Verbs  Verbs express action or being  Action Verbs o Tells an action someone did, is doing, or will do o Tells what the subject of the sentence does o Examples:  Sue went to the store.  I have a headache.  Bob will fly somewhere over break.  Physical action verbs express physical actions o Examples: to swim, to write, to climb  The doctor wrote a prescription.  Mental action verbs express mental actions o Examples: to think, to guess, to consider  Peter guessed the right number.  Verbs can also express a state of being o Examples: to be, to exist, to appear  It was a joke.  Horton is the largest elephant.  A linking verb does not show action, but instead shows state-ofbeing. o Examples:  We were at the store for an hour.( past tense)  You are in sixth grade. (present tense)  Tomorrow I will be at the game. (future tense) Singular To Be Plural To Be st 1 person-I am walking We are walking nd 2 person-You are walking You are walking rd 3 person-He/She/ It is walking They are walking  Some linking verbs can also be words like felt, grow, seems, and taste. Example: It felt scratchy.

Helping Verbs & Verb Phrases  Verb Phrases o A verb that is made up of more than one word o Made up of a main verb and helping verb o The last word in a verb phrase is the main verb o The other words are called helping verbs o Examples:  Cesar and Ruth are going to soccer practice after school. (main verb=going

am is are was were be being been

helping verb=are)

Common Helping Verbs do shall does will did should have would has could had might can must may

Linking Verbs  DO NOT SHOW ACTION  Show what the subject is or is like  Show a state of being o Examples: We were at the store for an hour. You are in sixth grade.  Linking verbs LINK the subject of the sentence with a word in the predicate that tells more about it o Examples: She is a nurse. (links She to nurse) My brother was lazy. (links brother to lazy) Common Sensory Linking Verb Phrases Linking Linking helping main be feel might be has become am look shall be have appeared is smell will be had seemed are sound should be shall have been were taste would be should have been was could be will have been Less become must be would have been Common seem can be could have been Linking appear may be may have been grow have been might have been remain has been must have been stay had been prove  Action or Linking? o ACTION: Can you ____?  Insert the verb in the blank  If you can answer YES, then it’s an ACTION verb  Examples: He hit the ball. Can you hit? (action) He is hungry. Can you is? (linking) o LINKING: Replace the verb with an equal sign “=”  The subject will equal the linking verb compliment!

 Examples: The breeze felt cool. breeze = cool (linking) The boy felt the sand. boy ≠ sand? (action)

Principal Parts of Verbs  The four basic forms of a verb  The base form, present participle, past, and past participle Base Form walk run

Present Participle (add suffix –ing) am/is/are walking am/is/are running

Past

Past Participle

walked ran

has/have/had walked has/have/had run

 NOTE – The words is/are and has/have are included in the chart because participle verb forms require HELPING verbs!

Regular vs. Irregular Verbs Regular Verbs  Most verbs in the English language are regular  They form their past and past participle forms by adding –d or –ed to the base form.  Examples: Base Present Participle Past Past Participle use am/is/are using used has/have/had used pick am/is/are picking picked has/have/had picked drop am/is/are dropping dropped has/have/had dropped  NOTE – Most regular verbs that end in –e drop the –e before adding –ing. Some regular verbs double the final consonant before adding –ing or –ed.

Irregular Verbs  Most do NOT form their past tense by adding –d or –ed  They form their past and past participle in some other way.  Examples: Base Present Participle Past Past Participle eat am/is/are eating ate has/have/had eaten do am/is/are doing did has/have/had done

go sing

am/is/are going am/is/are singing

went sang

has/have/had gone has/have/had sung

Verb Tense  Tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or of the state of being that is expressed by the verb  Present Tense – shows action that happens regularly. o Brandon plays football with Lee.  Past Tense – shows action that happened. o Brandon played football with Lee.  Future Tense – shows action that will happen. o Brandon will play football with Lee. Present Tense

Past Tense

Future Tense (will + base form)

Mike eats ice cream. We feed the cats. They see a snake. The bird sings.

Mike ate ice cream. We fed the cats. They saw a snake. The bird sang.

Mike will eat ice cream. We will feed the cats. They will see a snake. The bird will sing.

Verb Tense Consistency

 Do NOT CHANGE needlessly from one tense to another.  When writing about events that take place at the same time, use verbs that are in the same tense.  When writing about events that occur at different times, use verbs that are in different tenses. INCONSISTENT CONSISTENT

We sat on the porch and gaze at the stars. We sat on the porch and gazed at the stars.

INCONSISTENT CONSISTENT

The car door open, and the woman stepped out. The car door opened, and the woman stepped out.

INCONSISTENT CONSISTENT

I told her that she can come over any time. I told her that she could come over any time.

INCONSISTENT

We went yesterday and we going again tomorrow.

CONSISTENT

We went yesterday and we will go again tomorrow.

Perfect & Progressive Verb Forms & Tenses

Present Past Future

Simple Forms no helping run/runs ran will run

Progressive Forms helping + (-ing) am/is/are running was/were running will be running

Perfect Forms helping + past participle has/have run had run will have run

Examples Present Past Future They walk. They walked. They will walk. The bird sings. The bird sang. The bird will sing. I take the test now. I took the test already. I will take the test soon. I play tennis every day. I played tennis I will play tennis yesterday. tomorrow. Present Progressive am/is/are + verb-ing They are walking. The bird is singing. I am taking the test now. I am playing tennis today.

Past Progressive Future Progressive was/were + verb-ing will be + verb-ing They were walking. They will be walking. The bird was singing. The bird will be singing. I was taking a test I will be taking more yesterday when the tests tomorrow during bell rang. 3rd period. I was playing tennis I will be playing tennis tomorrow after school. yesterday when it started raining.

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Future Perfect

has/have + past participle

had + past participle

will have + past participle

They have walked. The bird has sung. I have taken many tests.

They had walked. The bird had sung. I had taken this test before.

They will have walked. The bird will have sung. I will have taken 3 tests by the end of the day.

I have played tennis every day this week.

I had played tennis before this week.

I will have played tennis for 2 weeks straight by tomorrow.

Active and Passive Voice Active Voice  Active verbs express an action done by its subject  The subject of the sentence DOES the verb or the action Passive Voice  Passive verbs expresses an action done to its subject  The subject of the sentence is NOT DOING the verb or action.  Passive verbs are often preceded by HELPING verbs (is, am, are, was, were, been) or followed with by.

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

subject DOES the verb

verb DONE to the subject

Present

The school enforces dress code.

Dress code is enforced.

Past

The school enforced dress code yesterday.

Dress code was enforced yesterday.

Future

The school will enforce dress code tomorrow.

Dress code will be enforced tomorrow.

Present Perfect

The school has enforced dress code all week.

Dress code has been enforced all week.

Past Perfect Future Perfect

The school had enforced Dress code had been dress code before this week. enforced before this week. The school will have enforced dress code for 2 weeks total by Friday.

By Friday, dress code will have been enforced for 2 weeks total.

 GOOD WRITERS USE ACTIVE VOICE WHEN WRITING BECAUSE IT PAINTS A STRONGER IMAGE FOR THE READER!! Common Irregular Verb Forms Verbs with the same present, past and past participle forms Present Participle Past Tense Past Participle Basic Form (with am/is/are)

(with has/have/had)

bet betting bet bet burst bursting burst burst cost costing cost cost cut cutting cut cut fit fitting fit fit hit hitting hit hit let letting let let put putting put put read reading read read rid ridding rid rid set setting set set shut shutting shut shut split splitting split split spread spreading spread spread Verbs ending with –t in the past and past participle forms bend bending bent bent build building built built burn burning burnt burnt deal dealing dealt dealt dream dreaming dreamt dreamt feel feeling felt felt keep keeping kept kept learn learning learnt learnt leave leaving left left lend lending lent lent light lighting lit lit lose losing lost lost mean meaning meant meant

meet shoot spend spoil

meeting shooting spending spoiling

met shot spent spoilt

met shot spent spoilt

Verbs with –a in the past form and –u in the past participle form begin drink ring run shrink sing sink spring swim

beginning drinking ringing running shrinking singing sinking springing swimming

began drank rang ran shrank sang sank sprang swam

begun drunk rung run shrunk sung sunk sprung swum

Verbs ending with -en beat bite break choose drive eat fall forbid forgive forget freeze get give hide ride rise see shake speak

beating biting breaking choosing driving eating falling forbidding forgiving forgetting freezing getting giving hiding riding rising seeing shaking speaking

beat bit broke chose drove ate fell forbade forgave forgot froze got gave hid rode rose saw shook spoke

beaten bitten broken chosen driven eaten fallen forbidden forgiven forgotten frozen gotten given hidden ridden risen seen shaken spoken

steal take wake write

stealing taking waking writing

stole took woke wrote

stolen taken woken written

Verbs ending with -ght bring buy catch fight seek teach think

bringing buying catching fighting seeking teaching thinking

brought bought caught fought sought taught thought

brought bought caught fought sought taught thought

Verbs ending with –ew in past form and –wn in past participle blow draw fly grow know throw

blowing drawing flying growing knowing throwing

blew drew flew grew knew threw

blown drawn flown grown known thrown

Verbs with the same past and past participle forms find grind hang have hold lead make sell shine sit stick sting

finding grinding hanging having holding leading making selling shining sitting sticking stinging

found ground hung had held led made sold shone sat stuck stung

found ground hung had held led made sold shone sat stuck stung

strike tell wear win

striking telling wearing winning

struck told worn won

struck told worn won

Other verbs become come do go is lie tear hang is lie sew show tear wear

becoming coming doing going being lying tearing hanging being lying sewing showing tearing wearing

became came did went was/were lay tore hung was/were lay sewed showed tore wore

become come done gone been lain torn hung been lain sewn shown torn worn