VEHICLE INTERIOR AIR QUALITY October, 2015 Mark Polster - [email protected]

Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) Collage

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Vehicle Testing at Ford NA

Outdoors

Metal Halide Lights

25ºC Soak Area Halogen Lights

65ºC Test Chamber Potential2000L Bag Test

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2000L Bag method

Heated for 2hours @ 65C

Jingle, Featuring Peyton Manning

“Nothing beats that new car smell”

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P35T7WGu9i0 Nation Wide Jingle, Time 16s-19s

Don Draper

Advertising is based on one thing: Happiness And do you know what happiness is? Happiness is the smell of a new car. Mad Men Season 1, episode 1 - Smoke Gets in Your Eyes

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VIAQ “In The News” NA and EU

Mercedes-Benz awarded the Seal of Quality of the European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF)

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Nanjing Train Station Restroom

Car Formaldehyde Decomposition Scavenger

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Why in China, Korea, Japan etc. •  Wikipedia - in part –  “Alcohol flush reaction” •  Asian ancestry, alcohol flush reaction has also been referred to by such informal names as Asian flush syndrome, Asian flush, and Asian glow. •  The reaction is the result of an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol, and is caused by an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

•  Metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) to acetaldehyde (ethanal) and then acetic acid (ethanoic acid) •  Genetics - “the flush reaction is rare among Europeans and Africans, and it is very rare among Mexican-Americans. 30% to 50% of people of Chinese and Japanese ancestry” •  Bottom-line odor and VOCs are a quality issue for vehicle interiors in the China market.

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VIAQ/VOC Conferences •  China In-car Air Quality Summit –  September 23-24, Crowne Plaza Century Park Shanghai, China

•  Polyurethanes Technical Conference –  October 5 – 7 2015 in Orlando, Florida –  http://polyurethane.americanchemistry.com/Polyurethanes-Technical-Conference/2015-Conference.html –  http://www.cvent.com/events/2015-polyurethanes-technical-conference/agenda-932290adb59c4aa6ae0adb646c469ef2.aspx

•  Certech Emissions and odours from materials –  October, 8th and 9th 2015, in Brussels –  http://pacaryt.wix.com/certech2015

•  ITB Group –  Automotive Interiors China 2015, October 27, 2015 - http://www.itbgroup.com/automotive-interiors-china-2015/ –  Automotive Cockpits •  October 3, 2014 - Birmingham, Michigan - http://www.itbgroup.com/automotive-cockpits/

•  AIAG –  IMDS & Product Chemical Compliance Conference –  October 13 - 14, 2015, Suburban Collection Showplace, Novi, MI –  https://www.aiag.org/source/Meetings/cMeetingFunctionDetail.cfm? section=orders&product_major=E15IMDS&functionstartdisplayrow=1&mtype=spec

•  SPE TPO Automotive Engineered Polyolefins Conference –  Oct. 4-7, 2015, Troy Marriott –  http://www.speautomotive.com/tpo.htm

•  Techtextil –  May 3-5, 2016, Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia –  http://techtextil-northamerica.us.messefrankfurt.com/atlanta/en/for_attendees/welcome.html

•  Pittcon –  March 6 - 10, 2016, Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia

…and many more!

Global VIAQ Working Group Meetings •  ISO –  International Standards Organization –  ISO/TC22 ISO/TC146/SC6 WG13, Interior air of road vehicles

•  OICA –  International auto industry –  Informal Working Group (IWG) on Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) –  Technical Working Group (TWG) or Task Force (TF) on Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ)

•  ACEA –  European auto industry –  Task Force on Vehicle Interior Air Quality –  Locations in Brussels and Beijing

•  UN –  United Nations –  GRPE/WP.29 Informal Working Group (IWG) on Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ)

•  SAE –  Society of Automotive Engineers –  VOC Committee

•  VDA –  German Association of the Automotive Industry –  Workgroup Indoor Air

•  USCAR –  VIAQ Committee under U.S. Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP)

…and likely more to come!

ISO VIAQ Work Group •  ISO/TC22 ISO/TC146/SC6 WG13 –  Members include 10+ countries and 35+ representatives –  Last meeting is in Duran, South Africa, 22 to 26 September 2014

Automotive

Research Institutes and Universities

Test Laboratories

Ford (US)

The University of Tokyo (Japan)

BRE (UK)

Toyota (Japan)

Waseda University (Japan)

Markes (UK)

Honda (Japan)

Kyushu University (Japan)

TUV Nord (Germany)

Isuzu (Japan)

Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (Japan)

Fraunhofer (Germany)

GM (US/Germany)

Research Centre for Automotive Testing and Refinement (Russia)

Kaneka (Korea)

Kia (Germany) Hyundai (Germany) VW (Germany) Fiat (Italy)

Korea Institute of Construction Technology (Korea) Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (Korea) Kongju National University (Korea) Kangwon National University (South Korea)

ISO TC22/TC146 SC6 WG13 Test Methods •  ISO 12219-1 Published in 2012 –  Part 1 - Whole vehicle test chamber - Specification and method for the determination of volatile organic compounds in cabin interiors •  ISO 12219-2 Published in 2012 –  Part 2: Screening method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from car trim components – Bag method •  ISO 12219-3 Published in 2012 –  Part 3: Screening method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from car trim components – Micro-scale chamber method •  ISO 12219-4 Published in 2013 –  Part 4: Method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from car trim components – Small chamber method •  ISO 12219-5 Published in 2014 –  Part 5: Screening method for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from car trim components – Static chamber method •  ISO 12219-6 CD with comments –  Part 6: Method for the determination of the emissions of semi-volatile organic compounds from vehicle interior parts and materials - Small chamber method •  ISO 12219-7 CD with comments –  Part 7: Odour determination in interior air of road vehicles and test chamber air of trim components by olfactory measurements •  ISO 12219-8 AWI Approved Work Item with comments –  Part 8: Handling and Packaging of Materials and Components for Emissions Testing •  ISO 12219-9 NWIP New Work Item Proposal –  Part 9: Screening method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from vehicle interior parts and materials - Large bag method •  The last WG 13 meeting was held in the week from 21 September to 25 September 2015 in Delft, the Netherlands. •  Other proposed new work items include photo and gravimetric fogging and material odor testing methods.

Rule making Procedure of WP.29 and GRPE

WP.29

Mandate (164th WP.29)

l  Recommendation •  RE3 (1958 Agreement) •  SR1 (1998 Agreement) •  Mutual Resolution (1958 & 1998 Agreement)

Draft of VIAQ Recommendation (Formal document)

GRPE Adoption (70th GRPE)

Draft of VIAQ Recommendation (Informal document)

VIAQ IWG

Roadmap

Vehicle Testing Calculations Concentration is a function of (Material Properties, Temperature, Soak Time, and Ventilation)

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The sample is on a thermal desorption tube analyzed by GC-MS to ISO-16000-6 or DNPH Cartridge to ISO -16000-3.

Global VIAQ Regulations: Limit Values Procedures Hours soaked before sample Temperature [°C] Age of vehicle [days]

Japan

Korea

China

> 0.5 ↓ ↓ 2↓ 40 ↑ (HCHO), 23 25 ↑ 14 - 28 14 - 28

16 ↑↑ 25 ↑ Any

Procedure Differences (↕ effect)

Limits

Japan

Korea

China

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Method

Chemical Compounds [µg/m ]

Formaldehyde (HCHO) Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene Tetradecane P-Dichlorbenzene Di-n-butylphthalate Di-n-hexylphthalate

100 48

260 3800 870 220 330 240 220 330

210 50 30 1000 1000 870 220

100 50 50 110 1100 1500 1500 260

DNPH, HPLC ISO 16000-3

Thermal Desorption, GC/MS ISO 16000-6

National methods and ISO 12219-1 are conducted in generally the same manner. Harmonization to the ISO method would benefit both OEMs and suppliers by lowering the cost of testing and simplifying limit values.

Global VIAQ Regulations: Method Correlation Factors

Regulatory Limits Korean Limits China Limits Korea vs. China Regulatory Limits Average Test Data

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Styrene Total VOCs

210 100

50 50

30 110

1000 1100

1000 1500

870 1500

220 260

210% 88%

100% 38%

27% 70%

91% 58%

67% 68%

58% 67%

85% 81%

51%

The chart and tables shows the percent difference between either the national (Regulatory) limits and the national test methods. Note, for Formaldehyde the test method differences are nearly equivalent (100%) despite great difference in soak time, 2h vs.16h. But the limit values are not the same.

Vehicle Method and Time Study

Vehicle Method and Time Study •  Two new vehicles were tested under different but typical conditions –  Focus SE, windows open between tests = “daily use” –  Focus ST, windows closed between tests = “dealership lot” –  From day 4 to day 60 –  Korean, ISO, TUV and China Methods –  Test method windows closed soak times •  Korean = 2 hours •  ISO Part 1 = 8 hours •  China = 16 hours •  Next slides are VOC concentration [µg/m3] plots for each compound or group of compounds –  Each plot is normalized to the highest test value –  Note: TVOC is not regulated and drops quickly over time with windows open but this not true for Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde. Also keep in mind, China limits for Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde are difficult to meet.

Vehicle Method and Time Study

WINDOWS OPEN

WINDOWS CLOSED

SE with leather seats

ST with leather seats

Ran 20 tests in Ford’s Allen Park Test Laboratory, 2nd and 3rd Floor Soak area

Vehicle Method and Time Study

Windows Closed - 16h Soak

Windows Open - 16h Soak

Windows Open - 2h Soak Windows Open - 8h Soak

Vehicle Method and Time Study

Windows Closed - 16h Soak

Windows Open - 16h Soak Windows Open - 8h Soak Windows Open - 2h Soak

Vehicle Method and Time Study

Windows Closed - 16h Soak Windows Open - 16h Soak

Windows Open - 2h Soak

ACEA Data, 6 OEMS, Vehicle Tests, n=124, HJ/T 400 method Acetaldehyde 500 450 400 350 µg/m3

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0

25

20

40

60

80 100 120 Vehicle Age (Days)

140

160

180

200

VIAQ Test Method Conclusions •  The full ISO test method, all three parts, should be discussed and adopted by the GRPE working group to achieve global harmonization. –  Any modifications, if necessary, should be presented to ISO TC 146/SC 6/TC22 Joint WG 13 as improvements. –  The next ISO JWG 13 meeting will be held from 26 to 30 September 2016 in Burlington, Vermont (United States). •  Vehicle material emissions can be characterized using the ISO ambient mode –  Data shows good correlation between the regional methods and the ISO method’s ambient mode. –  The main issue of harmonize is the ambient mode soak time: 2, 8 or 16 hours. •  Consider laboratory operations including an 8 hour operation with limited test site capacity. •  Consider sampling when the emission rate is more stable. •  Compound limit values should reflect method changes. –  Improve to test repeatability •  Increase mass on the sample; a function of soak length, sample flow rate, soak temperature •  Include more quality control checks like duplicate samples and include void criteria. –  Standardize test reports with defined data fields and data format

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Thank you

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QUESTIONS

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