not necessarily the order in which the impressions were pulled. This, together with the fact that later impressions are sometime superior to earlier pulls, means that lower numbers do not generally indicate better quality impressions. The numbering of prints is a development of the late nineteenth century. Limited Edition: A limited edition print is one in which a limit is placed on the number of impressions pulled in order to create a scarcity of the print. Limited editions are usually numbered and are often signed. Numbered prints are limited editions that have been numbered. Linoleum print is a print that was pulled from a carved linoleum block. In linoleum printing an artist uses gouges and veiners to carve a relief design into a moderately soft surface. Relief printing uses any surface irregular in relief that will retain ink. Early relief prints in Europe included 13th century woodcut reliefs. Printers at that time made cards, playing cards and calendars with this technique. Later demand for prints included printed prayers. A printing press is used to apply even pressure as the block, printing paper and felts are rolled through. Screws allow for adjusting the pressure. A brayer is a tool used to roll ink evenly on the plate and then onto the block. A baren is a tool used in place of a printing press to apply pressure to the back of the paper that has been placed on the inked linoleum block. A spoon or a hard brayer may also be used in place of a baren.

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Assignment "Many Different Unusual Drawings" 50 point assignment Create two drawings, anything from observation. Consider the space on the picture plane and use your creativity to show the world around you: home, school, indoors or outdoors. You may choose to focus on living or non-living subjects. Suggested styles: value, gesture, markmaking or creative use of contour. Supplies: choice of art media and paper You may use black and white or colored drawing supplies. Any questions, please ask. The work may be inside a sketchbook or on art papers. Vocabulary Contour = line, outline    

Use any pencils. Lines should be clean and smooth (not “sketchy”). Draw the whole object on the page. (lines only!). Focus on quality of line. Darker line indicates emphasis on a part of the drawing or indicates shadow or overlapping.

Gesture Gesture is use of active line that wraps around and across the subject matter. As the gesture line fills the object, it begins to look 3-D. Value Drawing  Use pencil shading so that the art work becomes 3-D  Lines and outline should be limited in this technique. (Use shading instead of outline.)

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"Many, different, unusual Drawings” Artist's Name________________________

0-2

3

4

5

Completed drawing

Incomplete work

Satisfactory completion of the compositions

Very good completion of compositions

Excellent completion of compositions

Technique, media

Incomplete demonstration of technique

Emerging technique; work would benefit from more attention to development of each drawing technique.

Very good technique overall!

Bold techniques, with exploration of media

Meets deadline

The work was two days late (1). More than two days late earns no points.

The work was late one day

The technique is varied in some drawings.

The work was turned in on time.

Score:

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Grade assigned to the score: 15=

50/50

14=

48/50

13=

45/50

12=

43/50

11=

40/50

10=

38/50

9=

35/50

8=

33/50

7=

30/50

6=

28/50

5=

25/50

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Notes on Perspective, Depth & Use of Space in Art READ THE NOTES BELOW. THEN STUDY THE ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE EXAMPLES. Pay attention to horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines in the picture. See if you can determine the horizon or eye level line and the one vanishing point in each example.

PERSPECTIVE is a term for the techniques used to create the illusion of three-dimensional (3-D) space on a two-dimensional surface of a picture plane.

Linear perspective: Parallel, horizontal lines which recede into the distance will appear to converge or meet at a vanishing point on the horizon. Drawings begin with a horizon or eye level line. The artist’s point of view of a real scene determines the type of linear perspective used. Three types of linear perspective are: 

one-point perspective (one object facing you, one vanishing point)



two-point perspective (one corner of the object is closest to you, two vanishing points)



three-point perspective (one object is so much higher or lower than your viewpoint that there is a third vanishing point off the page, three vanishing points)

Many real scenes have multiple vanishing points. Curving roads and pathways have multiple vanishing points.

Atmospheric perspective (when looking at landscapes): 

Colors become bluer and cooler in the distance



Textures and tones become progressively less defined (caused by water vapor and dust particles)



Intense colors tend to jump out at the viewer, so use them more in the foreground.

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Overlapping objects help to create the illusion of depth. 

The eye sees one object behind/ in front of another.

Visual movement Curves, such as S-curves, encourage the eye to move from the foreground to the background. Long diagonals from the foreground toward the horizon also give a sense of near and far.

Placement of the horizon line: Placing the horizon line high or low creates the sense of space. 

Is it intimate? (You feel closer to the ground; the horizon line is high on the page.)



Is it expansive? (The horizon is lower on the page; there is emphasis on the sky.)

Prominent foreground object(s) encourage depth. The eye compares the size/ detail of the foreground object to objects farther in the distance.

Perspective of the sky: Think of the sky as a dome. 

During the day, the brightest, warmest color is directly overhead.



Colors become cooler, bluer as they near the horizon.



Clouds become smaller, closer together, and hazy as they near the horizon.

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One-Point Linear Perspective Notice how one side of each object appears to be directly parallel to you as you look at the scene.

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Room Interior

Corridor

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Railroad Station

Street Scene

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Remember that in one-point perspective, you have one vanishing point located near the middle of the horizon or eye level line. One side of an object is facing you (parallel to you). The receding lines (lines that are moving away from you) appear to coming together, or converge, at the imaginary point in the distance called the vanishing point.

Objects will eventually converge at the vanishing point. The rate of convergence illustrated below, is used in the drawing of telephone poles, the corridor’s rows of tiles, and the railroad’s ties in the previous examples.

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Two-Point Linear Perspective

For two-point perspective, notice that one corner edge of the object is the part of the scene that is closest to you.

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Outdoor Scene in Two-Point Perspective

Indoor Scene in Two-Point Perspective

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More two-point examples:

Complex geometric structures begin by drawing a rectangle in perspective. Find all of the edges that recede to a vanishing point.

The truck in two-point perspective is a challenging subject because of all of the parts that fit together on the truck.

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A room interior begins by drawing the room. Look for the back corner of the room. It is the place furthest away from you in the picture. The back corner of the room is like the inside of a box in two-point perspective.

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There is more to linear perspective, with three-point perspective and multiple point perspective (hills, slopes and curves). Three-point perspective includes bird's eye and worm's eye points of view.

Three-Point Perspective Bird’s Eye View, vanishing point below picture Notice the third vanishing point below the picture. This exists because you are looking down at the scene, from a high place.

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Three-Point Perspective Worm’s Eye View, vanishing point above picture The third vanishing point in this picture is higher because of the point of view from the ground, looking up. This is also called worm's eye. Usually a third vanishing point is located "off the picture plane," the border of your drawing.

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Other types of perspective include perspective of circles, clouds, and waves.

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This is an example of multiple vanishing points. Sloped planes, like roofs, slides, mountain roads, each plane will have its own vanishing point.

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