䇺⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔䇻㩷 㪥㫆㪅䋱䋲㩷 䋨䋲䋰䋰䋶䋩㩷
Voice in Colloquial Malay Relatives* Hiroki Nomoto㨇㊁ర ᮸㨉 (Graduate School, National University of Singapore/Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 㨇᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㨉)
1.
Introduction
Voice has long been one of the most popular issues among Malay/Indonesian linguists in the world. This is because the voice system of Malay/Indonesian, like those of many other Austronesian languages, is not a simple bipolar opposition between the active and the passive. Unlike other Austronesian languages such as Tagalog and Malagasy, the fact is not so obvious in Malay/Indonesian that it has been described as a simple active-passive opposition from time to time. As a result of the recent trend of emphasising sociolinguistic factors in Malay/Indonesian linguistics, combined with strong descriptivism, considerable attention began to be paid to colloquial and regional varieties of the language as well as written and standard varieties. Cole et al. (2006) is one of the studies done in such a spirit. They studied Jakarta Indonesian, the colloquial variety of Indonesian which is normally spoken by the population of Jakarta in the course of their daily lives (Wouk 1989), and found a different voice system from that of Standard Indonesian. Specifically, they concluded that a type of passive called Passive 2 (P2) in the literature on Standard Indonesian does not exist in Jakarta Indonesian. The present study is modelled after Cole et al. (2006) and discusses the voice system of Colloquial Malay, which is the colloquial variety of the Malay language spoken in Malaysia1. Although both simple clauses and relative clauses are examined in Cole et al. (2006), the present study only deals with the latter. I will examine which voice is employed in the relative clauses found in a corpus of Colloquial Malay and conclude that P2 (or ‘bare passive’ in the term used in section 2 and the sections thereafter) does not exist in Colloquial Malay either. *
I would like to thank Isamu Shoho, Osamu Hieda and Untung Yuwono for their helpful comments. Thanks also go to Saiful Bahari bin Ahmad and Nadiah Hanim for their assistance as my informants. I am grateful to Terence Seah for checking my English. The following abbreviations are used in this paper. A: adjective; ADV: adverb; Ag: agent; AUX: auxiliary; COMP : complementiser; e: empty; FUT: future; INT: interjection; N: noun; NEG: negation; Op: null operator; P: preposition; PART: particle; PERF: perfect; PROG: progressive; t: trace; V: verb; Vi: intransitive verb; XP: maximal projection of X. 1 For a more detailed description of Colloquial Malay, see Nomoto (2006b, section 2.1). But one point must be noted here. That is, the opposition of Colloquial Malay versus Written Malay is based on the degree of formality, with the former being less formal than the latter. The names indicate the type of communication in which they are primarily used. Alternatively, they can be called Informal/Low Malay and Formal/High Malay, respectively.
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The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 is a brief introduction to the voice system of Malay/Indonesian. Section 3 explains the methodology of the study. The results are shown and analysed in section 4. Section 5 is the conclusion.
2.
Malay/Indonesian voice system
Voskuil (2000) classifies Indonesian voice into four categories: morphological active, morphological passive, bare active and bare passive. The situation is the same in Malay. (1)
a.
Morphological active Dia sudah mem-baca buku itu. she PERF MEN-read book that ‘She has already read the book.’
b.
Morphological passive Buku itu di-baca (oleh)-nya. book that DI-read (by)-her ‘The book is read by her.’
c.
Bare active Dia sudah baca buku itu. she PERF read book that ‘She has read the book.’
d.
Bare passive Buku itu sudah dia baca. book that PERF she read ‘She has already read the book.’
Morphological active and passive are characterised by the prefixes meN- and di-, respectively. Bare active
and
passive
are
different
in
word
order,
specifically
that
of
agent
and
auxiliary/negation/adverb. The agent precedes auxiliary/negation/adverb in the former, while in the latter no element can intervene between the agent and the verb stem. The position of the theme argument is not relevant in distinguishing passive from active since it can also appear after the verb. Thus, (1b) and (1d) allow the following variants, respectively: dibacanya buku itu and sudah dia baca buku itu. A variety of terminologies are used in the literature to refer to one or more of the four voices shown above. Table 1 (p. 97) summarises some of them. In Table 1, two alternative names shown in italics, namely bentuk persona/ninshoukei [personal form] and object preposing, appear twice, which means that these two categories subsume two voices which are treated as distinct in the present study and others.
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Let us look at the latter first. Chung (1976b) claims that the following two sentences, which are a bare active (2a) and a bare passive sentence (2b) in the terminology of the present study, represent the same one construction ‘Object Preposing’. Table 1.
Variety of terminologies for Malay/Indonesian voices
Present paper
Pattern
Alternative names
morphological
Ag meN-V
aktif jati2 [genuine active] (Asmah 1980)
di-V (oleh) Ag
passive type 1 (P1) (Dardjowidjojo 1978 among others),
active morphological passive
pasif jati [genuine passive] (Asmah 1980), di- passive (Yeoh
1979),
canonical
passive
(Chung
1976b;
Guilfoyle et al. 1992); bentuk persona/ninshoukei [personal form] (Shoho 1998) bare active
Ag AUX/NEG/ADV V
aktif semu [superficial active] (Asmah 1980), stem sentences (Chung 1978); object preposing (Chung 1976a, b, 1978)
bare passive
AUX/NEG/ADV Ag V
passive type 2 (P2) (Dardjowidjojo 1978 among others), pasif semu [superficial passive] (Asmah 1980 among others), pronoun passive (Nik Safiah 1975), 1st and 2nd person passive (Yeoh 1979), de-voiced transitive (Cartier 1979), ergative (Cartier 1979), subjective passive (Guilfoyle et al. 1992); object preposing (Chung 1976a, b. 1978), bentuk persona/ninshoukei [personal form] (Shoho 1998)
(2)
a.
Orang lelaki itu saya akan bunuh. man
male the I
FUT kill
‘I’m going to kill that man./That man, I’m going to kill.’ b.
Mobil itu dapat kita perbaiki. car
the can
we repair.
‘We can repair the car./The car, we can repair.’ (Chung 1976b: (3c) and (4)) In (2a) the agent saya ‘I’ precedes the auxiliary akan ‘will’, hence it is a bare active sentence. In (2b) the order of the relevant two elements is the reverse. The auxiliary dapat ‘can’ precedes the agent kita ‘we’, hence it is a bare passive sentence. These two sentences both involve the 2 To be precise, the original definition of aktif jati by Asmah is as follows: (i) the verb contains the prefix meN- and (ii) if transitive, the object can be passivised using the verb prefixed by di-. See Asmah (1980: 88-89, 349).
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movement of the underlying postverbal direct object to the beginning of the clause. With regard to the difference in word order between the two, Chung posits an optional cliticisation of the underlying subject (i.e. the agent) to the verb. Thus, in (2b), kita ‘we’ is analysed to be cliticised to the verb perbaiki ‘to repair’. In my understanding, bentuk persona/ninshoukei [personal form] is virtually the same as the passive in prescriptive grammars such as Tatabahasa Dewan (Nik Safiah et al. 1993). The alleged evidence for the category is that the distribution of bare passive and morphological passive is complementary. Bare passive is used for first and second person agents and morphological passive for third person agents. The proponents of bentuk persona (and prescriptive passive) often invoke the synchronic resemblance between the prefix di- and the third person singular pronoun dia, which in turn appears to verify their hypothesis that the two are diachronically the same one thing. The issue of the historical origin of the prefix di- set aside, however, synchronically there are several syntactic and semantic differences between morphological and bare passive. For example, only the agent of bare passive, but not that of morphological passive, can serve as the controller (3) and a binder of the reflexive sendiri ‘self’ (4). (3)
a.
*Kereta itu di-larikan oleh Alii untuk ei mencuba-nya. car
the DI-drive
by
Ali for
test-it
‘The car was driven by Ali so he could test it.’ b.
Kereta itu sayai larikan untuk ei mencuba-nya. car
the I
drive
for
test-it
‘The car, I drove so I could test it.’ (Alsagoff 1992: 63) (4)
a.
Doktor itui di-usik oleh Alij di rumah sendirii/*j. doctor the DI-tease by
Ali in house self
‘The doctori was teased by Alij in self’si/*j house.’ b.
Doktor ituj Alii usik di rumah sendirii/j. doctor the Ali tease in house self ‘Alii teased the doctorj in self’si/j house.’ (Alsagoff 1992: 76)
What is more, the alleged complementary distribution is actually no more than an ideal. Bare passive is not restricted to first and second person agents. Morphological passive is mostly used for third person agents, but it can also be used for first and second person agents as long as certain semantic/pragmatic conditions are met. These facts have been repeatedly pointed out for as long as some forty years (Abdul Hamid 1992: 10-12). Surprisingly, according to Shibata (1992), the equivalent of di-tulis saya ‘written by me’ dates back to as early as A.D. 686 in Kota Kapur Inscription as ni-galar-ku (di-, ni-: passive marker; tulis, galar: to write; saya, -ku: me/my). The
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present study will provide further evidence against the category bentuk persona and prescriptive passive. To sum up, there are four categories of voice in Malay. However, two points must be noted here. Firstly, the classification is based on the data of Written Malay and it is not necessarily the case that the same classification is true with Colloquial Malay. Recall the claim by Cole et al. (2006) that Jakarta Indonesian, the colloquial variety of Indonesian, lacks bare passive, which is a very productive pattern in Standard Written Indonesian. Secondly, in actual language use, it is often the case that one pattern is more favoured than the other(s). In other words, the frequency of one pattern may differ from those of the others to a significant extent. Now, the problems are: (i) which of the four voices shown above are possible at all in Colloquial Malay? and (ii) what is the frequency of each possible voice? This paper attempts to answer these questions by examining the relative clauses found in a corpus of Colloquial Malay.
3.
Methodology
3.1
Corpus
The corpus used in the present study is a corpus built by a research project at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (21st Century Centre of Excellence Programme: Usage-Based Linguistic Informatics), which I participated in. The official name of this corpus is Multilingual Corpora (Malay), though I have used a simpler name ‘UKM Corpus’ in my past works (Nomoto 2006a, b). The corpus was made in cooperation with Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). It consists of 32 sessions of casual conversation between two university students each time. 20 students are involved. The total recording time is approximately 30.5 hours. 22 of the 32 dialogues have been transcribed. The total word count is 172,855 words, including a small number of recurrent tags. Visit the following website for more information about the corpus: http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/multilingual_corpus/ms/ (accessed 15/09/2006). The data in the following sections are all from this corpus unless otherwise indicated. 3.2
Design of the examination
This section explains how the examination into the above-mentioned corpus was made. I searched the corpus for the relative clauses with the complementiser yang plus gap in which either the external or internal argument (i.e. underlying subject and object, respectively) of a transitive verb is relativised. In what follows, I call the relativisation of the external and internal argument ‘subject relativisation’ and ‘object relativisation’, respectively, for ease of exposition. There were about 2,500 instances of yang in total. However, more than 2,000 instances of them did not satisfy the present purpose and hence are excluded from the object of examination. They include embedded complement clauses introduced by yang (5), relative clauses whose main
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predicate is not a transitive verb (6), relative clauses with no gap (7) and the expression yang …-nya, which I consider to be an idiom meaning ‘what is …’ or ‘to one’s …’(8). (5)
Dia tak nak hidup sebab he not want live
dia tau
[yang
dia akan buta].
because he know COMP he will blind
‘He didn’t want to live because he knew that he would lose his sight.’ (6)
a.
Bukan kucing yang [NP binatang] tu, nama-nya memang Kuching.3 not
cat
COMP
animal
that name-its indeed
Kuching
‘It’s not the animal, ‘kucing’ (cat), but its name is indeed Kuching.’ (Kuching, is the capital city of Sarawak) b.
kesan yang [AP buruk] bad
effect COMP ‘bad effects’ c.
hantu Jepun yang [PP kat Malaysia] in Malaysia
ghost Japan COMP
‘Japanese ghosts in Malaysia’ d.
orang yang [VP [Vi duduk] kat sini] live
person COMP
in here
‘people living here’ (7)
a.
fotostat
yang [kita kena
beli kad]
copy.machine COMP we have.to buy card ‘a copy machine which you have to buy a card to use it’ b.
hari yang [balik Kelantan] day COMP return Kelantan ‘the day you returned to Kelantan’
c.
Apa yang [kau tak seronok]? what COMP you not happy ‘What are the things that you are not happy with?’
(8)
So, hari tu
dia ajak
aku gi kampung dia, tapi yang masalah-nya, ….
so day that she invite me go village
her but YANG problem-NYA
‘So she invited me to visit her village (that day), but the problem was …. In addition, I excluded those relative clauses in which the non-relativised argument is null (9). In the examples below, the null arguments are shown by pro.
3
In Colloquial Malay, NP predicates in relative clauses are very common in contrast to Written Malay, where they are so restricted as to make some authors regard them ungrammatical.
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(9)
a.
Cakap Kelantan? Apa Opi yang [pro nak cakap ti]?4 speak Kelantan what
COMP
want speak
‘Speak Kelantanese? What shall I say?’ b.
Kau se-orang
je
la
kat Malaysia ni
Opi yang [ti pakai pro], ….
you one-person only PART in Malaysia this
COMP
wear
‘You are the only person in Malaysia who wears it.’ Both subject and object relativisation allow more than one option depending on the selection of voice. There are two options for subject relativisation: morphological active (10a) and bare active (10b). (10)
a.
orang Opi yang [ti sudah mem-baca buku itu] person
COMP
(morphological active; cf.(1a))
PERF MEN-read book that
‘the person who has already read the book’ b.
orang Opi yang [ti sudah baca buku itu] person
COMP
(bare active; cf. (1b))
PERF read book that
‘the person who has already read the book’ Therefore, what must be investigated are: (i) whether both options are also available in Colloquial Malay and (ii) the frequency of each option. For object relativisation, there are three options: morphological passive (11a), bare active (11b) and bare passive (11c). (11)
a.
buku Opi yang [t’i di-baca ti (oleh)-nya] book
COMP
DI-read
(morphological passive; cf. (1b))
(by)-her
‘the book which is read by her’ b.
buku Opi yang [dia sudah baca ti]5 book
(bare active; cf. (1c))
COMP she PERF read
‘the book which she has already read’ c.
buku Opi yang [t’i sudah dia baca ti] book
COMP
(bare passive; cf. (1d))
PERF she read
‘the book which she has already read’ 4 This sentence cannot be bare passive, that is, the pro cannot be between nak ‘want’ and cakap ‘speak’ (i.e. nak pro cakap), for it is believed that the agent of bare passive is obligatory. 5 Despite the long-lasting misconception that only (surface) subject is accessible to relativisation in Malay/Indonesian just as other Austronesian languages like Tagalog and Malagasy (Yeoh 1979: ch. 4; Comrie 1981: 150), direct object is in fact relativisable if the blocking by the prefix meN- (Saddy 1991) does not come into play (Chung 1976a; Musgrave 2001; Cole & Hermon 2005; Nomoto 2006a). In relation to object relativisation, Hassal (2005) reports cases where the objects are relativised even when they cross the prefix meN-. In such cases, the blocking effect seems not at work. Further research is needed.
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Therefore, what must be investigated are: (i) which options are available in Colloquial Malay and (ii) the frequency of each option. Note here that a fourth category is needed to classify all the instances that occur in the corpus: indeterminate. Recall that bare active and bare passive are distinguished based on the relative position between the agent and auxiliary/negation/adverb. This means that if the latter element is absent in a clause, that clause will be indeterminate between bare active and bare passive. Thus, buku yang dia baca ‘the book which he read’ can be analysed as either bare active (12a) or bare passive (12b). (12)
a.
buku Opi yang [dia baca ti]
b.
buku Opi yang [t’i dia baca ti]
book
COMP he read
The above are the points investigated by Cole et al. (2006) for Jakarta Indonesian. Moreover, the present study also examines the person of the agent in object relativisation. Third person is further divided into pronoun (Pro), non-pronoun (Non-Pro) and zero (Ø). The agent of a morphological passive sentence may not be expressed explicitly. By examining the person of the agent, I will show that the complementary distribution mentioned in the second last paragraph of section 2 is a fallacy (in Colloquial Malay as well).
4. 4.1
Results and analysis Subject relativisation
The result for subject relativisation is shown in Table 2. Table 2.
Voice choice in subject relativisation
Morphological active
Bare active
63
122
It is obvious that both morphological and bare active are available in Colloquial Malay. In terms of frequency, the approximate ratio of morphological and bare active is 1:2. Some authors describe this feature of Colloquial Malay as the omission of the prefix meN- (e.g. Onozawa 1996: 226). However, such a description relies on a false and, I think, unhealthy widespread assumption that the colloquial variety is merely a simplified version of the written variety. If one is to study Colloquial Malay in its own right6, it is more adequate to say that bare active is the unmarked voice in 6
Nomoto (2006b) stresses the importance of the study of Colloquial Malay in its own right by demonstrating how poorly a run-of-the-mill preposition kat in Colloquial Malay has been described and how it is worth a serious look. In Nomoto & Tsuji (2006), we maintain that Written Malay and Colloquial Malay are two distinct varieties in diglossia. If this characterisation of ours is correct, it can be another reason why Colloquial Malay must be studied (, taught and learned) along with Written Malay.
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Colloquial Malay and the prefix meN- can be added to bring about some additional effects such as formality. Below are some examples from the corpus, of morphological actives (13) and bare actives (14) in subject relativisation. (13)
Morphological active a.
Biasanya siapa yang [me-lakukan samseng] ni? usually
who COMP MEN-do
gangster] this
‘Who will be gangsters usually?’ b.
Sepatutnya ibu rightfully bukan dia not
bapa dia
yang [men-didik
anak-anak],
mother father his/her COMP MEN-educate children yang [men-dera
anak-anak].
he/she COMP MEN-abuse children
‘The parents should be the ones who educate their children, not the ones who abuse them.’ (14)
Bare active a.
Tapi tak semua yang [ambil dadah] tu but not all
COMP take drug
nak hilangkan tekanan.
that want lose
pressure
‘But not all of those who take drugs want to relieve their stress.’ b.
Pakistan tu
ramai yang [jual karpet], petang-petang datang tempat aku
Pakistan that many COMP sell carpet
afternoon
come place
my
jual karpet. sell carpet ‘There are many Pakistanis who sell carpets; they often come to my place in the afternoon to sell carpets.’ 4.2
Object relativisation
The result for object relativisation is shown in Table 3. The number of bare active will increase significantly if one adopts a more restrictive definition of bare passive. See footnote 7 (p. 106) for the details. Concrete examples of each category are provided at the end of this section. Table 3.
Voice choice in object relativisation
Morphological passive (P1)
Bare active
Bare passive (P2)
Indeterminate
38
23
11
203
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All the three possible voices were observed. Then, it seems reasonable to conclude that they all exist in Colloquial Malay. However, a sociolinguistic factor needs to be considered at this point, namely code-mixing. It is the consideration of code-mixing that led Cole et al. (2006) to conclude that bare passive (P2) does not exist in Jakarta Indonesian. Consider the results of a similar examination into four corpora of Jakarta Indonesian obtained by them. CHILD consists of utterances by children, A-C of utterances by adults talking to children, and A-A1 and A-A2 of utterances by adults talking to adults. Table 4.
Jakarta Indonesian (Cole et al. 2006)
Corpus (speaker)
Morphological passive (P1) Bare active
Bare passive (P2)
Indeterminate
CHILD (children)
56
6
2
26
A-C (adults)
65
5
2
23
A-A1 (adults)
28
7
16
39
A-A2 (adults)
51
12
17
94
Note that in A-A1 and A-A2 the number of bare passives (shown in boldface) is robust enough to confirm their existence in Jakarta Indonesian. They argue that such instances are mixed Standard Indonesian expressions. The background sociolinguistic fact is that code-mixing with Standard Indonesian is a characteristic of the mesolectal level of speech while it seldom occurs at the basilectal level. A-A1 and A-A2 represent the former and CHILD and A-C represent the latter. If one looks at CHILD and A-C, which represent the basilect, there are only two instances of bare passive in both corpora. Therefore, they conclude in an earlier version (Cole et al. 2005) that ‘P2 [= bare passive—HN] does not occur in JI [= Jakarta Indonesian—HN] proper, using basilectal JI as the “gold standard” for JI. The construction does occur in mesolectal registers where the use of forms and constructions from the acrolectal language [= Standard Indonesian—HN] would be expected.’ Turning back to Colloquial Malay, are the eleven instances of bare passive mixed Written Malay? The possibility of the answer being yes is quite high. In my impression, most of the conversation in the corpus is at some level quite close to the basilect where code-mixing with Written Malay occurs only occasionally. Since I do not have a corpus of children’s speech at hand, nor do I know whether any attempts to build such a corpus have been made so far, I cannot prove the correctness of that impression in the same way as done by Cole et al. (2006). Further research is necessary. Instead, I examined who produced how many bare actives and passives. The result is shown in Table 5. Of the 20 speakers, only five produced bare passives. On the other hand, bare actives are produced by as many as 16 speakers. If bare passive had the same status as bare active in the voice
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system of Colloquial Malay, it must have been produced more frequently and by more speakers. Furthermore, all of the five speakers who produce bare passives also produce bare actives, but no one produces only bare passives. These facts endorse the idea that the eleven instances of bare passive are actually mixed Written Malay. In conclusion, bare passive cannot be included in the voice system of Colloquial Malay. As a consequence, the instances assigned to the category ‘Indeterminate’ turn out to be those of ‘Bare active’ except for some mixed Written Malay expressions. Table 5.
The number of bare actives and passives per speaker
Speaker
Bare active
Bare passive
A
1
4
B
1
3
C
1
2
D
1
1
E
1
1
F
4
0
G
3
0
H
2
0
I
2
0
J
1
0
K
1
0
L
1
0
M
1
0
N
1
0
O
1
0
P
1
0
Total
23
11
Next, let us focus on the person of the agent. Table 6 (p. 106) summarises the result. The following two points are revealed from this table. Firstly, contrary to the claim of prescriptive grammarians and strong proponents of bentuk persona, there is no complementary distribution observed between morphological passive and bare passive (see the second last paragraph of section 2). Bare passive can be used for a third person agent, regardless of whether it is a pronoun or not. The complementary distribution does not hold between morphological passive and bare active either.
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Table 6.
The person of the agent Morphological passive (P1)
Bare active
Bare passive (P2)
Indeterminate
0
14
7
84
1
3
2
0
4
1
57
Pro
2
4
1
34
Non-Pro
11
1
2
287
Ø
25
-
-
-
Secondly, when the agent is overt, bare active is the normal voice in object relativisation. This is the case with all persons. It appears that bare active is the only choice for first and second person agents. However, it may not be true. The fact that the corpus includes no instance of morphological passive with first and second person agents has to do with the functional difference between morphological passive and bare active. The agent of a morphological passive is syntactically demoted to adjunct whereas that of a bare active is an argument. In connection with this, the agent of a bare active is neutral informationally. However, the agent of a morphological passive is not so. They are backgrounded when not expressed overtly and foregrounded when expressed overtly. First and second person agents, being the immediate participants of conversations, usually need not and should not be foregrounded. Explicit mention (i.e. foregrounding) of unnecessary or inappropriate first and second person agents will lead to lack of politeness. The relevance of politeness to the absence of first and second person agents in morphological passives is also pointed out by Shibata (1992) and Cole et al. (2006). In passing, the agents of bare actives are sometimes silent in Colloquial Malay. I analyse them as null pronouns (pro). They are silent but existent unlike the agents of morphological actives, which are not existent in the syntactic (constituent) structure at all. The voice choice in object relativisation in Colloquial Malay can be summarised as follows: (15)
Voice choice in object relativisation The unmarked voice is bare active. Morphological passive is marked, with the agent either foregrounded or backgrounded. (Bare passive does not exist in Colloquial Malay.)
Recall here that bare active is the unmarked voice in subject relativisation too. Finally, examples of object relativisation with each category are given below. (16)-(18) are examples of Morphological passives. 7
Cole et al. (2006) would code these 28 instances as bare actives since they assume that the agent of bare passive is limited to pronouns (and nouns used as pronoun substitutes). I do not accept such an assumption in this paper, respecting two apparent bare passives with third person non-pronoun agents (see examples (27)). But if I did so, things would rather turn for the better. This is because the number of bare actives in object relativisation would increase by 28 to 51, with 38 morphological actives and 11 bare passives (see Table 3), which is more favourable to my hypothesis that bare active is the unmarked voice and bare passive does not exist in Colloquial Malay.
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(16)
Third person pronoun agent (3, Pro) a.
Rupanya
tau,
jauh-jauh dia merantau-rantau, rupanya
apparently know, far abang
she go.abroad
sebelah rumah
apparently near
house
aku juga yang [di-ambil-nya].
elder.brother my too COMP DI-take-her ‘It seems, you know, she went to study in countries faraway, but the man chosen by her in the end was a neighbour to my elder brother’s.’ b.
… yang [di-bunuh-nya] tu COMP DI-kill-him orang luar-lah,
pun orang Korea, yang membunuh tu
that too person Korea COMP kill
that
bukan Malaysia ….
person outside-PART not
Malaysia
‘… the one who was killed is Korean, the one who killed (the Korean) is an outsider, not Malaysian ….’ (17)
Third person non-pronoun agent (3, Non-Pro) Contohnya yang [di-buat oleh Era] la. for.example COMP DI-make by
Era PART
‘For example, the one made by Era.’ (18)
Third person zero agent (3, Ø) a.
Tapi kan, jenis senjata yang [di-gunakan] memang mengancam nyawa la. but not kind weapon COMP DI-use
indeed
threaten
life
PART
‘But the weapons used were of the kind that really threatens your life.’ b.
Tetapi kalau CD lain yang original, yang [di-jual di Malaysia], kalau but
if
CD other COMP original COMP DI-sell in Malaysia
if
satu cerita berapa? one story how.much ‘But how much are other original CDs sold in Malaysia for a piece?’ (19)-(22) are examples of Bare actives. (19)
First person agent (1) a.
La la, tu
yang [aku duk
INT INT that COMP I
fikir] tu, eiyy.
PROG think that INT
‘Oh, come on; that’s what I was thinking.’ b.
Aku tak boring sebab I
aku banyak kerja, aku banyak aktiviti yang [aku
not bored because I
many
work I
many
activity COMP I
boleh buat]. can
do
‘I’m not bored because I have a lot of work and many activities that I can do.’
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(20)
Second person agent (2) Macam, macam mana ah, Like
cuba kau spesifik apa yang [kau nak tau].
PART try
how
you specific what COMP you want know
‘How, how should I explain to you? Be specific about what you want to know.’ (21)
Third person pronoun agent (3, Pro) a.
Test bertulis itu pun susah,
tapi dia carry on boleh lagi, lepas itu
test written that even difficult but he carry on can
more after that
macam ada-lah satu part yang [dia tak lepas]. be-PART one part COMP he not pass
like
‘Even the written test was difficult, but he could carry on further, and after that, like, there was a part that he didn’t pass.’ b.
…, yang penting
dapat duit,
COMP important get
itu saja yang [diorang dapat fikirkan].
money that only COMP they
can
think
‘…, what’s important is to get money, that’s the only thing that they can think about.’ (22)
Third person non-pronoun agent (3, Non-Pro) Kita tahu bahasa we
lain yang [orang lain tak tahu].
know language other COMP person other not know
‘We know other languages, which others don’t know.’ (23)-(26) are examples of Bare passives. (23)
First person agent (1) a.
Apa yang [boleh kita kaitkan dengan samseng ni]? what COMP can
we connect with
gangster this
‘What can we connect with the gangsters?’ b.
Kau bayangkan-lah berapa
belas pinggan yang [boleh kita makan].
you imagine-PART how.many teen dish
COMP can
we eat
‘Imagine ten and how many dishes (of food) we can eat.’ (24)
Second person agent (2) Ko suka melukis, sebab you like paint
tu
ko cuba mengaplikasikan ko punya minat
because that you try
dengan ko punya bidang jurusan with
you possess area
apply
tu
you possess interest that
yang [bakal ko ceburi].
direction COMP will you be.involved.in
‘You like painting, so you try to apply your interest to the area that you will be involved in the future.’
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(25)
Third person pronoun agent (3, Pro) Kita kena we
la
balas
balik apa yang [telah diorang buat kat kita], ….
have.to PART answer back what COMP PERF they
do
to us
‘We have to answer what they did to us in kind, ….’ (26)
Third person non-pronoun agent (3, Non-Pro) a.
Kau tahu kan apa yang [akan polis lakukan pada samseng ni]. you know not what COMP will police do
to
gangster this
‘You must know what the police will do against the gangsters.’ b.
Selain
daripada hantu-hantu ni, apa lagi hantu yang [selalu orang
other.than from
ghosts
sebut-sebut]
tu?
this what more ghost COMP always people
mention.repeatedly that ‘Apart from these ghosts, what are the ghosts that people always mention?’ (27)-(30) are examples of Indeterminate instances. (27)
First person agent (1) a.
…, subjek yang [kita ambik sem subject COMP we take
ni] apa lagi ah?
semester this what more PART
‘…, what are the other subjects that we take this semester?’ b.
Semua ek, all
macam kebanyakannya yang [kita pakai] ni
PART like
mostly
COMP we use
semua Jepun
this all
Japan
buat, Suzuki, Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki semua. make Suzuki, Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki all ‘Everything, like, mostly, what we use are all Japanese products, Suzuki, Yamaha, Honda and Kawasaki, everything.’ (28)
Second person agent (2) a.
Berita apa yang [kau baca]? news what COMP you read ‘What news did you read?’
b.
Makan-lah yang [ko
beli tadi].
east-PART COMP you buy just.now ‘Just eat what you bought just now.’ (29)
Third person pronoun agent (3, Pro) a.
Mungkin dia maybe
akan sedar la
apa yang [dia
lakukan] tu.
he/she will realise PART what COMP he/she do
‘Maybe he/she will realise what he/she did.’
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that
b.
Mentang-mentang kenderaan yang [diorang bawak] tu just.because
vehicle
COMP they
drive
besar, ha.
that big
INT
‘Just because the vehicles they drive are big, yeah.’ (30)
Thrid person non-pronoun agent (3, Non-Pro) a.
…, lagi satu masalah yang [Malaysia hadapi] aku rasa apa, masalah more one problem COMP Malaysia face
I
feel what problem
setinggan. squatter ‘…, another problem that Malaysia is facing is, I feel, what, the problem of squatters.’ b.
Kari yang [nenek
aku buat] tu
lain tau.
curry COMP grandmother my make that other know ‘You know, the curry my grandmother makes is different.’
5.
Conclusion
In this paper, I examined the voice employed in relative clauses in Colloquial Malay. I claimed that the voice system of Colloquial Malay lacks bare passive. A few instances of bare passive observed in the corpus can be regarded as a result of code-mixing with Written Malay. Thus, the voice system of Colloquial Malay proper consists of three types, namely morphological active, morphological passive and bare active. Among these three types, bare active is the unmarked voice. Since the verb in bare active does not have the prefix meN-, which blocks any NP movement across itself, both subject and object can be relativised in bare active. There is no restriction on the person of the agent as always pointed out for object relativisation in Written Malay. The figures of each category in the columns of ‘Bare active’ and ‘Indeterminate’ in Table 6 verify this. The remaining two voices with explicit voice morphology, i.e. morphological active and morphological passive, are literally marked. The prefix meN- of morphological active adds some additional (perhaps stylistic) effects. Moreover, objects cannot be relativised in morphological active sentences owing to the blocking effect by the prefix meN- mentioned above. As for morphological passive, the agent is either foregrounded (when present) or backgrounded (when absent) as was stated in (15). This brings about an apparent restriction on the agent to only third person. The present study only dealt with the voice in Colloquial Malay and counted on secondary sources for that in Written Malay. In another study, Isamu Shoho and I take up Written Malay as well as Colloquial Malay and compare their voice systems (Nomoto & Shoho 2006). The results of the present study only already imply a few noticeable differences between the two. However, when
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the data from the primary sources are investigated using the same methodology, the differences will be corroborated and manifest themselves more vividly.
References Abdul Hamid Mahmood. 1992. Ayat Pasif Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Alsagoff, Lubna. 1992. Topic in Malay: The Other Subject. Ph.D dissertation, Stanford University. Asmah Hj. Omar. 1980. Nahu Melayu Mutakhir. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Cartier, Alice. 1979. De-voiced transitive verb sentences in Formal Indonesian. In F. Plank (ed.) Ergativity: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations, 161-183. New York: Academic Press. Chung, Sandra. 1976a. An object-creating rule in bahasa Indonesia. Linguistic Inquiry 7: 41-87. ———. 1976b. On the subject of two passives in Indonesian. In C. Li (ed.) Subject and Topic, 57-98. New York: Academic Press. ———. 1978. Stem sentences in Indonesian. In B. Wurm and L. Carrington (eds.) Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Proceedings, Fascicle 1, Western Austronesian (Pacific Linguistics, C-61), 335-365. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Cole, Peter and Gabriella Hermon. 2005. Subject and non-subject relativization in Indonesian. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 14: 59-81. ———, ——— and Yassir Tjung. 2005. Is there pasif semu (P2) in Jakarta Indonesian? Paper presented at the 9th International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics. ———, ——— and ———. 2006. Is there pasif semu in Jakarta Indonesian? Oceanic Linguistics 45: 64-90. Comrie, Bernard. 1981. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Oxford: Blackwell. Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono. 1978. Sentence Patterns of Indonesian. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Guilfoyle, Eithne, Henrietta Hung and Lisa Travis. 1992. Spec of IP and Spec of VP: Two subjects in Austronesian languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10: 375-414. Hassal, Tim. 2005. Taboo object relative clauses in Indonesian. In P. Sidwell (ed.) SEALS XV: Papers from the 15th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (Pacific Linguistics, E-1), 1-18. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Musgrave, Simon. 2001. Non-subject Arguments in Indonesian. Ph.D dissertation, University of Melbourne. Nik Safiah Karim. 1975. The Major Syntactic Structures of Bahasa Malaysia and Their Implications on the Standardization of the Language. Ph.D dissertation, Ohio University. ———, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Hj. Musa and Abdul Hamid Mahmood. 1993. Tatabahasa Dewan, Edisi Baharu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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Nomoto, Hiroki. 2006a. A Study on Complex Existential Sentences in Malay. MA thesis, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ———. 2006b. The multi-purpose preposition kat in Colloquial Malay. In Y. Tsuruga et al. (eds.) Gengojouhougaku Kenkyuuhoukoku 11, 69-94. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ——— and Isamu Shoho. 2006. Voice in Malay relative clauses: a comparison of written and spoken language. Ms. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ——— and Tomoki Tsuji. 2006. Adaptability of a language to globalisation—the influence of written-spoken differences. Paper presented at the 1st World Congress on the Power of Language: Theory, Practice, and Performance. Onozawa, Jun. 1996. Kiso Mareeshiago. Tokyo: Daigakushorin. Saddy, Douglas. 1991. WH scope mechanisms in bahasa Indonesia. In L.L.S. Cheng and H. Demirdash (eds.) MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 15, 183-218. Shibata, Norio. 1992. Murayugo. In T. Kamei, R. Kono and E. Chino (eds.) Gengogaku Daijiten Vol.4, 363-380. Tokyo: Sanseido. Shoho, Isamu. 1998. Mareeshiago Kyoutei. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Voskuil, Jan E. 2000. Indonesian voice and A-bar movement. In I. Paul, V. Phillips and L. Travis (eds.) Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics, 195-213. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Wouk, Fay. 1989. The Impact of Discourse on Grammar: Verb Morphology in Spoken Jakarta Indonesian. Ph.D dissertation, UCLA. Yeoh, Chiang Kee. 1979. Interaction of Rules in Bahasa Malaysia. Ph.D dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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ญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߩ㑐ଥ▵ߦ߅ߌࠆࡧࠜࠗࠬ ㊁ర ᮸
ࡧࠜࠗࠬߪ⺆ࠕࠪࡀ࠼ࡦࠗࡑޔቇߦ߅ߡ․ߦ⎇ⓥ߇ᄙ㗔ၞߩ 1 ߟߢࠆߎޕ ࠇߪࠬࠗࠜࡧߩ⺆ࠕࠪࡀ࠼ࡦࠗࡑޔ♽߇ޔ⢻േኻฃേߣ߁න⚐ߥੑᭂኻ┙ߦ ߹ࠄߥߚߢࠆޕㄭᐕߩࡑࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ቇߦ߅ߡߪ␠ޔળ⸒⺆ቇ⊛⻉ⷐ࿃ ࠍ㊀ⷐⷞߔࠆᵹࠇ߇ࠆ߇ࠇߘޔߡߒߘޕᒝ⸥ㅀਥ⟵ߣ⚿߮ߟ߈߮ࠃ߅⪲⸒߈ᦠޔᮡḰ ⺆ߦട߃߿⪲⸒ߒޔၞ⊛ᣇ⸒ߦ߽߆ߥࠅᵈ⋡߇ᒰߡࠄࠇᆎߡࠆ♖ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ ߦၮߠߡߥߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥߩ 1 ߟߦ Cole et al. (2006)߇ࠆޕᓐࠄߪࠗࠆߌ߅ߦ࠲࡞ࠞࡖࠫޔ ࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩߒ⸒⪲ߢࠆࠫࡖࠞ࡞࠲ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߪᮡḰࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߣ⇣ߥ ࠆࡧࠜࠗࠬ♽ࠍᜬߟߣਥᒛߒߚౕޕ⊛ߦߪޔᮡḰࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⎇ⓥߢฃേ 2㧔P2㧕 㧔ᣣᧄߩࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ߁ੱޟ⒓ᒻ⋧߷߶ߦޠᒰ㧕ߣ߫ࠇߡࠆ߽ߩ߇ࠫࡖ ࠞ࡞࠲ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߦߪሽߒߥߣ߁ᧄޕⓂߢߪޔᓐࠄߩ⎇ⓥࠍฃߌࡕࠍࠇߘޔ ࠺࡞ߣߒߡޔࠆߢ⪲⸒ߒߩ⺆ࡑߩࠕࠪࡑޔญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߩࡧࠜࠗࠬ♽ߦߟ ߡ⼏⺰ߔࠆࠬࡄࠦޕਛ߆ࠄઁേ⹖ᢥߩ㗄ߩ 1 ߟ߇㑐ଥൻߐࠇߡࠆ㑐ଥ▵ࠍណ㓸ߒޔ ߘߩ㓙ߦ㑐ଥ▵ਛߢߤߩࡧࠜࠗࠬ߇ࠊࠇߡࠆ߆ࠍ⺞ߴࠆ⚿ߩߘޕᨐߦၮߠ߈ޔญ⺆ࡑ ⺆ߦ߅ߡ߽ P2㧔ᧄⓂߢߪޔ ޟήᮡ␜ฃേߣޠ߱㧕ߪሽߒߥߣ⚿⺰ߔࠆޕ ࡑ⺆ߩࡧࠜࠗࠬߪޔᒻᘒ⊛⢻േ㧔morphological active㧕ޔᒻᘒ⊛ฃേ㧔morphological passive㧕ޔήᮡ␜⢻േ㧔bare active㧕ޔήᮡ␜ฃേ㧔bare passive㧕ߩ 4 ߟߦಽ㘃ߢ߈ࠆޕᒻᘒ ⊛⢻േߣᒻᘒ⊛ฃേߢߪࠇߙࠇߘޔേ⹖߇ធ㗡ㄉ meN-ߣ di-ߢᮡ␜ߐࠇࠆޕήᮡ␜⢻േߣ ήᮡ␜ฃേߢߪޔേ⹖ߦࡧࠜࠗࠬࠍࠊߔធㄉ߇ઃ߆ߕޔਔ⠪ߪേਥ㗄ߣഥേ⹖㧛ุቯ ㄉ㧛⹖ߩ⋧ኻ⊛⟎ߢߐࠇࠆޔߜࠊߥߔޕήᮡ␜⢻േߢߪേਥ߇వⴕߔࠆߩߦኻ ߒޔήᮡ␜ฃേߢߪഥേ⹖㧛ุቯㄉ㧛⹖߇వⴕߔࠆౕޕߪᧄޔᢥਛ(1)ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ ޕ ᧄⓂߢߪઁޔേ⹖ߩᄖ㗄߇㑐ଥൻߐࠇࠆ႐วࠍਥ⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻޔౝ㗄߇㑐ଥൻߐࠇࠆ႐ว ࠍ⋡⊛⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻߣ߱ߎߣߦߔࠆޕਔ㑐ଥൻߣ߽ޔ㑐ଥ▵ౝߩࡧࠜࠗࠬߦߪⶄᢙߩน⢻ ᕈ߇ࠆޕਥ⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻߢߪޔᒻᘒ⊛⢻േߣήᮡ␜ฃേߩ 2 ߟ߇น⢻ߢࠆߩ⺆⊛⋡ޕ㑐 ଥൻߢߪޔᒻᘒ⊛ฃേޔήᮡ␜⢻േޔήᮡ␜ฃേߩ 3 ߟ߇น⢻ߢࠆޕᒻᘒ⊛⢻േᢥߩ⋡ ⊛⺆ߪޔ㑐ଥൻߢ߈ߥޔߪࠇߎޕធ㗡ㄉ meN-߇⥄ޔりࠍ߃ߡߩฬ⹖ฏ㗄ߩ⒖േࠍ㒖 ᱛߔࠆߚߢࠆࠆࠇߦࠬࡄࠦޕታࠍಽ㘃ߔࠆ㓙ߦߪޔ4 ߟ⋡ߩ▸⇵ߣߒߡ್ޟ ਇ⢻ࠆߌ⸳ࠍޠᔅⷐ߇ࠆޔߪߩ߁ߣޕήᮡ␜⢻േߣήᮡ␜ฃേߪഥേ⹖㧛ุቯㄉ㧛 ⹖ߣ߁ⷐ⚛߇ߥ႐วߦߪޔ߇ઃ߆ߥ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚޔߕ߹ޕਥ⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻߢߪޔᒻᘒ⊛⢻േ߇ 63 ޔήᮡ␜⢻ േ߇ 122 ߟ߆ߞߚ㧔 2㧕ޕญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߦߪ ࠄࠇߎޔ2 ߟߩࡧࠜࠗࠬ߇ሽߔࠆߣ⸒
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߃ࠆޕ㗫ᐲߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔήᮡ␜⢻േ߇ᒻᘒ⊛⢻േߩ⚂ 2 ࠃߊ↪ࠄࠇࠆࠍ⪲⸒߈ᦠޕਛ ᔃߦᝪ߃ߚࡑ⺆ߩ⸥ㅀߢߪߪߢ⪲⸒ߒޔធ㗡ㄉ meN-߇ࠃ߁ߣޔࠆࠇߐޠ⇛⋭ޟ ߁ߦ⸥ㅀߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ࠆ⥄ࠇߘࠍ⪲⸒ߒޔࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ⁛⥄ߩ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߥ ࠄ߫ޔㅒߦࠍߐ࡞ࡑࠜࡈޔߔߥߤߩㅊട⊛ലᨐࠍ⁓ߞߡޔធ㗡ㄉ meN-߇ޟઃടߐޠ ࠇࠆߥ⏕⊛ࠅࠃ߇ߩ߁ߣޔㅀߴᣇߢࠈ߁ޕ ᰴߦߩ⺆⊛⋡ޔ㑐ଥൻߢߪޔᒻᘒ⊛ฃേ߇ 38 ޔήᮡ␜⢻േ߇ 23 ޔήᮡ␜ฃേ߇ 11 ್ޔਇ⢻߇ 203 ߟ߆ߞߚ㧔 3㧕ޔߣࠆߔ৻ޕญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߦߪ 3 ߟߩࡧࠜࠗࠬ ߇ሽߔࠆߎߣࠍ⸽ߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ߃ࠆ␠ߢߎߎޔߒ߆ߒޕળ⸒⺆ቇ⊛ⷐ࿃ࠍ⠨ᘦߦ ࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ࠼ࠦޕᷙߢࠆޔࠅ߹ߟޕήᮡ␜ฃേߩ 11 ߪᦠ߈⸒⪲ߩᮡḰ ࡑ⺆߇ᷙߑࠅㄟࠎߛ߽ߩߢࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ޕCole et al. (2006)ߩࠫࡖࠞ࡞࠲ࠗࡦ࠼ ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡ߽ޔห᭽ߩ⼏⺰ࠍߒߡࠆޔߪߢߎߘޕήᮡ␜ฃേߩᲧ₸߇ᧄⓂ ߩߘࠇࠃࠅߐࠄߦ㜞㧔 4㧕ߪࠇߎޔߒ߆ߒޕᄢੱห჻ߩ⊒ߦߟߡߢࠅޔሶଏߩ㑐 ਈߔࠆ⊒ߢߪήᮡ␜ฃേߪ 2 ߒ߆ࠇߥޔࠄ߆ߣߎߩߎޕᓐࠄߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⺰ߓߡ ࠆޕᄢੱห჻ߩ⊒ߪਛጀᣇ⸒ߢࠅޔጀᣇ⸒ߢࠆᮡḰࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩᷙ߇ ࠄࠇࠆߦࠇߘޕኻߒޔሶଏߩ㑐ਈߔࠆ⊒ߪਅጀᣇ⸒ߢࠅ࠼ࠦޔᷙ߇ߥޔߡߞࠃޕ ਅጀᣇ⸒ࠍࠫࡖࠞ࡞࠲ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⚐☴ߥᒻߣߺࠇ߫ࠕࠪࡀ࠼ࡦࠗ࠲࡞ࠞࡖࠫޔ ⺆ߦߪήᮡ␜ฃേߪߥߣ⚿⺰ߢ߈ࠆޕ ᧄⓂߢ߽ห᭽ߩℂ↱߆ࠄޔㅀߩ 11 ࠍࠦ࠼ᷙߩ⚿ᨐߣߺߥߒޔญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߦߪ ήᮡ␜ฃേ߇ߥߣ⚿⺰ߒߚޔߛߚޕCole ࠄߣ㆑ޔሶଏߩ㑐ਈߔࠆ⊒ߩ࠺࠲߇ ᚻߢ߈ߥߩߢᧄޔⓂߢߪߩᣇᴺߦࠃࠅߘߩߎߣࠍ⺰⸽ߔࠆ⥄⑳ޔߕ߹ޕりߩශ⽎ߣߒ ߡࠦࡄࠬਛߩ⊒ߪਅጀᣇ⸒ߦ߆ߥࠅㄭࡌ࡞ߩ߽ߩߢࠆޔߚ߹ޕήᮡ␜⢻േ߅ࠃ ߮ήᮡ␜ฃേߩ߇ޔߣࠆߺߡߴ⺞ࠍޔ߆ࠆߡࠇߐ↪ࠄߊߩߤߡߞࠃߦ⺕ޔ೨⠪ߪ 20 ੱਛ 16 ੱߦࠃߞߡ↪ߐࠇߡࠆߩߦኻߒޔᓟ⠪ߪࠊߕ߆ 5 ੱߦࠃߞߡߒ߆↪ߐࠇ ߡߥޔߦࠄߐޕήᮡ␜ฃേࠍ↪ߒߚ⠪ߪోຬޔᔅߕήᮡ␜⢻േ߽↪ߒߡࠆޕ ή⺰ޔㅒߪ⌀ߢߥޕ 㧔ౕ⊛ᢙሼߦߟߡߪ ޔ5 ෳᾖޕ㧕ᓥߞߡޔవߩ 11 ࠍࠦ࠼ᷙ ߩ⚿ᨐߣߺߥߒޔญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߦߪήᮡ␜ฃേ߇ሽߒߥߣਥᒛߔࠆ߇ࠇߎޕᱜߒ ߣߔࠇ߫ޔ ್ޟਇ⢻ߦޠಽ㘃ߐࠇߡߚ 203 ߪߩ߆ࠄߊޔᮡḰࡑ⺆ߩᷙࠍ㒰 ߌ߫⚿ޔዪޔήᮡ␜⢻േߢࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ⋡⊛⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻߦߟߡߪޔฦࡧࠜࠗࠬߢߩേਥߩੱ⒓ߦߟߡ߽⺞ߴߚ㧔 6㧕ޕᓥ ᧪ߩᦠ߈⸒⪲ߩ⎇ⓥߢߪޔήᮡ␜ฃേ߇ 1ޔ2 ੱ⒓㧔ߣ 3 ੱ⒓ߩઍฬ⹖㧕ޔᒻᘒ⊛ฃേ߇ 3 ੱ⒓ߦ↪ࠄࠇޔ 㧔߶߷㧕⋧ಽᏓࠍᚑߔߣߐࠇߡߚޔߒ߆ߒޕญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߢߪߘߩࠃ ߁ߥಽᏓߪᚑ┙ߒߥޔߦ․ޕേਥ߇ 3 ੱ⒓ߢ␜⊛ߢࠆ႐วޔᒻᘒ⊛ฃേࠍ↪ࠆ ࠃࠅࠈߒޔήᮡ␜⢻േࠍ↪ࠆߩ߇ㅢᏱߢࠆޕ ߹ߣࠆߣޔญ⺆ࡑ⺆ߦߪήᮡ␜ฃേ߇ሽߒߥޕήᮡߩࡧࠜࠗࠬߪޔήᮡ␜⢻ േߢࠅޔᒻᘒ⊛⢻േ߅ࠃ߮ᒻᘒ⊛ฃേߪᢥሼㅢࠅᮡߩᒻᑼߢࠆޕ
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