Vision for Aquaculture in Sweden and the Baltic Sea Area Anders .Kiessling@ SLU.se
Photo A.Kiessling
Bild A.Kiessling
Aquaculture, consist of numerous species and diversified production systems, defined by culturing in water.
Photo A.Kiessling
Bild A.Kiessling
Bild A.Kiessling
Photo A.Kiessling
Bild A.Kiessling Bild A Kiessling
Courtesy of IMR
Today ca 597 species are farmed
Courtesy of IMR
Bild A.Kiessling
Bild A.Kiessling
Courtesy of IMR
Bild A.Kiessling
16% of global animal protein
? The trend continues with more and more fish stocks being fully exploited.
Aqua – Agro and /or Urban circular production systems
BIOSECURE ZERO-WATER EXCHANGE AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Future expansion in aquaculture production capacity may occur along two lines: 1. Ocean based open cage systems, with some of it moving increasingly off‐ shore to escape the constraints of coastal waters.
2. Closed and semi closed systems possible to locate close to the consumer with a high land and water efficiency.
The rapid growth in inland aquaculture of finfish reflects the fact that it is a relatively easy‐to‐achieve type of aquaculture in developing countries when compared with mariculture (FAO,2014). It is, however questionable if this is an accurate statement if considering a major volume increase.
This subsector is also expected, through continued promotion and sustainable development, to be the lead player in achieving long‐term food and nutrition security (FAO,2014)
Environmental impact: Effluents, Genetic pollution, Diseases Kg Phosphorus per ton produced fish
35
P, 2006, HELCOM N, 2006 HELCOM
30 25 20 15
Flow of 2006 Aquaculture Industry Diffuse
10 5
N
P 795 4158 27913
103 404 2124
0 72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
Year, 19..
Courtesy of A. Alanärä
96
Ton sea cage farming in BSR 2012 (National statistics 2013)
BSR in open sea 26.000 ton and total in BSR basin ca 89.000 ton
Ecological, Social and economical sustainable (SOU 2009:26)
Limitation: 1. Renewable 2. Non irreversible local effects 3. A transparent nutrient budget in balance 4. An addition to future food security
The environmental paradox of Fish Farming Ecological Footprint Of Feed Production In Water Fish is the most efficient Protein transformer of all animals. 1. No heating 2. No gravity 3. Numerous offspring Illustration A.Kiessling
Effluent
Fosforkretsloppet inom Östersjöns fiske och vattenbruk
P ton / år Extern tillförsel från Atlanten
~300 ton Vattenbruk
Fiskfoder Fiskprodukter
Fiske Annat
Fiske
~4000 ton Utförsel i fångst från Östersjön
Courtesy of Jouni Vilma
Födoväven i utsjön Fiske Klimat Sillgrissla?
Torsk
Sill
Skarpsil l
nektobenthos djurplankton
växtplankton
Näringsämnen Forskning och Utveckling Fiskeriverket, Sverige
Fed mussel in Southern Baltic A BSR Flagship project for Diffuse nutrient leakage mitigation
X
X X X &
x =Experiment musselodlingar Courtesy of Odd Lindalh, KVA
Microbial protein / Bio‐protein
Mycel svamp
Jäst
Bakterie
Example: Ströms Vattudal now:2‐3 μg tot P/l, pre PD 5‐6 μg/l
Estimated 100.000 tons farming => to only reach pre‐power dam level of P and N
Upper part is in a nutrient negative state due To unnatural erosion.
A.Kiessling i ”Havsbruk som håller i längden”, Formas
An example on one possible technology development for semi closed KONSEPT GREEN SEAFOOD TECHNOLOGY systems suitable for inland waters.
Fördelar: 1. Skalskydd 2. Möjlighet att placeras på grunda bottnar nära infrastruktur 3. Återvinna gödsel 4. Pumpa upp + 4 C vatten hela vintern
The environmental paradox of Fish Farming Ecological Footprint Of Feed Production In Water Fish is the most efficient Protein transformer of all animals. 1. No heating 2. No gravity 3. Numerous offspring Illustration A.Kiessling
Effluent
Reduce effluent, second driver N2
Fish (80 ton 120 kg/m3)
Mechanical filter
Biologiskt filter 2 NO3 => N2
Plants
Biological filter 1 NH3/NH4=>NO3 Chemical bound P
Photo A.Kiessling
Save water, original driver This is a production form in rapid development driven by the industry because: 1. Fresh water use 0.4% 2. Temperature (production time) 2. Control of infectious diseases 3. Control of feed use and effluents
But we are only in the beginning of this development.
Utilise effluent, third and future driver
Bild A.Kiessling
Illustration A.Kiessling
Photo A.Kiessling
CO2 Ozon
O2
Bio‐protein Reactor N & P
UV
Harvest Station Utilisation model 3
Bio‐Energy Reactor C & H By A.Kiessling
Utilisation model 2
Utilisation model 1
Tilapia Strategy
Tilapia Natural Environment x Farmed Tilapia Central Africa Lake and a typical farm Courtesy of S.Zimmerman
Courtesy of S.Zimmerman
Microbes is the feed base of our ecosystem that transform short sugars and minerals to protein, lipids and vitamins. Man, as all other higher animals has adapted to this through millions of years. However, we have lost the enzyme systems needed to eat them directly. Fish, on the other hand, has retained them. By Sergio Zimmermann
Green water farming
Jästbolaget, Rotebro, Sweden. Produce 20.000 ton yeast/year Good condition 10 mg of yeast => 150 ton in a week. Growth rate / day: Bacteria every 20 min => Yeast every 2 h => Micro algae once a day =>
272 212 21 Picture courtesy of Matilda Olstorpe
Al an A in As rg e pa inin r ti c e a C cid G ys lu ta tein m ic e ac G id ly c H ine ist Is idin ol eu e c Le ine uc in Ly e M si P h et h ne en ion yl ine al an i P r ne ol in Se e Th rin re e T r on yp in to e p T y h an ro si n Va e lin e
AA profile; % of AA
LT-fishmeal R.oryzae biomass Microfungi BioProtein
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 1. Amino acid profiles of fishmeal, MB and Bioprotein (g/100 g AA).
2
Arctic Charr, daily growth in % of body weight
1,8
c
with 30% replacment of each ingridient from commercial
1,6
c
1,4
bc
1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
a
ab
0
From Langeland et al. 2014
Biosecurity risks when recapturing nutrients for sustainable agri‐food and biogas production Anders Kiessling, Ivar Vågsholm, David Huyben, Jakob Babul, Sofia Boqvist
SLUmat, 2014
25‐30 oC
Green water farming A true closed system By Sergio Zimmermann
Bild A.Kiessling
VEGAFISH
An increase in temperature from 8.6 to 13.7 oC doubled the growth rate in salmon smolt.
Weight (average) in grams
5 C
Days
Is there an advantage to produce in water when utilising low grade surplus heat ?
0 0
0
2 5 C
2 5 C
70‐80 C
70‐80 C
25 C 25 C
Production Illustration A.Kiessling
Production
SURPLUS ENERGY AND FOOD PRODUCTION.
Center of excellence between ESS and SLU at Lund
Nutrients from organic side flows: Food waste, bio diesel, bio gas, etc Illustration Peter Lönnegård & FredrikIndebetou, based on a joint concept of A.Kiessling, H.Sandin & FredrikIndebetou and F. Indebetou
Animal feed and plant production based on local recapture of nutrients via bio‐reactors and blue catch crops.
Feed Based on blue catch crops (mussels, algae, etc)
Bio‐energy
Surplus heat