Vaccination of farmed fish St. Petersburg November 6-7. 2007
Aqua Care Oy
Agenda • Fish vaccines – History • Production of vaccine and quality assurance • Modes of vaccination • The vaccination process • Safety for the vaccinator • Hygiene • Side effects • Costs
Aqua Care Oy
Fish vaccines – History
Aqua Care Oy
What is a vaccine? • NOT a medicine • Used profylactically • A foreign ”matter” (a killed bacteria...) • Immune response starts to defend against ”foreign matter” • During next contact the fish is ready to fight the bug!
Aqua Care Oy
Fish vaccines - Timeline 1970/1975 Vibrio/ERM
1984/1987 Biovax
1987 Apovax
1991 Biojec
1992 Apoject
1995 ALPHA JECT 1st Generation
1999 ALPHA JECT 2nd Generation 2003/2004 ALPHA JECT - improved
Aqua Care Oy
Prevention before treatment! Use of antibiotics in fish
No. kgs of antibiotics (in thousand)
Fish production
700 600
50
500 40 400 30 300 20 200 10
100
0
0 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Aqua Care Oy
1000 metric tons of salmonids produced
60
PHARMAQ worldwide
Aqua Care Oy
Production of vaccine and quality assurance
Aqua Care Oy
From idea to licensed product
Aqua Care Oy
…starts in small bottles…
Aqua Care Oy
…continues in bigger tanks…
Aqua Care Oy
…to even bigger ones!
Aqua Care Oy
QA/ QC - Sterile filling, “class 100” room
Aqua Care Oy
QA/ QC - safety and efficacy test of vaccines
Aqua Care Oy
Extended safety test - ILAB • Volume injected: standard user dose • Temperature 17 °C, size of fish < 35 gram • Autopsy/evaluation 6 and 12 weeks after vaccination • Evaluation of side effects and vaccine residues • Only batches that pass the test are released to the market
Aqua Care Oy
Modes of vaccination
Modes of vaccination Cons iderations
Oral
Immers ion
Injection
Very eas y
Eas y
Moderate
Relative protection
Medium to good
Medium to good
Bes t
Duration of protection
Short-medium*
Short-medium*
Long las ting
One
Upto a few
Several (6 )
Handling s tres s to fis h
Pos t immunocompetence None
Pos t immunocompetence Slight
Larger than 15g Moderate
Labour requirement
No additional
2 -4 people
2 -6 people
Eas e of us e/ application
No. of dis eas es -in s ame vaccine Fis h Size
* Vaccine, species, temperature and size dependent. Aqua Care Oy
Why oil based vaccine? • Long lasting effect, 2 years or more (water based vaccines: a few months) • ”One shot” protects till slaughter • Oil adjuvant is necessary for long term protection • Some water based do not work (furunculosis)
Aqua Care Oy
Vaccine deposits - ensures long duration of protection
Source: Prof. Trygve Poppe, Veterinær Instituttet , Oslo.
Aqua Care Oy
Vaccine for trout Oil based or water based vaccine? Oil based vaccine
Water based vaccine
•
Best protection against vibriosis
•
Poorer protection against vibriosis
•
Long term protection against vibriosis
•
Short term protection against vibriosis
•
Very good protection against furunculosis
•
No protection against furunculosis
Aqua Care Oy
Experiences from Finland
Aqua Care Oy
Experience with Apoject 1800 in Finland
• Started in 1995 • Today most fish are vaccinated with Apoject • No claims • Almost no vibrio and furunculosis
Aqua Care Oy
Apoject 1800 effect. Challenge test. - results from Finland (Parasitol. Inst. G. Bylund)
Challenge 12 weeks after vaccination (A.sal, cohabitant); 16 weeks after vaccination (V.ang 01, i.p)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Apoject 1800 Control RPS
A.sal
V.ang 01 Aqua Care Oy
Vibriosis in whitefish
Aqua Care Oy
Furunculosis in whitefish
Aqua Care Oy
A new vaccine for rainbow trout
• ALPHA JECT 3000 • Will replace Apoject 1800
Aqua Care Oy
The vaccination process
Aqua Care Oy
Important evaluations
• When to vaccinate – When can it be done? – When MUST it be done? – When must the fish be fully protected? – Remember ≥ 500 day-degrees – Plan ahead!
Aqua Care Oy
Vaccination procedures & fish safety • Large variation in fish size - adjust • Stomach/intestine not empty • Anaesthesia (over- /under- / time factor) • Rough handling (equipment/by hand) • Poor injection technique (location, depth, speed, in/out) • Needle problem (sharpness, size, length, scales) • Vaccination transit time
Aqua Care Oy
Point of injection
Aqua Care Oy
Vaccination procedures cont.. • right angle - quick penetration (side effects) • start injection only once needle has penetrated (side effects) • needle pulled while vaccine flows (leakage/side effects) • quickly remove needle on same angle (tissue damage) • remove scales from needle frequently (side effects) • insufficient anaesthesia- signal the “anaesthesiologist” • finish vaccinating fish on table before accepting new
Aqua Care Oy
Quality control of vaccinated fish • Check fish immediately after injection • Look for and register (if possible for each chanel) – Point of injection
• +/-
deviation
– Bleeding at point of injection – Vaccine in fish • Adjust if necessary
Aqua Care Oy
Recommended point of injection Ideal point: From front limit of
Pectoral fin
gristle plates of pelvic fins and 10mm forward Pelvic fins
Ideal injection point: From front limit of gristle plates of pelvic fins and 10mm forward
0.8 PFL
1.0 PFL
•
If needle is at an angle (pointing forward) the injection point may be moved slightly backwards
•
Note: Gristle plates are longer in rainbow trou than in salmon
Avoid injection further forward than posterior limit of pectoral fins in small fish (< 45 grams). •
√
Reason: May result in reduced growth and increased adhesions
Deviations sideways: Injection point should be closer to mid line than edge of belly
Injection point 0.9 pelvic fin length anterior to anterior limit of pelvic fins
Aqua Care Oy
Misplaced point of injection Injection x 2 pelvic fin lengths in front of anterior limit of pelvic fins – ⇒ Injection in pyloric cecae Inflammation in pyloric/ pancreatic area, 4 weeks after vaccination ( vaccination at 14 ºC)
Aqua Care Oy
–
Perforation of pyloric cecae or gut ⇒ leakage of digestive enzymes / gut contents
–
⇒ Inflammation will most probably result in reduced growth.
–
⇒ increased side effects
Injection 1.1 PFL
Aqua Care Oy
Fish 90 g, Injection 1.4 PFL. Vaccine flows posterior from injection site
Aqua Care Oy
Fish 117 g. Injection 1.6 PFL. Vaccine deposited in pyloric cecae + flows posteriorly
Aqua Care Oy
Ideal injection !
Aqua Care Oy
Vaccination with machine…
Aqua Care Oy
Vaccination with machine
Aqua Care Oy
…another model…
Aqua Care Oy
…and one more….
Aqua Care Oy
…or by hand
Aqua Care Oy
…by hand…
Aqua Care Oy
Manual/machine? Quality of vaccination
Dep on equipment and user
Dep on machine/user
Control of result
Easy to follow/ control
Difficult to control
Sharpness needle
Easy to follow/ control
Need more QC
Need for grading
Important
Depends on machine
Vaccination costs
Depends on user
Depends on machine
Technical knowhow
Less need
Greater need
Aqua Care Oy
Too long injection needle!
Aqua Care Oy
Misplaced injection - melanin in muscle
Ref: Prof. Trygve Poppe, Veterinær Instituttet, Oslo
Aqua Care Oy
Safety for the vaccinator
Aqua Care Oy
Safety for vaccinators
• Potential dangers /consequences • Precautions / safety measures
– Mechanical measures – “Not-allowed-to-do” • What to do in case of self injection • Information to health personnel
Aqua Care Oy
Self injection
Aqua Care Oy
Self injection - safety • Local reaction – Erythema and swelling – fingers/ hand – + ”red line” up arm. Contact doctor • General reaction – Like influenza (nausea, fever). If serious: contact doctor • Anaphylactic shock. Occurs after a few minutes – Breathing problems, quick heart beats, stomach pain, nausea. Act quickly! • Before start of vaccination: Inform local doctor that vaccination is going on. • In case of accident: Bring along written information when doctor is contacted.
Aqua Care Oy
Hygiene
Aqua Care Oy
Hygiene - why is it important?
• Reduces the risk of infection • Reduces side effects • Reduces potential growth retardation • Improved health • Increased earnings
Aqua Care Oy
Hygiene and water
• Remember: Potential “problem-causing organisms” may thrive in a mixture of water and mucous
Aqua Care Oy
Poor hygienic conditions may result in peritonitis
Aqua Care Oy
Post vaccination infection hygiene related
Source; Prof. Trygve Poppe, Norwegian Veterinary University, Oslo. Aqua Care Oy
Vaccination/safety - other stress factors
• Water quality • High/low temperatures • Big/fast changes in temperature • Fish with infections
Aqua Care Oy
It pays to deconstruct - and then reassemble !
Aqua Care Oy
Side effects
Aqua Care Oy
Side effects - influences grading, growth and earnings
What causes side effects ? • Type of vaccine - oil adjuvant vaccines – –
Type of adjuvant and emulgators Bacterins in vaccine (vibrio, aeromonas, moritella,....) -and virus components?
• Hygienic conditions • Water quality • Fish – –
Size Condition
• Retention of antigens – –
Amount, type Vaccine stability
• Species. Side effects not a problem in rainbow trout Aqua Care Oy
Adhesions grade 1
S lide 9
Aqua Care Oy
Side effects
Ref: Prof. Trygve Poppe, Veterinær Instituttet, Oslo
Aqua Care Oy
Risk management - Importance of different factors • Size at vaccination • Vaccine “quality” • Temperature at vaccination/post vaccination • Hygienic conditions • Water quality • Handling of the fish • Vaccination procedures • Health status • Species Aqua Care Oy
Vaccination procedures do influence • Fish welfare • Safety to vaccinators • Side effects • Growth • Potential infections - and ultimately earnings
Aqua Care Oy
Quality Assurance/ Quality Control QA/ QC- Basic definitions 1. Agree on what you want to do 2. Do what is agreed upon 3. Control that written procedures are followed 4. Documentation of work/controls performed 5. Correct discrepancies
Aqua Care Oy
QA/ QC protocols
Aqua Care Oy
Summary and conclusions • Adjust to the requirements of the fish • Be quality conscious • “The fish survived the vaccination process” not good enough! • Clarify areas of responsibility • Use your QA/QC (SOP) document
• Quality before quantity !
Aqua Care Oy
What the smolt producers don’t see • Results of sub-optimal vaccination procedures • The results of the “wrong” vaccine •
Sub - optimal effects of vaccines
• Side effects • Poor growth
• Poor quality of the fish (They might see - or at least hear - the angry customer)
Aqua Care Oy
Expensive to vaccinate?
Expensive? Number of fish Vaccine/fish, ml Price of vaccine, € Price of vaccine/ml, € Price/fish, € Cost for vaccination/work, € Total/fish, € Total, all together, €
100 000 0,15 374 0,375 0,0562 0,02 0,0762 7617,5
Aqua Care Oy
(+vat)
Is it worth?
Let´s talk money Saved lives Number of fish originally Reduced mortality, % Size of dead fish Saved fish, pieces Saved fish, kg Price/kg, € Saved fish in €
100 000 100 000 100 000 1,50 1,00 2,00 1,600 1,600 1,600 1500 1000 2000 2400 1600 3200 3,20 3,20 3,20 7680 5120 10240
Aqua Care Oy
And more money….
• If the price of fish is 3,20 €/kg • If the cost of vaccination/fish is about 0,076 €
• 25 g more meat is enough to pay the vaccination!
Aqua Care Oy
Furthermore:
• Cost of medication? • Cost of normal feed? • Other production costs • Handling of dead fish • etc. etc.
Aqua Care Oy
It´s enough when:
• mortality is reduced by 1,5% or • you get 25 g more meat/fish or • you save in feed and other production costs • It´s enoug if one comes true – the rest is earning !!!
Aqua Care Oy
Prevention before treatment! Use of antibiotics in fish
No. kgs of antibiotics (in thousand)
Fish production
700 600
50
500 40 400 30 300 20 200 10
100
0
0 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Aqua Care Oy
1000 metric tons of salmonids produced
60
Thank you for your attention! For further information see our web site
www.pharmaq.no
Aqua Care Oy