The municipal waste management regulation for of the city of Stockholm
Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013 – 2016 – on the way to a world-class Stockholm www.stockholm.se/avfallsplan
Adopted 18 February 2013
FOREWORD Stockholm is growing like never before, and all of us who live and work in the city are affected. The city of tomorrow is being created today, so we need to think ahead and act now. The fact that Stockholm is growing is positive and means great opportunities and exciting challenges. A rising population does not just bring with it a need for new homes, more schools and a traffic situation that works. More people and businesses mean more waste, necessitating continued development of environmentally sound and efficient waste management. How can we get better at separating refuse in an ever more densely populated metropolitan area? How can we cater for waste management when we also need land for schools, housing, new businesses and open spaces for walking? And can we reduce quantities of waste? Structured work is required if we are to continue to have a clean and attractive city with a healthy environment. This waste management plan is one of the policy documents guiding this work. The plan is focused on household waste, but it also contains objectives covering other waste.
A substantial increase in the collection of food waste is one of the key objectives of the waste management plan. The city’s own business operations obviously have to take the lead in increasing the separation of food waste, but, in order to meet the objectives, we all need to contribute – including residents, businesses and other organisations in Stockholm. The Waste management plan for Stockholm 20132016 was adopted by the Stockholm Municipal Council on 18 February 2013. As its point of departure, it builds on the development to which previous plans have contributed and raises the bar further, based on present-day circumstances and the kind of city we want to see in the future.
Per Anders Hedkvist Head of Traffic and Waste Management Administration City of Stockholm
THE THREE PARTS OF THE MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION The municipal waste management regulation for the of the city of Stockholm is divided into three publications: • Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016 • Annexes to the Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016 • Regulations on waste management for the City of Stockholm In the waste management plan, you can read about the state of waste management in Stockholm today as well as plans for the future. Objectives, Sub-objectives and needs for action are also presented. The annexes contain background information. The regulations contain provisions on the collection and management of household and similar waste, responsibilities, collection intervals, equipment and so on. You will also find provisions on the review of exemptions from the regulations.
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Avfallsplan för
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The publications can be easily downloaded or printed from www.stockholm/avfallsplan
Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
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Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Objectives for waste management in Stockholm ........................................................................... 7 Objective 1 Waste from those who live and work in the city will decrease, and waste produced will be dealt with in a resource-efficient way .............................................. 9 Sub-objectives for the plan period 1.1 Waste will be prevented and a greater proportion of products will be re-used ....................................10 1.2 The proportion of waste recycled will increase .............................................................................................11
1.3 At least 40% of food waste will be collected separately for anaerobic digestion for biogas production .........................................................................................................................11
1.4 At least 60% of phosphorous compounds in wastewater will be returned to productive land, of which at least half to farmland ...................................................................................12 1.5 Prevention, re-use and recycling of construction and demolition waste will increase .........................13 1.6 Litter in the urban environment will decrease ...............................................................................................13
Objective 2 Waste that can be harmful to humans or the environment will be managed separately........ 15 Sub-objectives for the plan period 2.1 The proportion of hazardous waste and electrical waste in refuse sacks will be dimidiated ..............16
2.2 At least 90% of the population will know how to manage their hazardous waste as well as disposal of waste from electrical and electronic equipment ........................................17 2.3 Hazardous waste from construction and demolition waste will be managed correctly........................17
Objective 3 All parts of waste management will be informed by a human perspective ............................... 19 Sub-objectives for the plan period
3.1 Those living and working in the city will have the knowledge needed to manage waste correctly ...................................................................................................................20 3.2 Systems for waste management will be simple to use and easily accessible ...........................................21 3.3 Systems for waste management will offer a good working environment ................................................21
3.4 Consideration will be given to the surrounding environment in the reception and collection of waste.........................................................................................................................................23
Objective 4 Waste management will be a natural part of planning processes .............................................. 25 Sub-objectives for the plan period
4.1 In all new building work and major redevelopments, waste issues will be considered at the initial planning ..................................................................................26 4.2 Areas of the city will be set aside for waste-related activity .......................................................................27 4.3 New technical solutions will be tried, and development of collection systems will continue ............27
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................. 28 List of annexes................................................................................................................................... 30 Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
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INTRODUCTION Overview Waste management is an important part of society’s infrastructure and involves and affects many people. The Environmental Code therefore requires all municipalities to have a waste management plan, covering both what the municipality is responsible for and other types of waste. The waste management plan must describe the long-term objectives and measures planned by the municipality to reduce the volume and hazardousness of waste and to provide information on all waste that is generated within the city. The waste management plan makes up one part of the municipal waste management regulations, the other part consisting of regulations. The two parts of the plan may be updated at different times. The purpose of the waste management plan is to have a strategy for how the City of Stockholm and other actors work in the area of waste – in planning new areas, reviewing building permits and supervising environmentally hazardous activity, as well as determining how residents, businesses and other organisations should manage their waste. The plan focuses on household waste, that is to say, waste arising in households and similar waste from businesses. But it also contains objectives relating to other waste. This plan does not indicate any objectives specific to the City of Stockholm’s own operations; these can be found in the Stockholm Environmental Programme 2012-2015. Risk analyses of the city’s waste management system are not dealt with in the plan.
Background Stockholm is growing strongly, and this necessitates clarity and a long-term approach in planning waste management, as well as other infrastructure. In 2030 the city of Stockholm is expected to have a population of just over one million, and the population of Stockholm county is projected to have risen to 2.5 million. Steady population growth means increased demands for sufficient space for the management of household and business waste, for example, domestic refuse, bulky waste, hazardous waste and packaging. The rise in population and densification of the city also lead to greater competition for available land and increased traffic levels. In general, the amount of waste generated is expected to rise with the population. At the start of the 20th century, each person in Sweden threw away 25-30 kg of waste per year; today that figure has risen to 500 kg. Reducing the quantity of waste and offering easily accessible, environmentally sound and cost-effective waste management with a good working environment poses a great challenge. The area of waste management is regulated and guided by laws, plans and strategies at EU, national, regional and local levels. These are presented in Annex 7. Any changes in waste management legislation may have an impact on the waste management plan. This may have great significance for the fulfilment and follow-up of the set objectives, particularly if the distribution of responsibility for waste changes.
Our challenges
Stockholm is growing at record speed 2,500,000
Population of Stockholm County Population of the City of Stockholm
2,000,000
STOCKHOLMS STADS
1,500,000
MILJÖPROGRAM 2012–2015
1,000,000
500,000
0 1990
2000
2010
2020
2030 Beslutat i kommunfullmäktige
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Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
den 30 januari 2012
OBJECTIVES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN STOCKHOLM The waste management plan contains four main objectives, with a vision for the situation in 2030 presented under each main objective. These visions are aimed at attaining the long-term objectives in the City of Stockholm’s strategic Vision 2030 to create a world-class city. The four main objectives have been broken down into more detailed sub-objectives for the plan period, 2013-2016. Measures contributing to fulfilment are linked to the sub-objectives. Consequences of plan implementation The whole purpose of the plan is to contribute to the positive development for those who live and work in the city, as well as its overall environment. The plan’s environmental impact assessment (Annex 8) assesses its environmental effects compared with a zero alternative. Some of the proposed actions in the plan may mean increased costs, compared to today, for the city, property owners and other stakeholders. However, these increases should be related to the costs that arise in the absence of planning and control, from the perspective of both individuals and society. Follow-up and status review Continuous follow-up during the plan period is required to assess how effectively the objectives will be met. In that way, it is also possible to see early on whether there is a need for greater resources in a particular area. The Traffic and Waste Management Committee has overarching responsibility for follow-up of the waste management plan. The key indicators presented under each sub-objective will be followed up on an annual basis and presented in the Environmental Barometer on the City of Stockholm website. An in-depth status review and analysis will be performed mid-way through the plan period.
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Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
OBJECTIVE 1 WASTE FROM THOSE WHO LIVE AND WORK IN THE CITY WILL DECREASE, AND WASTE PRODUCED WILL BE DEALT WITH IN A RESOURCE-EFFICIENT WAY Description This objective is of key significance and can be found with similar wording in the Stockholm Environmental Programme 2012-2015. The City of Stockholm is endeavouring to move waste in accordance with the EU waste hierarchy, commonly known as the waste ladder. Resource management generally increases the further one goes up the waste hierarchy. Reducing the amount of waste is a great and important challenge in environmental work. If this is not possible, the waste should be re-used, recycled or recovered as energy. As a last option, it has to be landfilled. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s future national programme for waste prevention will support the municipalities’ work on this issue. The amount of waste created in a society is governed by many different factors and partly depends on the state of the economy. The link between economic growth and increased generation of waste needs to be broken. This is conditional on resources being utilised more efficiently, patterns of consumption changing and the life cycle of products being extended. Municipalities have few tools today to directly influence waste streams. Within its own operations, however, the City of Stockholm can play an important role in reducing the quantity of its waste.
possible to produce biogas that can be used as fuel for vehicles, as well as a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a fertiliser. Using food waste to produce gas as fuel for vehicles will also contribute to fulfilling one objective of the Stockholm environmental programme, which aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to a maximum of 3 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per capita by 2015. The collection of food waste is also addressed in the City of Stockholm’s biogas strategy. The level of recycling in the waste hierarchy also relates to packaging and newspapers. Improving opportunities for households to leave packaging and newspapers for curbside collection can contribute to better waste separation. To enable an increase in the quantity of waste that can be utilised, there is a need for adequate treatment capacity in the region and a strong aftermarket for this type of recycled waste. Vision for 2030 Aware production and consumption means there will be lower quantities of waste and that the trend of increasing quantities will have been broken. All waste should be dealt with in the most resource-efficient way.
By collecting food waste separately instead of sending it for incineration together with waste bags, it is RECYCLING ENERGY RECOVERY DISPOSAL Residual waste that cannot be recycled or re-used is sent to landfill.
Combustible waste is incinerated to produce heat and electricity.
Packaging, newspapers, metal, etc., can be recycled into new products.
PREVENTION RE-USE Products can often be repaired or change owners instead of being thrown away.
The volume of waste can be reduced by aware consumption.
Figure 1. Illustration of the EU waste hierarchy Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
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1.1 WASTE WILL BE PREVENTED AND A GREATER PROPORTION OF PRODUCTS WILL BE RE-USED Description Generally speaking, both the production of new articles and their associated waste has an adverse environmental impact. Reduction of the amount of waste can be achieved through manufacturing with a live-cycle perspective, generating less waste, through more aware consumption and through more re-use of waste The national waste management plan1 states that ”Re-use of household waste must be increased, partly by making it easier for households to dispose of materials and products for re-use”. Needs for action • Increased information on waste minimisation and re-use. • Dialogue between affected businesses in the City of Stockholm on how to work on minimising waste. • Create the necessary basis for re-use. • Continued steering towards environmentally sound waste management through the waste fee. • In purchasing and procurement, plan for reduced quantities of waste, for example, by setting requirements to take back packaging. Actors Manufacturers, waste holders, and the City of Stockholm boards and companies are all responsible for the sub-objectives being met. The City can help create the necessary basis for minimisation of waste. Follow-up The waste for which the municipality is responsible is followed up by the Traffic and Waste Management Administration. There are no coordinated statistics Från avfallshante ring at present for other waste. till resurshushållnin g Key indicators • Quantity of collected domestic waste per person per year2.
SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR THE PLAN PERIOD
Sveriges avfallsplan
2012–2017
RAPPOR T 6502 • maj 2012
• Quantity of waste received for re-use at the recycling centres3.
”From waste management to resource management – Sweden’s waste management plan 2012-2017”, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. 2 The Swedish Waste Association’s web statistics, 2011: 509 kg of household and comparable waste from other activities per person. Relates to the total volume of ”waste bags”, separated food waste, hazardous waste, bulky waste and producer responsibility waste (packaging, newspapers, electrical waste). Pharmaceutical waste, latrine waste and grease trap sludge are excluded. 3 Traffic and Waste Management Administration statistics, 2011: 2%. 1
1.2 THE PROPORTION OF WASTE RECYCLED WILL INCREASE Description Today most of Stockholm’s household waste is incinerated for energy recovery. It is generally environmentally better, however, to ”move” generated waste one step up in the waste hierarchy, so that a greater proportion is recycled. This sub-objective principally relates to packaging and newspapers, which end up in refuse bags and as bulky waste. Needs for action • Increased recycling of bulky waste from recycling centres. • Create better opportunities for textile recycling. • Develop collection systems for fractions separated at source. • Reduce the proportion of packaging and newspapers placed in ordinary refuse bags. • Increase the opportunities for separation and collection for households. • Improved opportunities for businesses to deposit packaging. • Continued steering towards environmentally sound waste management through the waste fee. Actors The City of Stockholm, manufacturers and property owners create the necessary basis. Wasteholders have a responsibility to separate and to use collection systems. Follow-up Picking assays, user surveys, and waste quantity statistics. Key indicators • Proportion of packaging and newspapers in refuse bags, converted to waste quantity per household.4 • Proportion of recycling for waste received at recycling centres5
1.3 AT LEAST 40% OF FOOD WASTE WILL BE COLLECTED SEPARATELY FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION Description The same target as in the Stockholm environmental programme. The target is to be regarded as a milestone target for the national target of 50% by 2018. It relates to food waste from households, restaurants, institutional kitchens and shops, and is estimated to be equivalent to around 38,000 tonnes per year. This target also includes food waste collected through kitchen waste disposers. Disposers connected to the sewer network generally produce a lower energy yield, and the digestate cannot always be returned to farmland. Instead, they are regarded as complements to other collection methods for food waste. In 2011 around 7% of food waste in Sweden was treated by digestion. The food waste is converted to energy as biogas and nutrients as biofertiliser. As far as possible, the nutrient-rich digestate should be returned to farmland, so that the ecocycle is closed. Changes in responsibility for collection of food waste from businesses may take place during the plan period. Needs for action • Targeted information to various groups on collection of food waste. • Develop the systems for food waste collection. • Expand the collection of food waste in the City of Stockholm’s own operations. • Create a central function that can support and coordinate the City of Stockholm’s own operations in introducing the collection of food waste. • Develop regional cooperation to ensure treatment capacity for food waste. Actors Important actors are the City of Stockholm, restaurants, food stores, other businesses and households. Follow-up Waste quantity statistics, picking assays. Key indicators
Picking assays, 2011: Proportion of packaging 24%, equivalent to 64 kg per household per year. Proportion of newspapers 8%, equivalent to 26 kg per household per year. 5 Traffic and Waste Management Administration statistics, 2011: 38%. 4
• Quantity of separately collected food waste. • Proportion of food waste in the refuse bags, converted to volume per household.
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1.4 AT LEAST 60% OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN WASTEWATER WILL BE RETURNED TO PRODUCTIVE LAND, OF WHICH AT LEAST HALF TO FARMLAND Description Stockholm Vatten’s (the Stockholm Water Company) target for sewage sludge is in line with the national target for at least 60% of phosphorus compounds in wastewater in 2025 to be returned to productive land, of which at least half should be returned to farmland. Attaining the target will depend on both the quality of the sludge and commercial conditions. Ecocyclebased use of the sludge necessitates very low levels of pollutants and general acceptance of the sludge being utilised for return to productive land. An important action to improve the quality of the sludge is to aim to ensure that waste containing harmful substances, such as hazardous waste and pharmaceutical residues, is managed correctly. In 2011 around 73,000 tonnes of sludge was produced at the sewage treatment plants of Stockholm Vatten AB. Of this, 14,600 tonnes (equivalent to 20%) was stored for spreading on farmland. Nothing beyond this has gone to other productive land. Needs for action • Continue actions for improved sludge quality. • Dialogue with farmers on use of the sludge. • Trials with separate management of sewage for separate sludge management. • Continued work on separate collection of hazardous waste and pharmaceutical waste. Actors Stockholm Vatten AB and farmers’ organisations. In addition, households and businesses are responsible for harmful substances not ending up in wastewater. Follow-up and key indicators The proportions of phosphorus compounds in the sludge returned to productive land, and the proportions of phosphorus compounds that go to farmland. Stockholm Vatten AB is responsible for follow-up.
1.5 PREVENTION, RE-USE AND RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE WILL INCREASE Description One of the targets in the European Union Waste Directive is for the re-use and recycling of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste to reach at least 70% in 2020. Through good planning at building sites, there is also great potential to reduce the proportion of materials that needs to be discarded. There are no aggregated statistics in this area at present. Needs for action • Increase knowledge within the City of Stockholm by conducting an inventory of the waste streams in selected new construction and conversion projects. • Set clear requirements for waste management in building and demolition permits. • Endeavour to ensure effective management of construction materials and construction waste in new construction and conversion projects in the city. • Collaborate with other actors to find long-term solutions for management of aggregates in the city and region. Actors Developers, contractors, property owners, the City Planning Administration, the Environment and Health Administration, the City Development Administration, the Traffic and Waste Management Administration, etc. Follow-up To allow for an assessment of target fulfilment, the City of Stockholm should make efforts to increase knowledge of waste streams.
1.6 LITTER IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT WILL DECREASE Description In recent years the City of Stockholm has made active efforts to reduce litter in the streets, as well as in parks and open spaces. These actions have consisted both in expanding litter clearing and in changing public attitudes towards litter with campaigns and communication. Litter in the city has decreased sharply as a result. Needs for action • Further develop the Traffic and Waste Management Administration’s litter action plan. • Continue to work on activities and communication aimed at the public regarding attitudes to litter. • Develop collaboration between different actors. Actors The Traffic and Waste Management Administration, district administrations, SL, event organisers, households, visitors and those who work in the city. Follow-up Recurrent litter measurements. Public surveys and the urban environment survey of the City Executive Office.
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Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
OBJECTIVE 2 WASTE THAT CAN BE HARMFUL TO HUMANS OR THE ENVIRONMENT WILL BE MANAGED SEPARATELY Description In this case, harmful waste means both waste classified as hazardous in the Waste Ordinance and other waste that, based on contents or characteristics, may cause harm to humans or the environment. Waste oil, leftover paint, electrical waste, used batteries and pharmaceutical waste are some good examples. In order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment and to prevent any interference with waste and wastewater treatment, it is important to reduce the quantity of hazardous waste generated and increase the proportion collected and correctly treated. To prevent hazardous substances from being spread into the environment, hazardous waste should be separated before any other waste is treated. Hazardous substances may, for example, be released through flue gases during waste incineration, through leachate from landfills or with wastewater and sludge from sewage treatment plants. The proper separation and handling of hazardous waste is also essential for recycling other types of waste. Important parameters for minimising the impact of hazardous substances, as well as obtaining waste that is as suitable as possible for recycling, are: • Products with low levels of harmful substances, and products designed to make it easier to manage these substances separately when the product is discarded. • Knowledge and awareness among consumers of what hazardous and harmful waste is, how it can be avoided, and how it should be managed, as well as the importance of taking responsibility for proper management of it. • Safe and easily accessible systems for the collection of hazardous waste, from both households and businesses. • Safe and reliable systems for the continued management and final treatment of the waste. The City of Stockholm is working purposefully to develop the collection of hazardous waste from households. 81% of residents say they are satisfied with the
possibility of depositing hazardous waste but 19% are less satisfied or not satisfied at all, and the Traffic and Waste Management Administration must continue to work on this. The proportion satisfied is higher among those who live in single-family dwellings than among residents of apartment blocks. The municipality is not responsible for collecting hazardous waste from businesses. Smaller businesses may, however, find it difficult at the current time to dispose of their hazardous waste correctly. One type of harmful waste is waste from electrical and electronic equipment. There is producer responsibility for this waste, which means that the person who buys the item pays a fee in advance for collection and treatment. Everyone depositing waste is obliged to separate electrical and electronic equipment so that waste management and recycling can be performed correctly. One objective in the national waste management plan is to increase the collection of electrical waste and electronic equipment for recycling, particularly for small electrical waste and electronic equipment. The use of electrical products has increased over the years, and many products are out-competed by new, more developed products before the old product has reached the natural end of its life cycle. The Traffic and Waste Management Administration sees a weak trend towards an increased proportion of electrical waste and electronic equipment disposed of in refuse bags, which may be due to increased consumption. Vision for 2030 All waste containing substances harmful to humans or the environment is managed in separate waste streams, and none of it ends up in refuse bags or wastewater. Products have a minimum of harmful substances and are designed to make separate management of these substances easier the day the product becomes waste. Knowledge among private individuals and businesses is high, and all take responsibility for managing hazardous and harmful waste correctly. The system for collection and reception of this type of waste is well developed.
Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
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2.1 THE PROPORTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ELECTRICAL WASTE IN REFUSE BAGS WILL BE DIMIDIATED Description This sub-objective is an expansion of the objective in the Stockholm environment programme ”The proportion of hazardous waste separated incorrectly will decrease”. Picking assays show that relatively little hazardous waste ends up in waste bags, but it is important that it neither ends up in wastewater nor in some other inappropriate place. There is producer responsibility, for example, for electrical and electronic equipment, batteries and medicines. The municipality is responsible for other hazardous waste from households. Businesses have the responsibility to ensure their hazardous waste is dealt with acceptably with regards to public health and the environment. Needs for action • Developing the collection of hazardous and electrical and electronic equipment. • Offer easily accessible collection systems for households. • Continue the development of curbside/door collection of hazardous waste. • Develop cooperation with organisations for producer responsibility in finding common systems for collection. • Improved options for depositing hazardous waste for businesses with small quantities. Actors City of Stockholm, producers, property owners and other actors. Households are important actors in ensuring that hazardous waste is separated and handed over to collection systems. Follow-up Picking assays and user survey. Key indicators
SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR THE PLAN PERIOD
• Proportion of hazardous waste and waste from electrical and electronic equipment in the waste bags. • Proportion of hazardous waste and waste from electrical and electronic equipment in bulky waste.
2.2 AT LEAST 90% OF THE POPULATION WILL KNOW HOW TO MANAGE THEIR HAZARDOUS WASTE AS WELL AS WASTE FROM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Description To increase the proportion of hazardous and electrical waste and electronic equipment collected and correctly managed, it is important that the waste holder has good knowledge of what is hazardous waste, how it is to be managed and where it is to be deposited. Needs for action • Continuous information on what is hazardous waste and how it is collected. • Continuous information on what waste from electrical and electronic equipment is and how it is collected. Actors Information is the responsibility of several actors. The City of Stockholm has an overall responsibility for information and a direct responsibility for information on the hazardous waste from households. Information about waste from electrical and electronic equipment is a producer responsibility, and the producer organisation informs the households. Property owners are responsible for tenants receiving information on how waste management is arranged in the property. Households have a responsibility to keep informed and take responsibility for their hazardous waste. Follow-up User survey.
2.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE FROM CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE WILL BE MANAGED CORRECTLY Description According to waste statistics, the construction and demolition sector generates significant quantities of hazardous waste. This is also designated as a priority area to be worked on in the national waste management plan. Needs for action • Cooperation between the City of Stockholm, developers and contractors to create good opportunities for separating hazardous waste. • Set clear requirements for management of hazardous waste in building and demolition permits. • Set clear requirements for management of hazardous waste in areas of new construction within the city. • Monitor compliance with specified requirements. Actors Developers and contractors are responsible for their hazardous waste. The Environment Administration has supervisory responsibility and checks and informs businesses on the management of hazardous waste as well as waste from electrical and electronic equipment. City Planning Administration and City Development Administration. Follow-up There are no coordinated statistics at present.
Key indicators • The proportion of households stating that they deposit hazardous waste, waste from electrical or electronic equipment.
Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016
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Fotnötter
OBJECTIVE 3 ALL PARTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT WILL BE INFORMED BY A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE Description Only when waste management systems work well for those involved is it possible to achieve the desired positive environmental effects. The entire waste management chain must be set in a good environment, including good working conditions, from the moment when waste is generated to collection, final disposal and treatment. The four elements addressed under this objective are: • Knowledge and understanding • Accessibility and usability • Working environment • Surroundings and urban environment
It must also be kept in mind, as far as reasonable, that each individual and business is different and with their own special needs. Vision for 2030 The city has simple and easily accessible systems for waste management, which encourage re-use and recycling. Those who live and work in the city and those who manage the waste possess the appropriate amount of knowledge about the significance of correct management and feel responsible for their link in the chain. All collection and management takes place safely and in a good working environment. Waste management is integrated with other interests in the urban environment.
Everyone who lives and works in the city is responsible for waste management functioning at their respective link in the chain. The City of Stockholm is responsible on an overall level for the systems working and being comprehensible. For some types of waste, the producers are responsible for the collection systems. Within a given property, the property holder is responsible for functioning and easily accessible waste management on the property.
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3.1 THOSE LIVING AND WORKING IN THE CITY WILL HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE NEEDED TO MANAGE WASTE CORRECTLY Description Waste management should be characterized by accessibility and service, but as waste holders, we are all also responsible for keeping ourselves informed and following the applicable rules. It should therefore be simple to get information when it is needed, for instance, through the website or customer service. Knowledge of how waste is to be separated often leads to greater understanding and acceptance of the various solutions. The City of Stockholm’s ambition is that at least 80% of the population feels well informed on waste issues. Needs for action • The waste plan is communicated to everyone concerned. • Recurrent information campaigns to households on relevant topics. • Information targeted at schools and pre-schools. • Adapted communication for different target groups. • Preparation of advice for property owners. Actors The City of Stockholm, producer organisations and property owners have information responsibility. Private individuals and businesses are responsible for keeping themselves informed. Follow-up Picking assays and user survey. Key indicators • Proportion of population feeling they are well informed on waste issues.
SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR THE PLAN PERIOD
3.2 SYSTEMS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT WILL BE SIMPLE TO USE AND EASILY ACCESSIBLE
3.3 SYSTEMS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT WILL OFFER A GOOD WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Description It should be easy to do the right thing. Waste disposal and separation should be accessible regardless of type of housing or particular needs.
Description Waste management as an industry has long been affected by a problematic working environment. Significant efforts have been made over the years by multiple parties to come to terms with this issue, and great progress has been made. However, much remains to be done to fulfil the current requirements set by the Swedish Work Environment Authority and to prepare for tougher demands expected in the future. Mechanical solutions should primarily be used to obtain a good working environment. This means that the waste is collected and managed using mechanical solutions, such as vacuum disposal systems and containers emptied by vehicles equipped with special cranes. Manual systems should be avoided as far as technically possible and economically reasonable.
Households should have good facilities for depositing bulky waste available to them. Bulky waste rooms in apartment blocks help residents to deposit bulky waste easily even if they do not have a car. When designing waste management systems, it is also important to include the safety aspect for the person depositing waste. This may, for example, entail planning and selecting systems to avoid transport inside residential areas, or designing containers and waste rooms to minimise the risk of accidents. These actions also contribute to a better working environment for those who handled the waste. The City of Stockholm’s ambition is that at least 90% of households consider that the waste management process works satis factorily. Needs for action • Investigate the possibility of introducing a differentiated rate for apartment blocks with and without bulky waste rooms. • Develop routines for making assessments of accessibility and usability in changes to waste systems. • Plan for households to be able to deposit bulky waste even if they do not have a car. • Create safe and secure systems for the user. • Plan for recycling centres to be accessible by various modes of transport. Actors City of Stockholm, developers and property owners. Follow-up User survey
It is important to look at the working environment at all links in the waste chain, such as property managers, staff at recycling centres, collection personnel and personnel at transfer stations, intermediate storage and treatment facilities. Needs for action • Mechanical solutions should primarily be chosen in all new construction and major reconstruction. • Continue to develop the systematic work of dealing with collection in a poor working environment in waste collection through a collaboration between the Traffic and Waste Management Administration, property owners and contractors. • Phase out collection of compressed bins and compressed sacks. • Phase out collection of latrine waste bins. • Develop systems with a good working environment in collecting bulky waste from properties. Collaboration between the City of Stockholm, property owners, developers and contractors. • Develop routines for making assessments of the working environment in changes to waste systems.
Nyckeltal • Proportion of households considering waste management in Stockholm to work satisfactorily.
• Continue making the working environment at recycling centres better and safer.
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Actors The Swedish Work Environment Authority issues regulations for those involved in waste management. Property owners are responsible for waste management in the property and for the waste to be collected within the systems available. The City of Stockholm should create the necessary basis through good planning and procurement requirements. Key indicators • The proportion of collection with waste in sacks in the city. • Number of collection points with compressed waste in bins and sacks. • Number of collection points with latrine waste bins.
SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR THE PLAN PERIOD
3.4 CONSIDERATION WILL BE GIVEN TO THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT IN THE RECEPTION AND COLLECTION OF WASTE Description It is a challenge to create easily accessible collection systems for both users and collection contractors that are well adapted to the urban environment and local natural and cultural values. Both in the city centre and in the suburbs, there is a varied built environment and surroundings that may conflict with the requirements of having rational waste management with a good working environment. This sub-objective also relates to reducing impact on the surrounding area, for example, of noise and emissions. Needs for action • Continue developing criteria in the City of Stockholm for various forms of collection systems. • Distribute the City of Stockholm guidelines ”Plan and build for good waste management” to affected actors. • Continue with work aimed achieving a consensus on use of municipal land for waste management when good waste management cannot be arranged at private property.
Stockholms stads rik
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Projektera och by gg för god avfallshante ring – på väg mot ett Stock ho
• Aim for all waste management to be performed, as much as possible, with vehicles running on renewable fuels.
www.stockholm.se
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• Ensure good and well thought-out logistics for waste transport. Actors City of Stockholm, property owners, developers and contractors. Follow-up Relevant key indicators and other tools for follow-up need to be developed.
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OBJECTIVE 4 WASTE MANAGEMENT WILL BE A NATURAL PART OF PLANNING PROCESSES Description This objective plays a key role in fulfilment of all the other objectives. As the city’s population grows, the quantity of waste that must be dealt with is also expected to increase. At the same time, the greater density of development makes it more difficult to find suitable land for waste management, and denser traffic makes even greater demands on good waste transport logistics. This is combined with the fact that modern waste management systems often need significant space for separation and transfer. Although the city generally has good opportunities for efficient waste management, creating systems that are readily accessible, environ mentally effective and cost-effective and well adapted to the urban development poses a challenge. Depending on the type of urban development, local solutions are necessary in some areas while a central facility is most appropriate in others. There is also an accessibility aspect in how waste management is planned. Another type of waste management for which space is needed is the handling of snow. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, snow cleared from streets should be regarded as waste, due to the risk of pollutants. It is therefore necessary to apply for a dispensation to dump snow in and around bodies of water. For snow clearance to work efficiently in the city and for snow to be managed without transport that involves unnecessary environmental impact, suitable land needs to be set aside for snow management around the city.
• The City must safeguard areas and facilities for technical supply and if necessary investigate new places. • Cooperation on facilities for new energy solutions must be intensified. • The City must plan for greater accessibility in waste management. Hazardous waste stations and recycling stations for everyday waste must be placed where they are easily accessible, while paying attention to possible impacts on the urban environment. Vacuum systems for household waste and underground containers designed for waste separation have many advantages, but a combination of collection systems suited to local and economic circumstances is needed. Vision for 2030 Planning for the management of waste has to be included at an early stage at all levels of planning: citywide, area planning, and in rebuilding and new construction of individual properties. All involved in the planning processes possess good knowledge of waste issues and see waste management as part of the infrastructure. Great attention is paid to the need for people to have good access to the systems and to adaptation to the urban environment.
The master plan for Stockholm ’Promenadstaden’ states that: • The city’s planning targets for reduced quantities of waste, dealing with hazardous waste, increased utilisation of waste and good accessibility are unchanged.
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4.1 IN ALL NEW BUILDING WORK AND MAJOR REDEVELOPMENTS, WASTE ISSUES WILL BE CONSIDERED AT THE INITIAL PLANNING STAGE Description It is important that waste issues are included as early as possible in the planning process in order to find land for recycling systems. This means that recycling levels will be able to increase and that the quantities of waste can be reduced. It is also crucial in planning future waste management to integrate the other strategy and planning documents in the city and region. Many actors are involved, and there are often multiple, sometimes conflicting, interests to be reconciled. Development is built together. Needs for action • Communicate the waste plan to everyone in the City of Stockholm involved in planning for new and existing areas. • Develop the cooperation between different administrations in the city and create routines so that waste issues are included at an early stage of the planning process. • Create options for effective waste management, with separate collection of food waste in all new construction and major rebuilding projects. • Investigate the possibility of creating a thematic waste management planning supplement to the City of Stockholm master plan. • Develop coordination at the regional level for municipality-wide planning issues. • Integrate other City of Stockholm strategy and policy documents into waste management planning activity.
SUB-OBJECTIVES FOR THE PLAN PERIOD
Actors All administrations are responsible for the issue of waste being addressed in their own operations. The City Planning Administration, the City Development Administration and the Traffic and Waste Management Administration are particularly affected. The municipality-wide organisations have an important coordinating role at a regional level.
4.2 AREAS OF THE CITY WILL BE SET ASIDE FOR WASTE-RELATED ACTIVITY Description Waste management in the city is dependent on land being set aside for supply to the municipal sector. Recycling centres, transfer stations, treatment facilities, re-use sites and snow dumps need space. Existing facilities need replacement sites if they cannot continue to operate at the original location. Private actors who are part of the waste chain also need to be able to operate. Needs for action • Make sure that existing recycling centres remain or that replacement sites exist, if a centre have to be removed. • Set aside areas of land in the city for waste-management related activity under both the City of Stockholm and other actors. • Collaborate with neighbouring municipalities on land use. Actors City Planning Administration, City Development Association and Traffic and Waste Management Administration. Nyckeltal • Number of areas set aside for waste activity.
4.3 NEW TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WILL BE TRIED, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS WILL CONTINUE Description Stockholm is a city with many different types of buildings, which are in various conditions. A broad range of system solutions is required to achieve waste management that works well. New techniques therefore need to be tried, and there is a need to continue to develop existing systems. As the city grows, the new areas may offer opportunities for previously untried solutions. The waste systems in new areas can sometimes also solve waste management problems in adjacent, existing areas. Needs for action • Continue to work on the possibility of connecting waste paper bins to vacuum systems. • Continue to work on combining vacuum waste collection with expanded separation at source. • Make sure that there is expertise and resources in the City of Stockholm both for planning and for the launch of new waste solutions. • Continue to develop collaboration with other municipalities in the region on planning and other common issues concerning waste management. Actors City of Stockholm, developers and contractors.
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GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS Bulky waste
Household waste that is particularly heavy, bulky or with other properties that make it unsuitable for collection in the ordinary waste collection system.
Curbside collection
Collection of waste at or next to the property. The collection is exclusively for residents of the property.
Digestion
Anaerobic (oxygen-free) method of treatment for biodegradable waste in which biogas is formed and fertiliser is produced.
Fraction
A specific separated part of the waste stream, e.g. glass, food waste or combustible waste.
Hazardous waste
A substance or object highlighted with an * in Annex 4 to the Waste Ordinance (SFS 2011:927) or covered by regulations issued pursuant to Section 12 of the Waste Ordinance. For example, leftover paint, waste oil, solvents.
Hazardous waste collecting station
Collection point for hazardous waste from households (often located at a petrol station).
Household waste
Waste generated by households and comparable waste from other sources (Environmental Code 1998:808). This group includes waste from various kinds of human activity, e.g., refuse, paper waste from newspapers and magazines, kitchen waste and less bulky garden waste, bulky waste such as discarded furniture and coarser garden waste and latrine waste. Premises or facilities at which waste comparable to household waste is generated may, for example, include industrial plants, staff canteens, schools, public venues, hospitals and other healthcare facilities, businesses, restaurants, railway stations and leisure facilities.
Landfilling
Disposal – placing waste at a landfill. (SFS 2011:927).
Picking assays
A method of examining the composition of household waste. Random samples from household waste are separated into different fractions, categories, and then weighed. In this way, a percentage weight distribution is obtained. Picking assays are used to obtain knowledge on the composition of waste and how this changes, which is essential to be able to plan and check effects of control systems and collection systems.
Prevention of waste
Definition according to the Swedish Environmental Protection: Measures taken before a substance, material or product have become waste, which means a reduction in a) the quantity of waste, including through re-use of products or extension of product life, b) the adverse impact on the environment and human health through the generated waste, or c) the content of harmful substances in materials and products.
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Producer
A professional manufacturer, importer or vendor of an article or packaging, or a person whose professional activities generate waste that requires special measures with respect to waste management or the environment. (Environmental Code 1998:808).
Producer responsibility
Producers are responsible that their articles or products put on the market are collected and treated through recycling, re-use or disposal in such a way as is required for acceptable waste management from the point of view of public health and the environment. There is producer responsibility, for example, for packaging, newspapers, tyres, cars, pharmacy waste and electrical waste.
Re-use
An action that means that a product or component that is not waste is used again to fulfil the same function as it was originally intended for. (SFS 2011:927)
Recycling
Waste management that means waste is utilised as a substitute for material or energy source.
Recycling as material
Waste management in which the waste is utilised as a substitute for other material.
Recycling centre
Larger, manned collection point, owned by the municipality, for the bulky waste of households.
The City
The City of Stockholm.
User survey
Questionnaire and telephone survey among the administration’s four customer groups (house owners, apartment residents, business owners and owners/managers of apartment buildings) containing questions on knowledge of waste issues, confidence in the city’s waste management and rating of the service level of the city’s waste management.
Waste
Any object or substance the holder disposes of, or intends or is obliged to dispose of. (Environmental Code 1998:808).
Waste from electrical and electronic equipment
Electrical and electronic devices that have become waste. Also referred to as WEEE.
Waste hierarchy
Prioritisation scheme for dealing with waste management, from the EU Framework Directive.
Waste management plan
Each municipality is obliged, as part of municipal waste management regulation, to establish a waste management plan for all waste generated in the municipality.
Waste minimisation
Reducing the quantity of waste through various types of measures. Top priority in the waste hierarchy.
Waste fee
Under Chapter 27 Section 6 of the Environmental Code a refuse collection fee has to be paid at the rate determined by the municipal executive.
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LIST OF ANNEXES The waste management plan is divided into two separate documents – the waste management plan and the annexes – which can be printed or downloaded from our website. See www.stockholm.se/avfallsplan. You can find a list of the annexes included below. 1 Description of waste management in the City of Stockholm 2 Waste quantities and waste streams in the City of Stockholm 3 Facilities for recycling and disposal of waste in the City of Stockholm 4 Map of waste facilities in the Stockholm region 5 Information on not active landfills in the City of Stockholm 6 Follow-up on the Waste management plan for the Municipality of Stockholm 2008 – 2012 7 Related laws, objectives and strategies 8 Environmental impact assessment for the Municipality of Stockholm’s waste plan 2013-2016 9 Upper-secondary school challenge, autumn 2011 10 Glossary and definitions
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Layout: EO. Photography: Kari Kohvakka. Printed by: EO, certified to ISO 14001:2004, FSC, PEFC and the Nordic Swan. This brochure should separated as paper and collected with newspapers.
Waste management plan for Stockholm 2013-2016 adopted by Stockholm Municipal Council on 18 February 2013.
www.stockholm.se/avfallsplan
