Rev. sei. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1985, 4 (2), 381-402.
Veterinary vaccine banks in Africa* Y. CHENEAU**
Several countries have established or are currently reviewing the possibility of establishing veterinary vaccine banks t h r o u g h o u t the world. C a n a d a , Mexico and the United States of America have set u p an F M D vaccine bank which would pro vide vaccine in emergency cases. F u r t h e r m o r e , several E u r o p e a n countries have also undertaken to set u p an F M D vaccine b a n k . A P H C A in Asia is currently seeking to obtain the approval of laboratories in the region to keep a vaccine reserve which would be offered freely to Member Countries in the event of an emergency. The O I E Regional Commission for Africa has not defined a particular position in regard to vaccine banks. This item cannot however be broached without a clear view of vaccine production capacity of laboratories on the African Continent. For this reason the Central Bureau of the O I E considered that it was most impor tant that a survey be conducted on the production potential and the possibility of maintaining vaccine reserves in Africa. A similar survey was previously conducted on avian vaccines, as part of the 5th Conference of the O I E Regional Commission for Africa which was held in Nairobi in J a n u a r y 1983.
RESULTS OF T H E SURVEY Of the thirty-eight countries which were consulted in this survey, twenty-three replied to the questionnaire. Twenty of these countries manufacture one or more vac cines. These countries are as follows: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, the C a m e r o o n s , Chad, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Mozam bique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Zaire and Zambia. Table I, given on the following pages, summarises the vaccine types produced by these twenty-two laboratories, production capacities, number of doses manufac tured in 1983, number of doses exported and cost per dose in 1984.
* Translation of the Report presented at the 6th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for Africa, Harare, 22-25 January 1985. ** Office International des Epizooties, 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France.
— 382 — DISCUSSION
1. R e s p o n s e Twenty-three replies were received from thirty-eight questionnaires despatched to Member Countries; of these, three were sent from countries which d o not have a vaccine producing laboratory (Benin, Congo, and Zimbabwe). Some countries which do have laboratories did not reply to the questionnaire, namely: Egypt, Guinea and Tunisia.
2 . Capacity - specialisation of laboratories a) Laboratories can be grouped according to their specialisation and the impor tance of the range of vaccines they produce: — A single
vaccine:
Botswana: currently one of two laboratories in Africa which manufactures F M D vaccine; will shortly be producing rinderpest vaccine; Kenya: Vaccine Production Laboratory - produces F M D vaccines only; Lesotho: Newcastle vaccine (La Sota). — Two to five vaccines: Algeria, Ivory Coast, Kenya (Muguga), Mali, Morocco, Zaire, Zambia. — Six to ten vaccines: the Cameroons, Chad, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Niger, Soma lia, Sudan. — Eleven
to fifteen
— Over sixteen
vaccines: Angola, Kenya (Kabete), M o z a m b i q u e , Nigeria.
vaccines:
Senegal.
b) One laboratory manufactures both h u m a n and veterinary vaccines: the Pas teur Institute in Algeria. c) One laboratory is commencing production: the Cameroons. d) Production capacities are very diverse: some laboratories have export capa city and can increase their production while others provide sufficient quantities for national needs and there are also those which need to import due to insufficient pro duction for the national market. e) The following vaccines are produced in Africa by a single laboratory: Lumpy skin disease: Kenya (Kabete) Rift Valley fever: » » Bluetongue: » » Contagious ecthyma: » » Turkey pox: » » Classical swine fever: Madagascar Porcine pasteurellosis: » Teschen disease: » Botulism: Senegal
— 383 —
Salmonellosis of calves: Caprine pleuropneumonia:
Angola Somalia
f) The following vaccines are currently manufactured by several laboratories: Blackleg: Anthrax: Rinderpest: CBPP: H a e m o r r h a g i c septicaemia: Newcastle disease: Rabies: Sheep pox:
14 13 11 11 10 9 6 6
laboratories laboratories laboratories laboratories laboratories laboratories laboratories laboratories
The list of vaccine-producing laboratories in Africa is given in Appendix III.
3.
Difficulties
The major difficulty encountered by many laboratories in Africa was foreign exchange; this affects the operation of laboratories which cannot always purchase foreign equipment and spare parts and also essential materials (chemicals and biologicals, flasks...). This leads to laboratories being out of stock, having breakdowns and problems with maintenance. The second difficulty reported arose from the absence or lack of working capital which is necessary for the efficient operation of the laboratory. This obstacle is often linked to the status of the laboratory which is not always independent from adminis trative and financial points of view. Some laboratories suffer water a n d / o r electricity supply problems (Angola, Kenya and Mali); others have ill-adapted or inadequate equipment (Zambia, Sudan, Mozam bique and Nigeria). Problems are also encountered in the training and specialisation of staff (Niger and Sudan). See detailed list in Appendix I.
4. P r o j e c t s Most laboratories have made immense efforts to acquire equipment in recent years and some have pursued their aim to increase production capacity or to diversify capa city or even to improve quality controls. See detailed list in Appendix II.
CONCLUSION Although problems do exist, mainly in relation to the economic situation, a clear improvement can be recorded in m a n y countries which have become self-sufficient in veterinary vaccines. Inter-African cooperation should assist in resolving the difficulties encountered by some countries, in particular with a view to eradicating the major contagious disea ses of livestock from the African Continent.
Niger
6,000
15 - 20,000
-
-
12 F CFA
02
- : no data commun
Operational in October 1984. * 20 million doses anticipated in 84/85.
* Production to commence: mid 1985
KS
* Doses exported in 1984.
10 F CFA
0: no production, no exports
700
-
20 F CFA
0.085 KS 82:5,390 83: 7,747
6,400* 0.06 Birr 1981:6,484
5,500
*
*
4valences; 4
doses
80%* 0,35 US $ SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 (monovalent * exported in 1984 )
Comments
1981: 8.4% 1 valence: 1.30 KS O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2 82:23.8% 2 valences: 2.23 KS 83: 15.2% 3 valences: 3.17 KS -
10
No. of doses No. of doses Sales price" produced exported (ave. per dose (in thousands) 1982-83-84 in 1984 1983 X 1000 or %)
3,134 6%
19,000
Kenya 20,000 • (Muguga)
Mali
23,600
80,000
Ethiopia 40,000
Cameroons
(project)
20,000
21,600 (monovalent doses)
Kenya 30,000 (Vaccine Production Laboratory)
Botswana
21,000 (monovalent doses)
Production capacity (in thousands)
Botswana
Country
e: quantity exported negligeab,le ** value of African currencie s indicated at the end of the table.
Rinderpest
FMD
Vaccine type
TABLE I
BDIl
Production and exportation of veterinary vaccines by African countries
ted
- 384 —
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Kenya (Kabete)
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Kenya (Kabete)
Algeria
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Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox
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20,000
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5 Piastres
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5,000
Sudan
Sales price** per dose in 1984
12 F CFA
No. of doses No. of doses produced exported (ave. (in thousands) 1982-83-84 1983 x 1000 or %) oo
Mixed rinderpest/CBPP vaccine
5,000
Chad
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (cont.)
Production capacity (in thousands)
Country
Vaccine type
TABLE I b (cont.)
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— 386 —
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* 1984
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