Water Quality Technology Conference and Exposition 2012

Toronto, Ontario, Canada 4-7 November 2012 Volume 1 of 4

ISBN: 978-1-62276-787-8

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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 DISTRIBUTION POSTERS TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS RO Permeate Mineralization for Enhanced Finished Water Stability ........................................................................................................ 1 William Lovins, William Snow

Implementation of Sectorization in Distribution System ............................................................................................................................. 13 Vanessa Ferreira Dias, Marie-Claude Besner, Michele Prevost

Relationship Between Iron Particles in Water Mains and Lead Release ................................................................................................... 28 Eliman Camara, Graham Gagnon

Hydraulic Modeling to Develop a Repeat Sampling Plan for Upstream and Downstream Locations Under the Revised Two Coliform Rule............................................................................................................................................................................. 33 David Specht

Event Detection Performance Study for the Development of a Contamination Warning System at the Philadelphia Water Department............................................................................................................................................................................................ 43 John Vogtman, Matthew Geheran

Corrosion Control Strategies for Low-Alkalinity Waters ........................................................................................................................... 61 Peter D’Adamo, Ilke McAliley, Steve Reiber, K. C. Price

TASTE AND ODOR POSTERS TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Modeling Geosmin Removal by Powdered Activated Carbon Over Selected Doses and Contact Times .............................................. 76 Pinar Omur-Ozbek, Kirk Koester, Judith Billica

DISINFECTION POSTERS TRACK: UV Application of Nitrate–Nitrite and Atrazine Actinometry for Determination of UV Fluence in Drinking Water and Reuse Applications ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Aleksey Pisarenko, Erica Marti, Robert Young, Eric Dickenson

Effects and Mechanism of UV254 Irradiation on Chlorination of Model Organic-N Precursor (L-Arginine) in Swimming Pools................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80 Shihchi Weng, Ernest Blatchley

Advanced Oxidation Using 185 nm Radiation and the Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter ............................................................. 83 Laith Furatian, Madjid Mohseni, Gustavo Imoberdorf

Medium Pressure UV: New Approaches for Calculating Polychromatic Action Spectra ....................................................................... 84 Jeff Bandy, Harold Wright

Optimizing the Reservoir Baffling Conditions at the 500 ML/D Lorne Park WTP by Altering the Existing Baffling A Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 85 Brian Sahely, Ryan Edison, Hang Nguyen, Jeff Hennings, Dean Baker

SOURCE WATER PROTECTION/CLIMATE CHANGE POSTERS TRACK: SOURCE WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE Wildlife Scat Monitoring Program Implemented by Portland Water Bureau (PWB) to Estimate Pathogen Loads in Bull Run Watershed ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Zoe Rodriguez Ddel Rey, Yone Akagi, Phil Rickus, Edward Atwill, Christobel Ferguson, Ann Richter

Sustainability Assessment of Water Supply in Copenhagen Alternatives Fulfilling the EU-Water Framework Directive............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93 Hans Albrechtsen, Berit Godskesen, Martin Rygaard, M. Hauschild, K. Zambrano

Use of Historical Water Quality and Weather Data to Assess the Impact of Changing Weather Patterns on Lake Winona............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 Sharon Sweeney, Central Arkansas Water

Implications of Recent USEPA Guidance on Testing and Monitoring of Class VI Geological Sequestering Wells to Water Utilities ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 102 Joseph Drago, Adam Carpenter

Estimating Salinity Effects Due to Climate Change on the Georgia and South Carolina Coasts ......................................................... 108 Edwin Roehl, Ruby Daamen, John Cook

Pine Beetles: An Unexpected Effect of Climate Change on Water Quality ............................................................................................. 121 Jennifer Gelmini, Michael Price, Peter Kreft, Dick Talley

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES POSTERS TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Design Methodology for a Sustainable Stacked Rapid Sand Filtration System...................................................................................... 122 Michael Adelman, Jeffrey Will, Andrew Hart, Monroe Weber-Shirk, Leonard Lion

Arsenic Removal From Water Using Bone Char........................................................................................................................................ 132 Shamim Ara Begum, Nader Vahdat, Nosa Egiebor

MICROBIOLOGY POSTERS TRACK: MICROBIOLOGY Influence of Water Quality and Other Operating Conditions on the Diversity of Nitrifying Microorganisms in Chloraminated Systems ................................................................................................................................................................................. 133 Jeffrey Starke, Gregory Harrington, L. Safak Yilmaz, Daniel R. Noguera

Failure of Reference Procedures to Detect E. coli in Drinking Water ..................................................................................................... 147 Colin Fricker, Danielle Gregoire, David Danforth, Paul Warden, Brad Eldred

LAB METHODS POSTERS TRACK: LAB METHODS Routine “Trace Level Screening” for a Broad Range of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Pollutants in Environmental Waters using Full Scan GC-MS with a 1000+ Compound Target Screening Database and Deconvolution Software ................................................................................................................................................................................. 151 Wayne Civil

Study of Total Organic Halogen Level and Its Fractionation in Disinfected Water .............................................................................. 152 Zhongxian Guo, Kok Yong Kim, Wei Zhang

Determination of Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water by Direct Aqueous Injection Liquid ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry.......................................................................................................................................................................... 153 Xiaoming Zhao, Chunyan Hao, David Morse

Analytical Challenges for Parts per Trillion Level Determination of Methyl Isothiocyanate (MITC) in the Wastewater Systems....................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 Lee Yoo

A Novel Organic Matter Characterization Technique by HPLC-Size Exclusion Chromatography With On-Line Charged Aerosol Detection............................................................................................................................................................................ 165 Gwen Woods, Aleksey Pisarenko, Douglas Mawhinney, Eric Dickenson

Separation and Fractionation of Natural Organic Matter in Six Water Sources in Atlantic Canada ................................................. 169 Amina Stoddart, Fraser Kent, Krysta Montreuil, Graham Gagnon, Stephanie Gora

Identification of Microcystins by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry .................................... 171 Vincent Taguchi, Steve Jenkins

DRINKING WATER IN DEVELOPING COUTRIES TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Towards a Cost-Effective Humanitarian Emergency Water Treatment System.................................................................................... 172 Caetano Dorea, Catherine Bourgault

Multi-Stage Polyurethane Foam Filtration for Emergency Point-of-Use Water Treatment................................................................. 178 Sarah Levine, Rachel Philipson, Michael Adelman, Kelly McBride, Bradshaw Irish, Sarah Stodter, Monroe Weber-Shirk

Photo-Fenton Disinfection of Surface Drinking Water With Alkaline pH Under Direct Solar Radiation at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso......................................................................................................................................................................... 189 Juliette Ndounla, Dorothee Spuhler

PHARMACEUTICALS: FROM DBPS TO TREATMENT TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Cl2-NOM-Pharmaceutical Interactions: Implications on the Formation of NDMA From Pharmaceuticals ...................................... 211 Ruqiao (Emma) Shen, Susan A. Andrews

The Influence of Natural Water Matrix Components on the Removal of PhaCs and EDCs via Nanofiltration................................. 221 Anwar Sadmani, Robert Andrews, David Bagley

Nanofiltration of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs): Experiment and Prediction ............................................. 235 Xiao-Mao Wang, Bing Li, Tong Zhang, Xiao-Yan Li, Yuefeng F. Xie

ENGINEERING BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TRACK: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Turbidity Dampening and Headloss Developmen in Biological Filters.................................................................................................... 252 Mark Spanjers, Monica Emelko

Relating Dynamic Conditions to the Performance of Biological Rapid Sand Filters Used to Remove Ammonium, Iron, and Manganese From Drinking Water .............................................................................................................................................. 259 Carson Lee, Hans Jorgen Albrechtsen, Barth Smets, Philip Binning, Soren Lind, Rasmus Boe-Hansen

Adsorption of Metaldehyde onto Biologically Active Sand: Influence of Background Organic Matter .............................................. 265 Catherine Rolph, Raffaella Villa, Bruce Jefferson

MEMBRANE RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT TRACK: MEMBRANES Brackish Wetlands for Concentrate Treatment: Overview of First-Year Results of the Goodyear Regulating Wetlands Pilot Study...................................................................................................................................................................................... 273 Ryan Rhoades, Jim Bays, Tom Poulson, Michael Hwang

Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Integrated Lime Softening and Ultrafiltration for NF Softening Concentrate Reuse ................................ 287 Pranay Mane, Lanhuong Doan, Sen Wang, Jun Kim, Hyung Keun Roh

Ultrafiltration Membranes for Metal-Organic Separation: Optimizing Conditions for Coagulant Recycling................................... 301 James Keeley, P. Jarvis, S. J. Judd

NEW RESEARCH ON EMERGING UV ISSUES TRACK: UV Velocity Profiles: What Do They Mean for UV Dose Delivery?................................................................................................................ 309 Harold Wright, Carollo Engineers, Ed Wicklein, Chris Schulz, Ramesh Kashinkunti

Meeting LT2 Requirements With UV Disinfection, One Reservoir at a Time ........................................................................................ 325 Todd Elliott, Gregory Mosure, Zach Monge, Paul Swaim

Wavelength Specific Inactivation of Viruses: Measuring Nucleic Acid Damage at UV-C Wavelengths ............................................. 343 Sara Beck, Roberto Rodriguez, Thomas Hargy, Lark Linden

CONTROLLING INORGANIC LEVELS TRACK: INORGANICS Chromium in Drinking Water: The Intersection of Geology and Well Construction............................................................................ 358 Joseph Grande, Madeline Gotkowitz, Patrick McLaughlin, Joe Demorett

Prototype Artificial Neural Network for Prediction of Arsenic Breatkthrough Curves From Full-Scale Small Drinking Water Treatment System Data..................................................................................................................................................... 370 Brian Yates, Audrey Levine, Doug Mooney, Jennifer Wightman

Integrated Fluidized Bed-Ultrafiltration Process for Improved Iron and Manganese Control in Groundwater ............................... 378 Seyedeh Laleh Dashtban Kenari, Annie Carriere, Benoit Barbeau

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF MICROBES IN WATER TRACK: MICROBIOLOGY & LAB METHODS A New Microbial Source Tracking Strategy Using Bacteroides 16S Rrna Signatures in Water Sources............................................ 387 Morteza Abbaszadegan, Leila Kabiri-Badr, Absar Alum

Bacteroides Survival and Growth in Drinking Water Distribution Systems .......................................................................................... 407 Nathan Dunkin, Absar Alum, David Schwake, Kyle Kraft, Morteza Abbaszadegan

Using Phenotypic and Phylogenetic Analyses to Identify Coliform Bacteria Obtained From 11 Different US EPA Approved Coliform Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................ 420 Ya Zhang, Bonnie Coats, Mark Lechevallier, Wen-Tso Liu

RETHINKING TREATMENT TO MEET NEW CHALLENGES (PART 1) TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Total Water Quality Management: Beyond the Water Treatment Plant ................................................................................................ 421 Kelly Griffiths, Paul Wobma, Remi Adedapo, Kelly Kjartanson, Raymond Bilevicius

Utility Water Quality Goals........................................................................................................................................................................... 441 Ronald Hunsinger, Richard Sakaji, Richard Sykes, Michael Wallis

From Desktop Models to Full-Scale Testing: Comparing Methodologies to Assess Performance and Capacity ............................... 456 Carolyn De Groot, Natalie Paradis, Quirien Muylwyk

Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Bio-colloid Removal: Improving QMRA for Water Treatment.................................................................... 470 Nicole McLellan, Monica Emelko, Ian Douglas, Andy Campbell

Operational & Performance Results of New High Rate Pre-Treatment Regime at the City of Calgary Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 490 Jeffrey Huber, Kelsey Kundert

Demonstration of Performance at Missouri American Water’s Two Largest Surface Water Plants to Meet LT2 Bin 2 Log Removal ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 502 Thomas Simmons, Martin Robison

REMOVAL OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Scale-Up of the GAC Adsorption of Trace Organic Compounds ............................................................................................................. 516 Anthony Kennedy, Allison Reinert, R. Scott Summers, Imma Ferrrer, Michael Thurman, Detlef R. U. Knappe

Does Sequential Aquifer Recharge and Recovery Enhance the Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants?...................................... 521 Julia Regnery, Alexandre Wing, Jorg Drewes, Mazahirali Alidina

Oxidation-Aquifer Recharge and Recovery Treatment Hybrid for Organic Contaminant Removal.................................................. 528 Gary Amy, Min Yoon, Jorg E. Drewes

Evaluations of Conventional, SSF, Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of PPCPs and EDCs, and Reduction of DBP Formation........................................................................................................................................................................ 537 Devendra Borikar, Saad Jasim, Madjid Mohseni, Leslie Bragg, Mark Servos, Souleymane Ndiongue, Laurence Moore

Impact of Drinking Water Treatment on Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, Pharmaceutically Active Compounds, and Natural Organic Matter .................................................................................................................................................. 552 Robert Andrews, Sabrina Diemert

Control of Emerging Contaminants by Granular Activated Carbon....................................................................................................... 555 Ronald Hofmann, Juan Zhang

UNDERSTANDING AND OPTIMIZING BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TRACK: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Pilot Testing and Full-Scale Implementation of Hydrogen Peroxide-Enhanced Biological Filtration................................................. 568 Patrick Evans, Steve Wyman, Randall Hawkins, William Dewhirst, Michael Hotaling

Microbial Abundance, Distribution and Diversity in Rapid Sand Filters ............................................................................................... 581 Sanin Musovic, Arda Gülay, Hans Albrechtsen, Barth Smets

Optimizing pH for Phantastic Biofilter Performance ................................................................................................................................ 587 Chance Lauderdale, Jess Brown

Evaluating the Use of Manganese Oxidizing Bacteria in Surface Water Treatment Biofilters............................................................. 603 Victoria Hoyland, William Knocke, Joseph Falkinham, Amy Pruden, Gargi Singh

Biological Removal of Manganese and Iron in Rapid Sand Filters .......................................................................................................... 616 Katie Lin, Barth Smets, Hans Albrechtsen, R. Boe-Hansen

Determination of the Optimal Operation of Biologically Active Carbon Contactors as Pre-Treatment for Ultrafiltration Membranes ............................................................................................................................................................................ 636 Barbara Katarzyna Siembida-Lösch, William B. Anderson, Jane Bonsteel, Peter M. Huck

LOW-PRESSURE MEMBRANE FILTRATION OPTIMIZATION TRACK: MEMBRANES Treatment Optimization to Address Water Quality Challenges in a ZLD Scheme–4 Years of Operation of the Twin Oaks Valley WTP ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 642 Jesus Garcia-Aleman, Timothy Suydam, Brian Macdonald, Jim Lozier, Jim Imrie, Eric Savage, Jason Cadera

Coagulation-Ceramic Membrane Filtration Process for US Surface Water Treatment: The Effects of Coagulation on Membrane Fouling.................................................................................................................................................................................... 655 James Amburgey, Tanju Karanfil, Amir Alansari, Meric Selbes

Review of Selected Technical Elements in the Log Removal Value Calculation and Potential Implications in Membrane Operations ................................................................................................................................................................................... 674 Yujung Chang

Evaluation of Process Improvements and Membrane Filtration for Treatment of a Highly Variable Surface Water on Maui, Hawaii.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 683 Joseph Wong, Peter Ono, Jennifer Honda, Raymond Matasci, Paul Seitz, Steven Duranceau

Is a Daily Direct Integrity Test of Membranes Required to Protect Public Health?.............................................................................. 698 John Minnery, Leslie Boden, Richard Clapp, Joseph Jacangelo, Wendy Heiger-Bernays

VOLUME 2 Optimization of a Direct Membrane Filtration Plant to Address Integrity and Fouling Challenges ................................................... 702 Michael Hwang, Richard Sacks, Jim Lozier, Ryan Rhoades

CURRENT DBP ISSUES: UNDERSTANDING OCCURRENCE AND FORMATION TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS Occurrence and Formation of NDMA in Consecutive Systems in a Major Metropolitan Area ........................................................... 716 Stuart Krasner, Michael Sclimenti, Chih-Fen Tiffany Lee

NDMA Formation Mechanism by Chloramination of Tertiary Amines.................................................................................................. 729 Julien Le Roux, Herve Gallard, Jean-Philippe Croue, Sebastien Papot, Marie Deborde

State-of-the-Science Literature Review & Preliminary Data .................................................................................................................... 740 Paul Westerhoff, David Hanigan

Enhanced Bromate Formation During Chlorination of Bromide-Containing Waters in the Presence of Metal Oxides............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 755 Chao Liu, Jean-Philippe Croue, Urs Von Gunten

Formation of Iodinated HAAs in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems ..................................................................... 761 Yongtao Li, Joshua Whitaker, Christina McCarty

Influence of Bromide on Iodate and Iodo-Trihalomethane Formation During Chlorination of Iodide-Containing Waters.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 762 Justine Criquet, Sebastien Allard, Elisabeth Salhi, Cynthia Joll, Urs Von Gunten, Anna Heitz

LOCAL HOST SESSION TRACK: REGULATORY The Water Workshop: Exploring the Collaborative Potential of the Ontario Water Sector................................................................ 767 Lesley Herstein

HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM: BUILDING BLOCKS FOR RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS TRACK: INORGANICS Hexavalent Chromium Treatment Goals-Community and National Cost Implications........................................................................ 773 Issam Najm, Christopher Corwin, Xueying Wu, Chad Seidel, Nicole Keon Blute, Ying Wu

Lessons Learned From Voluntary Monitoring and Method Development Process ............................................................................... 788 Andrew Eaton, Matthew Corson

Available Occurrence Data: How Does It Inform Risk Management? What Gaps Need to be Filled? ............................................... 789 Christopher Corwin, Chad Seidel

Pilot Testing Cr(VI) Treatment: The Latest From Glendale and a Guide to Piloting Treatment........................................................ 792 Nicole Keon Blute, Ying Wu

Do Low Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water Pose a Cancer Hazard?.......................................................... 807 Deborah Proctor, Mark Harris, Chad Thompson, Mina Suh, Laurie Haws

Hexavalent Chromium, A Cast Study for Understanding “Exposure” ................................................................................................... 822 Sean Hays, Lesa Aylward, Chris Kirman

MEMBRANE AND REUSE POSTERS TRACK: MEMBRANE AND REUSE The Role of Residual Ozone at Membrane Surface in Fouling Mitigation.............................................................................................. 834 Shona Robinson, Karine Philippe, Pierre Berube

Effect of Coagulation on UF Membrane Fouling and Pharmaceutical Removal.................................................................................... 836 Heather Wray, Robert Andrews, Pierre Berube

Modeling a Full-Scale Hollow Fiber Membrane Module: Effect of Fiber and Module Dimensions .................................................... 838 Sangho Lee, Pyung-Kyu Park, Jong Sang Park, Yun-Jin Kim, Taekgeun Yun

Development of Forward Osmosis Membranes for Water Treatment Applications.............................................................................. 850 Melissa Kennedy, Vincent McGinnis, Olga Koper

Comparison of Membrane Materials for Membrane Distillation of Treating Impaired Water ........................................................... 856 Sangho Lee, Jihee Han, June-Seok Choi, Jae-Wuk Koo, Young-Sun Park

Microconstituent Removal in Water Reuse: Is Reverse Osmosis Necessary?......................................................................................... 865 Eva Steinle-Darling

Innovative RO/Selenium Removal Process Allows for Water Reuse and Sustainable Agriculture in the Central Valley ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 868 Richard Stratton

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT POSTERS TRACK: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Alternate Electron Donors for Biologically-Mediated Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Perchlorate From Drinking Water Sources ................................................................................................................................................................................ 881 Giridhar Upadhyaya, Nadine Kotlarz, Paul Togna, Lutgarde Raskin, Xinsheng Chu

Effect of Surface Loading Fluctuations In Rapid Sand-Filters Used to Remove Ammonium From Drinking Water ....................... 885 Karolina Tatari, Barth Smets, Hans Albrechtsen, Peter B. Nielsen, Soren Lind

DISTRIBUTION BY-PRODUCT POSTERS A Chemical Free Strategy for Stage 2 Disinfection Byproduct Rule Compliance .................................................................................. 886 Richard Gell, Brian Edwards

Chlorate Occurrence in On-Site Generated Hypochlorite: Implications for Future Regulation.......................................................... 891 Benjamin Stanford

Disinfection and Self-Sensitized Degradation of NOM (Natural Organic Matter) by TiO2 Photocatalysis With Visible Light .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 905 Upasana Chamoli, Cooper H. Langford, Gopal Achari

INORGANICS POSTERS TRACK: INORGANICS Pilot Testing of Ion Exchange Regeneration Chemicals for Nitrate Removal at an 80-MGD Surface Water Treatment Plant.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 906 Enoch Nicholson, Bill Bellamy, Lee Odell, S. Dean Ramsey

Impact of pH Level of Desalinated Seawater on Stability of Water Pipe Materials.............................................................................. 920 Deng Anqi, Liang Juan, Rong Jing Xie, Mylene Gomez, Jiangyong Hu, Choon Nam Ong, Avner Adin

Managing Manganese: Improvements in Water Quality and Treatment................................................................................................ 921 Sarah Clark, Bud Spillman

TREATMENT POSTERS TRACK: TREATMENT PAC Removal of Trace Organics in Natural Waters–Finding Predictive Metrics Using Regression Modeling................................. 931 Christine Valcarce, David Mazyck, Erica Wallace

Seawater v. Surface Water Treatment Applying Enflo-DAF™ Technology........................................................................................... 932 Tony Amato, Joseph Nattress, Don Mackay

Treatment of Perfluorinated Chemicals by North American Water Treatment Practices ................................................................... 947 Eric Dickenson, Christopher Higgins, Tim Appleman

Newly Designed Thermo-responsive Demineralization Hydrogel for Water Softening: Column Experiments.................................. 955 Samuele Olivero, S. G. J. Heijman, J. P. A. Custers, L. C. Rietveld

Innovative Use of Gas Permeable Hydrophobic Membranes for VOC, THM and MTBE/ETBE Control–New Results.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 967 Robert Raczko, Philippe Piriou, Karl Glucina

Enhanced Raw Water Sampling and Analyses Improves WTP Design & Facilitates Regulatory Approval ...................................... 979 Paul Walker, Gregory Pope, Charles R. Maddox

Illustration of a Decision Support System for Small Drinking Water Treatment Plants ...................................................................... 995 Daniel Stein, Kejiang Zhang, Gopal Achari, Rehan Sadiq, Cooper H. Langford, Mohammed H. I. Dore

Systematic Approach to Water Treatment Plant Process Optimization.................................................................................................. 996 Alex Yavich

Pilot Plant Research and the Impacts on Treatment Process and Water Quality at the Peterborough Water Treatment Plant............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1016 John Armour, Robert Andrews, Jennifer Lee, Nicolas Peleato, Kevan Light, Rene Gagnon

Turning Data Into Action to Drive System Optimization and Performance......................................................................................... 1020 Robert Hulsey, Jeff Neemann, David Timmermann

Impact of Operational Factors on Drinking Water Quality in Small Systems...................................................................................... 1035 Anna Scheili, Rehan Sadiq, Manuel Rodriguez

Recycle Options for Water Treatment Facilities–Full-Scale Evaluation of a Novel Residuals Treatment Process.......................... 1036 Peter D’Adamo, Ilke McAliley, J. D. Arnold, Kelvin Creech

EARLY BIRD: UCMR3-GETTING PREPARED FOR THE MONITORING TO BEGIN TRACK: REGULATORY Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule(UCMR 3) Overview ......................................................................................................... 1045 Gregory Carroll

UCMR 3–A Lab’s Perspective .................................................................................................................................................................... 1059 Cindy Nettrour, Lisa Goforth

MANAGING RISK IN SOURCE WATER QUALITY: NEW TOOLS AND TAKING STOCK OF CHALLENGES TRACK: MICROBIOLOGY & LAB METHODS Adaptation of the Pathogen Catchment Budget Model to the Bull Run: A Water Utilities Perspective............................................ 1071 Yone Akagi, Christobel Ferguson, Zoe Rodriguez Del Rey, Ann Richter

Using Mathematical Modelling to Inform Effective Management of Water Resources ...................................................................... 1083 Christobel Ferguson, Danielle Baker, Eric Ruiz, Chris Hepplewhite

Estimating the Effect of Local Inputs on Raw Water Supplies............................................................................................................... 1099 Kerri Alderisio, Christian J. Pace

Modeling Storage Reservoirs of an Unfiltered Supply ............................................................................................................................. 1117 Melita Stevens, Shane Haydon, Peter Yeates, Kathy Cinque

QMRA: The City of Calgary Experience................................................................................................................................................... 1132 Norma Ruecker, Jason Sinclair, Mei Chen, Nancy Stalker, Stephanie McFadyen, Norman Neumann

RETHINKING TREATMENT TO MEET NEW CHALLENGES (PART 2) TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Re-thinking Coagulation Practices on the Great Lakes Using Zeta Potential....................................................................................... 1133 Monique Waller, Raymond Cantwell, Quirien Muylwyk, David Pernitsky

Comprehensive Full-Scale Coagulation Assessment Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Parallel Factor Analysis .................... 1150 Nancy Sanchez, Andrew Skeriotis, Christopher Miller

Behavior of DOC and DON Fractions in Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Processes ............................................................... 1171 Ekaterina Vasyukova, Wolfgang Uhl, Rene Proft

Removal of Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles From Ohio River’s Water by Potable Water Treatment Processes............................. 1184 Craig Patterson, Christopher Impellitteri, Hafiz H. M. Salih, Amro M. El Badawy, Thabet M. Tolaymat

Achieving Excellent Water Quality While Piloting at High Loading Rates .......................................................................................... 1199 Lynn Williams, William Persich, Kari Duncan

Startup and Evaluation of High-Rate DAF for a Dual Raw Water Supply........................................................................................... 1211 Joseph Nattress, Scott McClelland, Peter Baranov, Rob Wiley

TREATMENT AND MONITORING FOR TASTE AND ODOR TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Performance of UV/Hydrogen Peroxide for Taste-and-Odor Removal: A Pilot Study ..................................................................... 1225 Christian Volk

Ozonation of M. Aeruginosa and A. Flos-Aquae: Impacts on Cell Viability, DOC Release and DBP Production........................... 1228 Lucila Adriani Coral, Arash Zamyadi, Benoit Barbeau, Michele Prevost, Fatima J. Bassetti

Minerals and Flavour of Water: Findings From a Chemometric Approach ........................................................................................ 1240 Ricard Devesa, Stefan Platikanov, Veronica Garcia, Ignacio Fonseca, Elena Rullan, R. Tauler

OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF CYANOBACTERIA AND THEIR TOXINS IN WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Implementation of Biological Filtration for the Treatment of Cyanobacterial Metabolites................................................................ 1243 Gayle Newcombe, Emma Sawade, Lionel Ho, Melanie Vache, Tim Tang

Removal of Cyanobacterial Toxins and NOM Using Ion Exchange....................................................................................................... 1257 Gustavo Imoberdorf, Irina Monosov, Mohammad Mahdi Bazri, Benoit Barbeau, Madjid Mohseni

Breakthrough and Accumulation of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Full-Scale Clarification and Filtration Processes.............................. 1270 Arash Zamyadi, Sarah Dorner, Mouhamed Ndong, Donald Ellis, Michele Prevost, Christian Bastien

APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR CONTAMINANT REMOVAL TRACK: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Organic Micropollutant Removal During River Bank Filtration: Batch Studies................................................................................. 1281 Cheryl Bertelkamp, Freek Kramer, Jan Peter Van Der Hoek, Arne Verliefde, J. Reungoat, N. Singhal, E. R. Cornelisen

Modeling Trace Organic Pollutant Removals in Drinking Water Biofilters ......................................................................................... 1293 Tom Zearley, Kerry Meyer, Seon Ha Chae, Katherine Dowdell, R. Scott Summers

Performance and Microbial Community Structure of Midwestern Groundwater Pretreatment Reactors ...................................... 1299 Jay Moor, Wen-Tso Liu

Bench and Pilot Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated With Nitrosodimethylamine (NMDA) Using a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1301 Todd Webster, Paul Hatzinger, Michael Zigmond

Drinking Water Production Using an Anaerobic Fixed-Bed Bioreactor From Water Sources Contaminated With Nitrate and Uranium.................................................................................................................................................................................... 1313 Giridhar Upadhyaya, Pranab Kumar Ghosh, Kim Hayes, Lutgarde Raskin, Tara Clancy, Yuqiang Bi, Julian Carpenter

Fixed-Bed Biofilm Reactor for the Removal of Ozonation By-products................................................................................................ 1316 Eric Wert, Samantha Stoughtenger, Holly McNaught, Julia Lew

HIGH-PRESSURE MEMBRANES: PRETREATMENT TO POST-TREATMENT TRACK: MEMBRANES LBWD’s Experience With Subsurface Intake as Pretreatment for Seawater Desalination ................................................................ 1322 Yan Zhang, Tai Tseng, Cynthia Andrews-Tate, Robert Cheng, Kevin Wattier

Surface Water Nanofiltration: Comparison of Membrane Pre-treatment and Conventional Pre-treatment................................... 1338 Karima Kecili, Veolia Eau, Cyril Marconnet, Cedric Feliers

Brackish Groundwater Desalination Pilot Study: Radium Removal and Its Effects on ConcentrateDisposal Pipeline Material .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1348 Justin Sutherland

An Upflow Calcite Contactor Pilot Study for Brackish RO Permeate Post-Treatment....................................................................... 1362 Shane Walker, Justin Sutherland, Luis Maldonado

Impact of Elevated Ca2+/Mg2+ Concentration of RO Desalinated Seawater on Biofilm Stability in Drinking Water Distribution Systems .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1379 Juan Liang, Jufang Zhang, Jiangyong Hu, Rongjing Xie, Mylene Gomez, Anqi Deng, Choon Nam Ong, Avner Adin

Forward Osmosis (FO): A Comparative Assessment of Water Treatment Applications ................................................................... 1390 Zhen Yu Li, Gary Amy, Rodrigo Valladares, Muhannad Abu-Ghdaib

FACTORS AFFECTING LEAD AND COPPER LEVELS IN THE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS TRACK: INORGANICS Effect of Stagnation and Flow Rate on Pb Release From Pb-Cu Connected Pipes After Partial LSL Replacement ....................... 1405 Clement Cartier, Evelyne Doré, Laurent Laroche, Shokoufeh Nour, Marc Edwards, Michele Prevost

Experimental Investigation of Lead Release Following Simulated Partial Lead Service Line Replacement .................................... 1418 Yin Wang, Abigail Cantor, Gregory Welter, Daniel Giammar

3-D Lead Profiling Detects Particulate Lead-in-Water Risks as a Function of Flow Rate .................................................................. 1431 Brandi Clark, Sheldon Vaughn Masters, Marc Edwards

Examining At-The-Tap Lead Data in an Urban Environment to Determine Where and When High Lead Levels Occur.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1446 Salome Freud, Carla Glaser

VOLUME 3 Can Results From Lead Monitoring Be Used to Predict Exposure at the Tap? ................................................................................... 1459 Elise Deshommes, Michele Prevost, France Lemieux, Patrick Levallois

Study of Analytical Variables Related to Monitoring for Lead in Drinking Water ............................................................................. 1468 Salome Freud

PLANNING FOR DBP REGULATORY COMPLIANCE TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS Water Distribution System Operations Optimization to Comply With Stage 2 DBP Rule ................................................................. 1487 Kevin Laptos, Wilmer Melton, Kent Lackey, Teshamulwa Irene Okioga

Out of the Frying Pan and Into Disinfection By-products: Simultaneous Compliance Issues Encountered During Arsenic Removal ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1495 Brian Yates, Audrey Levine

Evaluation of Multiple Strategies for Stage 2 D/DBPR Compliance ...................................................................................................... 1499 Peter D’Adamo, Ilke McAliley

Artificial Intelligence-Generated Process Models to Optimize TOC Removal and THM Reduction at the Ozark Point WTP ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1513 John Cook, Sharon Sweeney, Ruby Daamen

Variable Reactivity Model to Predict Chlorine Consumption under Rechlorination and Water Mixing Conditions ..................... 1532 Pei Hua, Klaus Ripl, Ekaterina Vasyukova, Wolfgang Uhl

Spatio-Temporal Occurrence of Regulated and Non-Regulated Disinfection By-products in Small Systems .................................. 1543 Stephanie Guilherme, Manuel Rodriguez

UTILITY CASE STUDIES OF MICROBIAL AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT (M/DBP)-RELATED IMPACTS OF CHANGING WEATHER TRACK: SOURCE WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE Source to Tap Water Quality: DBP and Microbial Treatment Impacts Due to Changing Weather Trends .................................... 1555 Benjamin Stanford, Jan Routt, Jean Debroux, Ben Wright, Stuart Khan, Tara Fishbain, Shona Fitzgerald

Investigating and Correcting Groundwater Well Bacteriological Contamination From River Flooding.......................................... 1571 Bruce Whitteberry

Maintaining Water Quality (NOM & DBP Changes) Following Hurricane Irene, Tropical Storm Lee ........................................... 1574 Connie Schreppel, Kim Hoffman

Warming Impacts on DBP Levels, Precursors, Treatment Requirements for Alaska’s Ketchikan and Saxman Water System ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1578 John Warren

Drought-Related Impacts and Response: Distribution System Disinfection, DBPs, Coliforms, Nitrification ................................... 1581 Marsha Pryor

Utility Case Studies of Microbial and Disinfection By-product (M/DBP): Related Impacts of Changing Weather......................... 1584 Jan Routt

MEDIUM PRESSURE UV DISINFECTION: UPDATING THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE TRACK: UV Key Factors for Evaluating Medium- Pressure UV Disinfection Systems ............................................................................................. 1586 Karl Linden

Measuring the UV Action Spectra of Pathogens and Surrogates ........................................................................................................... 1600 Thomas Hargy, Karl Linden, Sara Beck, Harold Wright

Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Determine Action Spectra Correction Factors ................................................................... 1604 Harold Wright, Karl Linden

Where Are We, How Did We Get Here And Where Are We Going? - Working Group Guidance for MP UV Systems........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1621 Katherine Bell, Bryan Townsend

Implementing MP UV Disinfection - Approaches for Addressing Low Wavelength Disinfection...................................................... 1631 Christine Cotton, James Collins, Ben Kuhnel, Stephane Jousset

Addressing Medium-Pressure, Low Wavelength Issues for Operating UV Systems............................................................................ 1641 Todd Elliott, Paul Swaim, Kim Ervin, Joseph Zalla

NANOMATERIALS IN WATER TREATMENT TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Friend or Foe: What Drinking Water Utilities and Their Customers Need to Know About Nanotechnology and Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1653 Ken Clark

Nanomaterial Removal Using Microfiltration and Electropositive Filtration Processes ..................................................................... 1665 Jonathan Brant, Bryce Dorr, Erik Pfeiffer

The Tolerance of Bacterial to Silver Nanoparticles in Biofilm and Planktonic Cultures .................................................................... 1675 Amy Gao

Bacteriophage Inactivation by UV-A Illuminated Fullerenes: Role of Nanoparticle-Virus Association ........................................... 1688 Jeffrey Farner Budarz, Appala Badireddy, Shankararaman Chellam, Mark Wiesner

Development of Nanostructured Materials for the Treatment and Sensing of Cyanotoxins and Contaminants of Emerging Concern........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1695 Dionysios Dionysiou, Miguel Pelaez, Changseok Han

Photocatalytic Nitrate Reduction in Water ............................................................................................................................................... 1699 Paul Westerhoff, Kyle Doudrick, Ting Yang, Kiril Hristovski

Novel Nanoparticle Assisted Production Process for Polymer Ultrafiltration Membranes ................................................................ 1703 Christoph Kellenberger, Wendelin Jan Stark

GRANULAR MEDIA AND GAC FILTRATION TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Effect of GAC Filtration and Disinfectant on Opportunistic Pathogen Persistence in Annular Reactors ........................................ 1707 Hong Wang, Amy Pruden, Marsha Pryor, Marc Edwards

Scale-Up of Granular Activated Carbon Adsorbers for Volatile Organic Compound Removal From Groundwater: Effect of Carbon Type.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1713 Detlef Knappe, Joseph Roccaro, Meredith Fott

Full-Scale Evaluation of Wood-Based GAC in a Filter Adsorber .......................................................................................................... 1718 Kirk Nowack, Connie Schreppel, Philip Tangorra

Impact of Raw Water Turbidity on ASF Removal: Historical Analysis of 7 Canadian Water Treatment Plants ........................... 1732 Isabelle Papineau, Patrick Smeets, Wim Hijnen, Pierre Payment, Benoit Barbeau

The Use of Expanded Clay Media to Extend Run Times in Existing Dual Media Filters.................................................................... 1742 James Amburgey, Barbara Brouckaert

Impact of Backwashing Procedures on Deep-Bed Filtration Productivity ............................................................................................ 1756 Irene Slavik, Wolfgang Uhl, Alexander Jehmlich

IMPACT OF CORROSION CONTROL FOR LEAD AND COPPER TRACK: INORGANICS Incorporation of Phosphate Into Destabilized PbO2 Pipe Scales ............................................................................................................ 1765 Michael Desantis, Christina Bennett-Stamper, Michael Schock

Role of pH for Phosphate-Based Lead Control in Windsor, Ontario, Canada ..................................................................................... 1777 Raymond Cantwell, Quirien Muylwyk, John Stuart, Garry Rossi, Vernon Snoeyink, Monique Waller

Impact of Treatment on Scale Formation and Lead Release From Aged LSLs ................................................................................... 1792 Evelyne Doré, Clement Cartier, Marc Edwards, Michael Schock, Michael Desantis, Laurent Laroche, Michele Prevost, Shokoufeh Nour

Does Food Prepared with Tap Water Contribute More Than Tap Water to Children’s Exposure to Lead?................................... 1802 Elise Deshommes, Michele Prevost, Alix Tachet

Systems Thinking about Corrosion Control: Secondary Effects of Anion Exchange .......................................................................... 1812 Treavor Boyer, Hillary Willison

Dissolved Copper and Lead Removal Using Granular Brass Media ..................................................................................................... 1816 Orlando Coronell, Chuan Cheng Wang, Philip Singer

PROMOTING AND PROTECTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WATER QUALITY TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS Nitrification Monitoring in a System Blending Free and Total Chlorine: A Case Study..................................................................... 1820 Adam Feffer

Occurrence of Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms and Predictors of Nitrification in Full-Scale Distribution Systems........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1826 Michele Van Dyke, Daniel Scott, William Anderson, Peter Huck

Effect of Water Age and Distribution Pipe Material on Denitrification in a Simulated Drinking Water Distribution System ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1834 Sheldon Vaughn Masters, Amy Pruden, Marc A. Edwards

Influence of Pipe Material on Sediment Composition and Accumulation in a Distribution System .................................................. 1843 Marie-Claude Besner, Poly Rani Modak, Natasha Stoesser Glauser

Distribution System Water Quality Management: Current Utility Practices ....................................................................................... 1854 Marlee Franzen, Janice Skadsen, Sonali Ambre

Trade-off between Operational Cost, Water Quality, and Reliability in Water Distribution Systems .............................................. 1884 Dhafar Al-Ani, Saeid Habibi

MICROBES IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (OH MY!) TRACK: MICROBIOLOGY & LAB METHODS Microbial Exposure Assessment for Contaminated Drinking Water..................................................................................................... 1895 Sarah Taft

Presence and Survival of Legionella in Water Distribution Systems ..................................................................................................... 1908 Absar Alum, Otto Schwake, Nathan Dunkin, Kyle Kraft, Morteza Abbaszadegan

Case Studies of Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreaks Related to Municipal Water Disruptions.............................................................. 1920 Tim Keane

Bacterial Diversity Survey and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Quantification in a Hospital Water Distribution System ..................... 1922 Emilie Bedard, Annelise Chapalain, Celine Laferriere, Michele Prevost, Cindy Lalancette, Eric Deziel

Bacterial Community Dynamics of an Urban Drinking Water Distribution System Subjected to Phases of Chloramination and Chlorination .............................................................................................................................................................. 1932 Fangqiong Ling, Wen-Tso Liu, Chiachi Hwang, Sang Liao, Gary Anderson, Mark Lechevallier

Using High-Density Microarrays to Analyze the Microbial Community Present During Nitrification............................................. 1933 Jeffrey Starke, Gregory Harrington, L. Safak Yilmaz, Daniel R. Noguera

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SDWA REGULATIONS THAT WILL LIKELY IMPACT YOUR SYSTEM TRACK: REGULATORY Preparing to Implement the Revised Total Coliform Rule...................................................................................................................... 1958 Matthew Corson, Mark Lechevallier

What are the Impacts of a cVOC Group Regulation? Questions Answered with a Case Study at Suffolk County Water Authority ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1960 Zaid Chowdhury, Jacqueline Shaw, Detlef Knappe, Karen Randazzo, Joseph Roccaro, J. Alan Roberson

Carcinogenic VOCs Treatment Decision Tree .......................................................................................................................................... 1962 Damon Roth, David Cornwell, Chad Seidel, Christopher Corwin

Lead Service Line Flushing Project (AWWA WITAF 494) .................................................................................................................... 1964 Richard Brown, David Cornwell

USEPA’s Review of the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule and AWWA’s CCR Surveys .................................................... 1965 Adam Carpenter, J. Alan Roberson

Total Nitrosamine Risk Cup........................................................................................................................................................................ 1967 Steve Hrudey, Greg Paoli, Richard Bull, Joe Cotruvo, Margaret Wilson

RAW WATER AMMONIA: TREATMENT AND TRAPS TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Introduction to Influent Ammonia Occurrence and Inadvertent Impacts on Water Quality............................................................. 1968 Philip Brandhuber

Ammonia Chemistry - Regulatory Considerations, Analytical Methods, Monitoring Instrumentation, and Chloramination Process Control ................................................................................................................................................................ 1978 Amlan Ghosh, Chad Seidel

Ammonia Control or Removal Options ..................................................................................................................................................... 1992 Nicole Keon Blute

Minnesota Department of Health ............................................................................................................................................................... 2001 Lih-In Rezania, David Schultz

Ammonia Case Study #2, Southern California Water Utility ................................................................................................................. 2015 Tarrah Henrie

Case Study #3, Three Midwest Utilities ..................................................................................................................................................... 2023 Darren Lytle

WATER RESOURCE RISK AND SUSTAINABILITY TRACK: SOURCE WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE Application of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment at Peel Region Drinking Water Treatment Plants.................................... 2033 Jane Bonsteel, Carole Baxter, Jennifer Lee, Rodney Bouchard, Robert Andrews

Water Safety Plans: Alberta’s Experience So Far.................................................................................................................................... 2036 D. C. Reid, K. Abramowski, A. Beier, A. Janzen, D. Lok, H. Mack, H. Radhakrishnan, M. M. Rahman, R. Schroth, R. Vatcher

Monitoring and Modeling the Impacts of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) On Drinking Water Intakes .................................. 2052 Sarah Dorner, A. S. Madoux-Humery, K. Pongmala, S. Sauve, K. Aboulfadl, M. Galaerneau, P. Servais, M. Prevost

Operating Under a SDWA Variance to the LT2 Treatment Requirements: Portland Water Bureau’s First Year......................... 2064 Ann Richter, Yone Akagi, Zoe Rodriguez Del Rey

GWUDI Decisions: Still Crazy After All These Years ............................................................................................................................. 2082 Jennifer Clancy

Water Treatment and Distribution Sustainability.................................................................................................................................... 2083 Tom Bruursema

WATER REUSE TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Application of Risk Reduction Principles for Direct Potable Reuse....................................................................................................... 2109 Erin Mackey, Andrew Salveson

Recycled Water Irrigation and Groundwater Study................................................................................................................................ 2121 John Hawthorne, Henry Barrientos, Norman Wong

Point-of-Entry Water Treatment for Potable Reuse: A Ceramic Nanofiltration/Advanced Oxidation Hybrid Process ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2136 Patricio Roa Garduno, Jorg Drewes, David Sedlak, Sebastian Kaindl

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION STRATEGIES TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH TRACK: TREATMENT OF EMERGING ISSUES Choosing a Residual That Meets DBP Standards When Blending Chlorinated and Chloraminated Water–A Case Study .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2144 Philip Brandhuber, Rengao Song

Chemical and Microbial Contamination of Valve Vault Water, Valve Vault Sediments and Groundwater Near Drinking Water Pipes .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2154 Gabrielle Ebacher, Marie-Claude Besner, Michele Prevost

Bromide, DBPs and Aeration: Results Using In-Tank Aeration to Lower THMs in the Distribution System ................................. 2164 Peter Fiske, Stanley States, Leonard Casson, Randy Moore

UV IN AN ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS TRACK: UV Pharmaceutical Compounds Degradation by UV/TiO2 Photocatalysis Process.................................................................................... 2182 Qinqing Cai, Pei Xiong, Jiangyong Hu

Degredation of Certain Pesticides With TiO2 H2O2 TiO2/H2O2 in a UVA-Led Photoreactor............................................................. 2194 Linlong Yu, Gopal Achari, Cooper H. Langford

VOLUME 4 VUV Reactors for the Degradation of Micropollutants and Inactivation of Microorganisms ............................................................ 2233 Gustavo Imoberdorf, Madjid Mohseni

The Effectiveness of UV/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation for the Destruction of Trichloethylene in Drinking Water....................... 2251 Ding Wang, Susan Andrews, James Bolton, Ronald Hofmann

Advanced Oxidation for 1, 4 Dioxane and VOC Removal From Drinking Water: Results of a Demonstration-Scale Pilot Study ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2262 Joseph Roccaro, Paul Brandt, Scott Meyerdierks, Erik Rosenfeldt, Alan Royce

Impact of the Organic and Inorganic Water Matrix on UV/H2O2 Treatment ...................................................................................... 2282 Bram Martijn, James Malley, Joop Kruithof

STRATEGIES TO CONTROL DBP FORMATION: WHAT ARE MY OPTIONS? TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS Case Studies on Nitrosamine Formation and Control at Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants ........................................... 2302 Stuart Krasner, Paul Westerhoff, William Mitch, Janice Skadsen

Haloacetic Acid Removal by Sequential Zero-Valent Iron Reduction and Biologically Activated Carbon Degradation................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2320 Shun Tang, Xiaomao Wang, Yuefeng Xie, H. W. Yang

Control the Formation of Chlorinated Disinfection By-products by Biofiltration ............................................................................... 2333 Hua Jiang, Robert Brownwood, Roy Foster, Rachel Watts, Jun Fang

DETECTING AND RESPONDING TO EVENTS TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS Integration of Customer Complaint-Based Event Detection System in Utility Operations................................................................. 2348 Margarita Kopansky, Rami Raad, Priyanka Uppu

Using Baseline Water Quality Data to Establish Control Limits to Identify Water Contamination.................................................. 2364 Christopher Wiggins, Alta Turner, John Consolvo

Multi-Laboratory Validation of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Drinking Water and Surface Water................................................ 2377 Kiaser Shen

ANALYTICAL METHODS: NEW IDEAS AND IMPROVEMENTS TRACK: MICROBIOLOGY & LAB METHODS Precision and Accuracy of On-Line Water Quality Measurements ....................................................................................................... 2395 Jeffrey Rosen, Timothy Schurmann, David Specht, Ralph Rogers, Margarita Kopansky, Geoffrey Brock

A Comparison of Methods to Measure Bacterial Biomass on Powder and Granular Activated Carbon .......................................... 2411 Céline Stoquart, Gabriela Vazquez, Pierre Servais, Benoit Barbeau

Evaluation of Hexavalent Chromium Stability in Drinking Water Samples ........................................................................................ 2423 Kathita Chittaladakorn, Laurie McNeill, Joan McLean, Marc Edwards

US EPA Method 538: Determination of Selected Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water by Direct Aqueous Injection ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2435 Michael Thurman, Imma Ferrer

Comparison of PFC Methods 537 vs On-line Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 2447 Andrew Eaton, Ali Haghani

ASSESSING AND REDUCING THE VULNERABILITY OF SMALL SYSTEMS TO WATER QUALITY FAILURE TRACK: SOURCE WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE Assessing and Reducing the Vulnerability of Small Systems to Water Quality Failure ...................................................................... 2459 Manuel Rodriguez

Small System Vulnerability to Virus Contamination and the Human Health Risk ............................................................................. 2461 Mark Borchardt

Exploring the Effects of Climate Change on Surface Source Water in Small Rural Communities.................................................... 2475 Gordon Huang

Approaches to Optimizing Disinfection By-Product Compliance in Small Water Utilities................................................................. 2503 E. C. Inniss, S. R. Poleneni, C. M. Roberts, R. E. Reed, T. E. Clevenger

Hydrophobic Organic Compounds (HOCs) in Drinking Reservoirs around the Pearl River Delta Region: Effects of Chlorination and Protecting Effects of Dietary Antioxidants against Genotoxic Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) ......................... 2518 Liang Yan, Yan-Ling Zhang

Drinking Water Security and Event Detection ......................................................................................................................................... 2541 Regan Murray, John Hall

Climate Impacts: Science, Policy, and Practices....................................................................................................................................... 2557 Frederick Pontius

HARNESSING NATURE FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT TRACK: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Implementing Passive Biological Treatment for Drinking Water .......................................................................................................... 2576 R. David Pyne

Passive Biological Treatment: A Robust and Multi-Contaminant Barrier for Micro-Pollutant Elimination................................... 2585 Gary Amy, Thomas Missimer, Jorg Drewes

Biogeochemical Processes during Riverbank Filtration .......................................................................................................................... 2603 Thomas Grischek

European Perspective: Bulk and Trace Organics Removal in Underground Treatment Systems ..................................................... 2607 Martin Jekel

Operational Experiences of Implementing an ASR System in the Region of Waterloo ....................................................................... 2627 Tim Walton, Bernie Marshall

Tucson's Clearwater Program - From a "Turbulent" Beginning to Today's Sustainable and Drought Resistant Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2643 Jeff Biggs, George Maseeh, Christine Cotton

NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER REMOVAL TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Investigation of Natural Organic Matter Removal Using Advanced Analytical Tools ........................................................................ 2656 Jamie Croft, Peter Huck, Sigrid Peldszus

Electrocoagulation for NOM Removal From Natural Water Without pH Control or Addition of Conductivity Enhancing Salts ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 2659 Kristian Dubrawski, Madjid Mohseni

The Effect of pH on Coagulation and the Resulting Floc Strength Using Humic Acid as a Model Component............................... 2667 Siobhan McGrath, Bruce Jefferson, Peter Jarvis

AERATION AND MIXING AS PART OF A DBP CONTROL STRATEGY TRACK: CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Bubble Away the DBP Blues! An Innovative Approach to Aeration for TTHM Control ................................................................... 2679 Katie Walker, Stan Williams, Steve Reiber, Donald Sarich, Hector Rafael Ortiz

All Mixed Up: An Examination of Passive Mixing System Performance in Municipal Water Storage Tanks. Do They Really Do What The Are Supposed To Do? .................................................................................................................................... 2702 Chris Hunter, Daniel Berringer, Elizabeth Weir

USEPA MCL Compliance for Trihalomethanes in Distribution Systems: Solar-Powered Circulation With Shallow-Set Diffused Aeration .................................................................................................................................................................... 2716 Michael Christensen, Kenneth Hudnell

MEMBRANE FOULING INVESTIGATIONS TRACK: MEMBRANES Ozonation and Biofiltration Pretreatments: Impact on Membrane Fouling as Measured By the Unified Membrane Fouling Index (UMFI).................................................................................................................................................................................. 2732 Annie Carriere, Noam Geismar, Pierre Berube, Benoit Barbeau

Relaxation: A Beneficial Operational Step for the Reduction of Fouling in Hollow Fiber Membranes for Drinking Water Treatment .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2746 Nigel Paul De Souza, Onita Basu

Designing High-Performance Air Spargers for Minimizing the Fouling Rate in Submerged HF Membranes ................................ 2753 Sepideh Jankhah, Pierre R. Berube

Pilot-Scale Investigation of UF Membrane Fouling Using Principal Component Analysis of Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrices ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2759 Fei Chen, Sigrid Peldszus, Ramila H. Peiris, Peter M. Huck, Raymond L. Legge

Evaluation of DLS Technique to Monitor Membrane Fouling by Colloidal Particles and Pretreatment Process Efficiency ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2764 Rajagopalan Ganesh, Josh Smeraldi, Turaj Hosseini, Jana Safarik, Diego Rosso

Fouling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes as Investigated in a Newly Developed Long-Channel RO Test Cell................................. 2771 Nadine Siebdrath, Wei Ding, Andre Lerch, Wolfgang Uhl, D. Diersche, E. Pietsch, H. Vrouwenvelder

APPLICATION OF UV AND OZONE TECHNOLOGY TRACK: UV Impact of Low-Wavelength UV Light on UVDose Monitoring for Adenovirus Credit ....................................................................... 2782 Harold Wright

Bacillus Pumilus as a High Resistance Surrogate for High-Dose UV Reactor Validation................................................................... 2797 Shawn Verhoeven, Harold Wright, Brian Petri, Keith Bircher, Ronnie Bemus, Conrad Odegaard

The Carbon Chronicles: A New Strategy Reducing the Cost of Hydrogen Peroxide Residual Quenching for UV Advanced Oxidation..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2805 Martin Gravel, Jeff Hennings, Brian Sahely

Predicting the Reactivity of Micropollutants With Ozone by Modeling Their Reaction Rate Constants.......................................... 2814 Xiaohui Jin, Sigrid Peldszus, Douglas Sparkes, Peter Huck

A Comparison Between CT10, IDDF, and CFD Approaches for Evaluation of Drinking Water Ozone Disinfection Performance .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2826 Jianping Zhang, Peter Huck, William Anderson

Fine Tuning Ozone Operations for Improved Disinfection Control....................................................................................................... 2840 Richard Gullick, Wendy Simone, Kerwin Rakness

DISINFECTANTS: IMPACT AND CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TRACK: DISTRIBUTION & PLANT OPERATIONS 3D Chlorine and Monochloramine Penetration and Nitrifying Biofilm Activity and Viability: Periodic Chlorine Switch Implications ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2861 Woo Hyoung Lee, Jonathan Pressman, David Wahman

Comparison Study of Biofilm and Detached Biofilm Susceptibility to Chlorine and Monochloramine Disinfection ...................... 2872 Zheng Xue, Youngwoo Seo

Long-Term Biostability Study in Philadelphia’s Drinking Water.......................................................................................................... 2883 Nicole Charlton, Ya-Chi Tsao

Chloramine Decay–Silicate, Sediments, Ammonium, and Blending ...................................................................................................... 2893 Susan Andrews, Laura Meteer, Jim Wang, Camille Leung

Cometabolism of Monochloramine by Nitrosomonas Europaea Under Distribution System Conditions ......................................... 2898 Juan Maestre, David Wahman, Gerald Speitel

Indirect Impacts of Premise Plumbing on Disinfectant Decay................................................................................................................ 2911 Amanda Martin, Sheldon Vaughn Masters, Amy Pruden, Joseph Falkinham, Marc Edwards

MICROBIOLOGY METHODS: DEVELOPMENT AND TWEAKS TRACK: MICROBIOLOGY & LAB METHODS Laboratory Effects on the Long-Term Trending of Raw Water Parasite Data for the City of Calgary............................................ 2923 Norma Ruecker, Paul Mayberry, Niravanh Bounsombath, Mei Chen

Method 1623.1: The First Step Is Finding the Cryptosporidium............................................................................................................ 2934 Leah Villegas, Nancy Shaw, Carrie Miller, Michael Zimmerman

Evaluation of More Versatile, Cost-Effective and Robust Filtration Approaches for USEPA Method 1623.................................... 2948 Eric Rhodes, Leah Villegas, Nancy Shaw, Carrie Miller, Eric Villegas

Technology Transfer of a Cryptosporidium Slide Genotyping Method to a Water Utility ................................................................. 2960 Joe Hernandez, George Di Giovanni

Evaluation of a Test Kit for the Detection of Microbiological Contamination in Water by Non-Laboratory Personnel ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2963 Marsha Pryor, Colin Fricker

Molecular Detection of E. Coli to Enhance Drinking Water Monitoring by the Water Industry ...................................................... 2966 Vincent Hill, Jothikumar Narayanan, Amy Kahler, Nancy Strockbine

Author Index