Vehicle Propulsion Systems Introduction
Team • Chris Onder
[email protected] ML K37.2, +41 44 63 2 2466 • Philipp Elbert
[email protected] ML K39, +41 44 63 2 7316 • Andreas Ritter
[email protected] ML K39, +41 44 63 2 8066
Course Website www.idsc.ethz.ch Education Lectures VPS Slides, exercises, solutions, announcements,…
Textbook L. Guzzella, A. Sciarretta
Vehicle Propulsion Systems Introduction to Modeling and Optimization
Third Edition, 2013 Springer ISBN 978-3-642-35912-5
Oral Exams • Oral exam in „Prüfungssession“ • 30 minutes, no notes • Questions very similar to the ones discussed in the lecture • BSc & MSc students receive a grade • PhD students need to pass the exam, but do not receive a grade
Relevant Material • All material presented in the lectures is relevant for the exam. • Chapters that have not been covered in the lecture are not relevant for the exam. • Check the Course Webpage for an exhaustive list.
How to benefit from lecture
• • • • • •
Focus on comprehension, not memorization Ask questions during lecture Participate in discussions Team up to solve quick checks Don’t be afraid of errors/mistakes Practice verbalization of knowledge
Evaluation • Do not forget to participate in the evaluation of this course:
Learning Goal + −
Teacher
Lecture
Problems Evaluation
Students
Learned material
Exercise Lecture • Location:
CNH E46
• Time:
Every Friday 12:00 to 13:30
Mode of Exercises • • • • • • •
no standard calculation tasks rather vaguely described tasks many unknowns assumptions necessary several solutions possible similar to “real” engineering work work in teams → distribute work
One exercise lasts ~2-3 weeks Every week we check your progress via a milestone After 2-3 weeks: each group presents own solution in a 5 min presentation
Planning of Lectures and Exercises: Week
Lecture, Friday, 8:15-10:00, ML F34
Book chp.
Exercise , Friday, 12:00-13:30, CHN E46
38, 23.9.2016
Introduction, goals, overview propulsion systems and options
1
Introduction
39, 30.9.2016
Fuel consumption prediction I
2
Exercise I, Milestone 1
40, 7.10.2016
Fuel consumption prediction II
2
Exercise I, Milestone 2
41, 14.10.2016
IC engine propulsion systems I
3
Exercise I, Presentation
42, 21.10.2016
IC engine propulsion systems II
3
Exercise II, Milestone 1
43, 28.10.2016
Hybrid electric propulsion systems I
4
Exercise II, Milestone 2
44, 4.11.2016
Hybrid electric propulsion systems II
4
Exercise II, Presentation
45, 11.11.2016
Hybrid electric propulsion systems III
4
Exercise III, Milestone 1
46, 18.11.2016
Non-electric hybrid propulsion systems
5
Exercise III, Milestone 2
47, 25.11.2016
Supervisory Control Algorithms I
7
Exercise III, Presentation
48, 2.12.2016
Optimal Control Theory
49, 9.12.2016
Supervisory Control Algorithms II
50, 16.12.2016
Case Study
51, 23.12.2016
Tutorial Lecture, Q & A
App.I&II
Exercise IV, Milestone 1
7
Exercise IV, Milestone 2 Exercise IV, Presentation
Vehicle Density (2015) 900 USA
800
Autos pro 1000 Einwohner
700
Italien Japan
600
Polen
Deutschland Schweiz
Frankreich
500 Korea 400 Russland
300 Brasilien
BRICS
200
China
100 Indien 0
0
10
Source: Wikipedia
20
30 40 BIP (PPP) pro Kopf in k$
50
60
70
Vehicle Production (2014) Automobilproduktion 25 China Deutschland Indien Japan USA
Fahrzeuge in Mio.
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Quelle: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2005)
Transportation is responsible for ~15% of the total GHG emissions.
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Future?
warmgloblog.blogspot.com
What can we do?
Plan of Action
Basic research
Specific research
Industry collaboration
Education
Product develop ment
Air-to-fuel ratio control Gasoline Engines: 3-way catalyst requires precise metering of air and fuel:
Control algorithm developed at IDSC is running on >1mio vehicles
Zürich NO2 Concentration 1991
2001
2011
𝑐𝑁𝑂2 = µg/m3 Limit for yearly average Quelle: Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz Zürich (UGZ)
19
Zürich Particulate Matter 1991
2001
2011
𝑐pm10 = µg/m3 Limit for yearly average Quelle: Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz Zürich (UGZ)
20
Predictive Control of a Hybrid Vehicle
energy loss
altitude profile & battery energy
standard control predictive control
distance
PAC-Car II The worlds most fuel efficient vehicle: 5385 km/l gasoline equiv.
AHEAD
10
5
0
15
SORT 1
35
SORT 2
Simulation
HESS Hybrid
Dieselbus
Simulation
HESS Hybrid
Dieselbus
Treibstoffverbrauch in l/100km 45 -27.5%
40
-22.6%
30
25
20
Optimale Lösung
Fuel Consumption Comparison 50
SwissTrolley+ Battery-assisted trolley bus: Reduce grid maintenance cost Extend bus lines Reduce energy demand by 15%
Formula Electric Acceleration: 0-100 in under 2 seconds Endurance: minimize finish time with constrained energy budget
Formula One • F1 powertrain = hybrid electric • Find time-optimal energy management strategies
Diesel-Ignited Natural Gas Engine Natural gas contains less carbon per unit energy.
-> lower CO2 emissions
Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment Diesel-engines still have a large market share, and are necessary for heavy duty applications. Optimal control and calibration of SCRSystems
Emission Strategies for Diesel Engines Best Trade-off between emissions and fuel consumption.
Methods Systematic Methods from • Control Systems Engineering – Feedback Control – Disturbance rejection – Stability, Robustness
• Optimization – – – – –
Feedforward Control Predictive Control Learning Control Offline / Online …. Criterion
Optimal Feedforward Control
𝑒
𝑦ref +
−
𝑢𝐹𝐹 Feedback Control
𝑢𝐹𝐵 + +
𝑢
𝑦 Plant
Future Scenarios • It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future
Motivation
cars per 1000 inhabitants
Vehicle density (2005) 800
USA I
600
F
D J
UK 400 Poland Russia
Korea
200 India
Brazil China
GDP per capita (US $) 10000
20000
30000
40000
Source: OECD/IEA (2006)
H.E. Friedrich, Market Shares of Various Powertrains, Scenarios Till 2030, DLR Stuttgart, ATZ autotechnology 04/2010 volume 10
H.E. Friedrich, Market Shares of Various Powertrains, Scenarios Till 2030, DLR Stuttgart, ATZ autotechnology 04/2010 volume 10
H.E. Friedrich, Market Shares of Various Powertrains, Scenarios Till 2030, DLR Stuttgart, ATZ autotechnology 04/2010 volume 10
Energy carrier system
Energy carrier
Upstream processes
