Vaccination of farmed fish

Vaccination of farmed fish St. Petersburg November 6-7. 2007 Aqua Care Oy Agenda • Fish vaccines – History • Production of vaccine and quality assu...
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Vaccination of farmed fish St. Petersburg November 6-7. 2007

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Agenda • Fish vaccines – History • Production of vaccine and quality assurance • Modes of vaccination • The vaccination process • Safety for the vaccinator • Hygiene • Side effects • Costs

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Fish vaccines – History

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What is a vaccine? • NOT a medicine • Used profylactically • A foreign ”matter” (a killed bacteria...) • Immune response starts to defend against ”foreign matter” • During next contact the fish is ready to fight the bug!

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Fish vaccines - Timeline 1970/1975 Vibrio/ERM

1984/1987 Biovax

1987 Apovax

1991 Biojec

1992 Apoject

1995 ALPHA JECT 1st Generation

1999 ALPHA JECT 2nd Generation 2003/2004 ALPHA JECT - improved

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Prevention before treatment! Use of antibiotics in fish

No. kgs of antibiotics (in thousand)

Fish production

700 600

50

500 40 400 30 300 20 200 10

100

0

0 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

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1000 metric tons of salmonids produced

60

PHARMAQ worldwide

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Production of vaccine and quality assurance

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From idea to licensed product

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…starts in small bottles…

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…continues in bigger tanks…

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…to even bigger ones!

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QA/ QC - Sterile filling, “class 100” room

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QA/ QC - safety and efficacy test of vaccines

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Extended safety test - ILAB • Volume injected: standard user dose • Temperature 17 °C, size of fish < 35 gram • Autopsy/evaluation 6 and 12 weeks after vaccination • Evaluation of side effects and vaccine residues • Only batches that pass the test are released to the market

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Modes of vaccination

Modes of vaccination Cons iderations

Oral

Immers ion

Injection

Very eas y

Eas y

Moderate

Relative protection

Medium to good

Medium to good

Bes t

Duration of protection

Short-medium*

Short-medium*

Long las ting

One

Upto a few

Several (6 )

Handling s tres s to fis h

Pos t immunocompetence None

Pos t immunocompetence Slight

Larger than 15g Moderate

Labour requirement

No additional

2 -4 people

2 -6 people

Eas e of us e/ application

No. of dis eas es -in s ame vaccine Fis h Size

* Vaccine, species, temperature and size dependent. Aqua Care Oy

Why oil based vaccine? • Long lasting effect, 2 years or more (water based vaccines: a few months) • ”One shot” protects till slaughter • Oil adjuvant is necessary for long term protection • Some water based do not work (furunculosis)

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Vaccine deposits - ensures long duration of protection

Source: Prof. Trygve Poppe, Veterinær Instituttet , Oslo.

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Vaccine for trout Oil based or water based vaccine? Oil based vaccine

Water based vaccine



Best protection against vibriosis



Poorer protection against vibriosis



Long term protection against vibriosis



Short term protection against vibriosis



Very good protection against furunculosis



No protection against furunculosis

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Experiences from Finland

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Experience with Apoject 1800 in Finland

• Started in 1995 • Today most fish are vaccinated with Apoject • No claims • Almost no vibrio and furunculosis

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Apoject 1800 effect. Challenge test. - results from Finland (Parasitol. Inst. G. Bylund)

Challenge 12 weeks after vaccination (A.sal, cohabitant); 16 weeks after vaccination (V.ang 01, i.p)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Apoject 1800 Control RPS

A.sal

V.ang 01 Aqua Care Oy

Vibriosis in whitefish

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Furunculosis in whitefish

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A new vaccine for rainbow trout

• ALPHA JECT 3000 • Will replace Apoject 1800

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The vaccination process

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Important evaluations

• When to vaccinate – When can it be done? – When MUST it be done? – When must the fish be fully protected? – Remember ≥ 500 day-degrees – Plan ahead!

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Vaccination procedures & fish safety • Large variation in fish size - adjust • Stomach/intestine not empty • Anaesthesia (over- /under- / time factor) • Rough handling (equipment/by hand) • Poor injection technique (location, depth, speed, in/out) • Needle problem (sharpness, size, length, scales) • Vaccination transit time

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Point of injection

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Vaccination procedures cont.. • right angle - quick penetration (side effects) • start injection only once needle has penetrated (side effects) • needle pulled while vaccine flows (leakage/side effects) • quickly remove needle on same angle (tissue damage) • remove scales from needle frequently (side effects) • insufficient anaesthesia- signal the “anaesthesiologist” • finish vaccinating fish on table before accepting new

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Quality control of vaccinated fish • Check fish immediately after injection • Look for and register (if possible for each chanel) – Point of injection

• +/-

deviation

– Bleeding at point of injection – Vaccine in fish • Adjust if necessary

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Recommended point of injection Ideal point: From front limit of

Pectoral fin

gristle plates of pelvic fins and 10mm forward Pelvic fins

Ideal injection point: From front limit of gristle plates of pelvic fins and 10mm forward

0.8 PFL

1.0 PFL



If needle is at an angle (pointing forward) the injection point may be moved slightly backwards



Note: Gristle plates are longer in rainbow trou than in salmon

Avoid injection further forward than posterior limit of pectoral fins in small fish (< 45 grams). •



Reason: May result in reduced growth and increased adhesions

Deviations sideways: Injection point should be closer to mid line than edge of belly

Injection point 0.9 pelvic fin length anterior to anterior limit of pelvic fins

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Misplaced point of injection Injection x 2 pelvic fin lengths in front of anterior limit of pelvic fins – ⇒ Injection in pyloric cecae Inflammation in pyloric/ pancreatic area, 4 weeks after vaccination ( vaccination at 14 ºC)

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Perforation of pyloric cecae or gut ⇒ leakage of digestive enzymes / gut contents



⇒ Inflammation will most probably result in reduced growth.



⇒ increased side effects

Injection 1.1 PFL

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Fish 90 g, Injection 1.4 PFL. Vaccine flows posterior from injection site

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Fish 117 g. Injection 1.6 PFL. Vaccine deposited in pyloric cecae + flows posteriorly

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Ideal injection !

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Vaccination with machine…

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Vaccination with machine

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…another model…

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…and one more….

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…or by hand

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…by hand…

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Manual/machine? Quality of vaccination

Dep on equipment and user

Dep on machine/user

Control of result

Easy to follow/ control

Difficult to control

Sharpness needle

Easy to follow/ control

Need more QC

Need for grading

Important

Depends on machine

Vaccination costs

Depends on user

Depends on machine

Technical knowhow

Less need

Greater need

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Too long injection needle!

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Misplaced injection - melanin in muscle

Ref: Prof. Trygve Poppe, Veterinær Instituttet, Oslo

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Safety for the vaccinator

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Safety for vaccinators

• Potential dangers /consequences • Precautions / safety measures

– Mechanical measures – “Not-allowed-to-do” • What to do in case of self injection • Information to health personnel

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Self injection

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Self injection - safety • Local reaction – Erythema and swelling – fingers/ hand – + ”red line” up arm. Contact doctor • General reaction – Like influenza (nausea, fever). If serious: contact doctor • Anaphylactic shock. Occurs after a few minutes – Breathing problems, quick heart beats, stomach pain, nausea. Act quickly! • Before start of vaccination: Inform local doctor that vaccination is going on. • In case of accident: Bring along written information when doctor is contacted.

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Hygiene

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Hygiene - why is it important?

• Reduces the risk of infection • Reduces side effects • Reduces potential growth retardation • Improved health • Increased earnings

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Hygiene and water

• Remember: Potential “problem-causing organisms” may thrive in a mixture of water and mucous

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Poor hygienic conditions may result in peritonitis

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Post vaccination infection hygiene related

Source; Prof. Trygve Poppe, Norwegian Veterinary University, Oslo. Aqua Care Oy

Vaccination/safety - other stress factors

• Water quality • High/low temperatures • Big/fast changes in temperature • Fish with infections

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It pays to deconstruct - and then reassemble !

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Side effects

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Side effects - influences grading, growth and earnings

What causes side effects ? • Type of vaccine - oil adjuvant vaccines – –

Type of adjuvant and emulgators Bacterins in vaccine (vibrio, aeromonas, moritella,....) -and virus components?

• Hygienic conditions • Water quality • Fish – –

Size Condition

• Retention of antigens – –

Amount, type Vaccine stability

• Species. Side effects not a problem in rainbow trout Aqua Care Oy

Adhesions grade 1

S lide 9

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Side effects

Ref: Prof. Trygve Poppe, Veterinær Instituttet, Oslo

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Risk management - Importance of different factors • Size at vaccination • Vaccine “quality” • Temperature at vaccination/post vaccination • Hygienic conditions • Water quality • Handling of the fish • Vaccination procedures • Health status • Species Aqua Care Oy

Vaccination procedures do influence • Fish welfare • Safety to vaccinators • Side effects • Growth • Potential infections - and ultimately earnings

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Quality Assurance/ Quality Control QA/ QC- Basic definitions 1. Agree on what you want to do 2. Do what is agreed upon 3. Control that written procedures are followed 4. Documentation of work/controls performed 5. Correct discrepancies

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QA/ QC protocols

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Summary and conclusions • Adjust to the requirements of the fish • Be quality conscious • “The fish survived the vaccination process” not good enough! • Clarify areas of responsibility • Use your QA/QC (SOP) document

• Quality before quantity !

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What the smolt producers don’t see • Results of sub-optimal vaccination procedures • The results of the “wrong” vaccine •

Sub - optimal effects of vaccines

• Side effects • Poor growth

• Poor quality of the fish (They might see - or at least hear - the angry customer)

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Expensive to vaccinate?

Expensive? Number of fish Vaccine/fish, ml Price of vaccine, € Price of vaccine/ml, € Price/fish, € Cost for vaccination/work, € Total/fish, € Total, all together, €

100 000 0,15 374 0,375 0,0562 0,02 0,0762 7617,5

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(+vat)

Is it worth?

Let´s talk money Saved lives Number of fish originally Reduced mortality, % Size of dead fish Saved fish, pieces Saved fish, kg Price/kg, € Saved fish in €

100 000 100 000 100 000 1,50 1,00 2,00 1,600 1,600 1,600 1500 1000 2000 2400 1600 3200 3,20 3,20 3,20 7680 5120 10240

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And more money….

• If the price of fish is 3,20 €/kg • If the cost of vaccination/fish is about 0,076 €

• 25 g more meat is enough to pay the vaccination!

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Furthermore:

• Cost of medication? • Cost of normal feed? • Other production costs • Handling of dead fish • etc. etc.

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It´s enough when:

• mortality is reduced by 1,5% or • you get 25 g more meat/fish or • you save in feed and other production costs • It´s enoug if one comes true – the rest is earning !!!

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Prevention before treatment! Use of antibiotics in fish

No. kgs of antibiotics (in thousand)

Fish production

700 600

50

500 40 400 30 300 20 200 10

100

0

0 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

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1000 metric tons of salmonids produced

60

Thank you for your attention! For further information see our web site

www.pharmaq.no

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