V. Measuring g PT Performance Standards and Monitoring Introduction to Public Transport Planning and Reform WORLD BANK

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Relationship Between Measures and Standards Measure The Quantitative Degree of Attainment of An Objective j (minimize ( crowding) g) e.g., Number of Passengers/Vehicle

Standard The Lowest or Highest Level of Performance Which Is Acceptable e.g., The maximum load on each bus (or tram)should be less than 160 WORLD BANK

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Why Are Measures and Standards Needed for Public Transport?

? • Helps assess adequacy and performance of current service – How do we know if service is good and reform is needed?

• Provides direction on the design g and operation ti off services i – How do we best use our resources? WORLD BANK

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Key Development Criteria for Measures and Standards • Reflective of government policies and community needs • Understandable to government decision makers and private companies/ operators • Measurable – Quantifiable – Replicable ep cab e WORLD BANK

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Note • The examples in the following slides reflect measures that are consistent with best professional practice • However, standards should reflect local policies, operating conditions, and financial resources – The standards in the following g slides may y not be applicable to all situations

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Design and Performance Meas res and Standards Measures • Design standards – Set basic minimums (maximums) for service design • e.g., stop spacing, service span

• Performance standards – Set minimum performance levels for current services • e.g., on-time performance, crowding

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Design Measures and Standards • Policy measures of public availability • Two types – Service Area • Geographic Coverage • Access to Jobs • Affordability Index

– Individual Route/Corridor • St Stop S Spacing i • Service Span • Policy Intervals WORLD BANK

Delhi

Amman

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Geographic Coverage Measure

Percent of Population Within Walking Distance to Bus Routes Maximum Walking Distance = 500 Meters Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation

Applicati on

Bangalore Bangalore

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Network

Amman Bogotá

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Access to Jobs Measure

Population-Weighted Average Percent of Area Jobs Within 60 Minutes Commuting Time by Public Transport Application Network D t N Data Needs d P Population l ti and d Employment E l t by b Analysis Zone Inventory of and Travel Times on Public Transport Routes Similar measures can be used to assess access to health care and education WORLD BANK

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Affordability Index Measure

60 Monthly Bus Fares as a Percent of Average Monthly Household Income for the Poorest 20 Percent ((Quintile)) of Population Application Network/Company Standard

Maximum of 10%

World Bank Technical Paper 68 Bus Services: Raising Standards and Lowering Costs World Bank Transport Papers TP-3 Affordability of Public Transport in Developing Countries

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Stop Spacing Measure

Distance between Designated Bus Stops Application Route Standard

Maximum Distance Trunk Feeders

500 meters 300 meters

Pereira, Colombia

St Spacing Stop S i 300 M

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Start 5 am

Span of Service

End 11pm

Total Clock Hours Over Which Public Transport Service is Operated • Common spans of service – Work days • All day (covers both peak commuting periods) • AM, PM peak commuting hours only • “Owl” Owl (early morning) service

– Saturday service – Sunday (Friday) and holiday service WORLD BANK

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Service Span Measure

Clock Hours During Which Service is Operated Application Route Standard

Minimum Hours Day ay Work Non-Work (weekend)

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Se ce Spa Service Span Cover work travel (Longest span) Cover main shopping hours V-13

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Interval (Frequency) Time in Minutes Between Two Arrivals (or Departures) of Buses or Trains e.g., g , at a interval of 10 minutes,, a bus or train departs every 10 minutes

• Interval is the inverse measure of service frequency (60/i t (60/interval) l) = B Buses/Hour /H

• Sometimes called headway Interval WORLD BANK

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Policy Intervals Measure

Minutes between Bus Arrivals

Application

Route

Standard

Maximum Interval Route Type

Minutes

Trunk

8

Feeder

15

Cali, Colombia

Interval WORLD BANK

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Performance Meas res and Standards Measures • Attributes important to users – Some measures may be used in contracts as incentives or penalties

• Examples – Vehicle Dependability – Vehicle Reliability – Schedule Reliability – Capacity WORLD BANK

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Vehicle Dependability Measure

Percentage of Trips That Are Dispatched and Operated Application Route/Network Standard Minimum Percentage of Trips Dispatched and Operated Dispatch 99.8% of Pull-outs (a Bus Leaving a Garage or Depot to Provide Service) Operate 99.5% of Trips WORLD BANK

...MTA Long Island Bus Nassau County, New York

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Vehicle Reliability Measure

Average Kilometers between Mechanical Breakdowns Application Company/Type of Service S Standard d d

10,000 10 000 to 20 20,000 000 KM Value depends on local street conditions

Méjico DF WORLD BANK

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Schedule Dependability (Regularity) Low Frequency Routes Measure

Percentage of Trips Operated OnTime Application pp Network/Company/Route p y

Standard

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On-time = 0 to 5 Minutes Late Minimum of 80% to 95% Depends on local traffic conditions Measure used when passengers rely on published schedule (generally headways greater than 12 minutes) V-19

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Schedule Dependability (Regularity) High Frequency Routes Measure

Percentage of Trips Within ± 90 Seconds of Scheduled Time

Application Network/Company/Route Standard

Minimum of 80% Bogotá g TransMilenio

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Capacity Maximum number of passengers that can be carried on a vehicle = Number of seats + Number of permitted standing passengers e.g., Number of Seats on the Bus = 48 Number of Permitted Standing Passengers = 112 Capacity of the Bus = 48 + 112 = 160 Passengers Bangalore

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Reasons Vehicle Capacities Vary • Number of doors – Affect loading/unloading times, seating space

• Basic B i design d i – e.g., low-floor buses have less space, but faster loading times

• Space allocation for seats/standing areas – Carrying y g capacity p y ((operations p efficiency) y) versus quality of service provided tradeoff – More seats provided when long standing times

• Standing passengers/meter2 policies – Carrying capacity (operations efficiency) versus quality of service provided tradeoff – Reflect local comfortable personal space norms WORLD BANK

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Mumbai Suburban Train System

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Wuhan LRT

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Tokyo Suburban Train

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Passenger Volume at the a u Load oad Point o t Maximum

BMTC

Maximum Passengers on PT Vehicles anywhere on Route • Maximum load point typically on edge of downtown for routes serving core • Used for scheduling vehicles WORLD BANK

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Pass sengers Onb board Leaviing Stop

Passenger Demand Profile for Radial Route Ro te 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Electronic City

Kudlu Gate

Madiwala Maharanis College

City Market

Stops

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Occupancy Factor Measure

Passengers at Maximum Load p y Point as a Percent of Capacity Application Route/Time-of-Day Standard

Minimum 65% Maximum 80% Manila Light Rail Transit Authority

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BMTC

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Typical Route Monitoring Techniq Techniques es • • • • • •

Driver/Conductor Counts Point Counts On/Off Counts Station Entry/Exit Counts Travel Time Surveys Passenger Surveys

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Driver/Conductor Counts Method

Drivers or conductors count passengers p g as p part of the fare collection process. Turnstile counts may be used.

Limitation Drivers (conductors) on interlined routes must be careful to separate and record counts

Driver Pereira, Colombia WORLD BANK

Conductor Bangalore

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Key Data and Uses Dri er/Cond ctor Co Driver/Conductor Counts nts • Total Boardings by Trip – Assess productivity – Revise the service design

• Revenue by Trip – Assess productivity

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Point Counts Method

Data collector stands at a bus stop and records passenger load and arrival (or departure) time. time

Procedure Light Loads Heavy Loads Standing Loads

Count Passengers Count Empty Seats Count Standing Passengers and Empty Seats

Problems Tinted windows or full bus advertising may require data collector to board bus

Bangalore WORLD BANK

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Many Routes Can Be Covered At Once in a Radial System S stem Route 3

Route 1

Route 2

Maximum load point Central City

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Key Data and Uses Point Checks • Load count – Assess crowding

• Arrival ((departure) p ) times – Assess schedule adherence – Revise scheduled running g times

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On/Off Counts Method A data collector rides the bus and, at each stop, records:  Passenger ons and offs  Bus arrival (departure) times at time points. Option

Automatic Passenger Counters

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Key Data and Uses On/Off Counts Co nts • On and off counts by stop – Assess crowding – Revise the service design through analysis of the passenger loading profile

• Arrival (departure) times – Assess schedule adherence – Revise scheduled running times WORLD BANK

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Passenge ers Onboard d Leaving S Stop

Load Profile Diagram Radial Bus B s Route Ro te 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Electronic City

Kudlu Gate

Madiwala Maharanis College

City Market

Stops

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Load Profile Diagram G id or Crosstown Grid C t Bus B Route R t Passengers Leaving g Stop

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Market

Offices

Bus Route

Shops

Bus Route

Stop

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Automatic Passenger Counters Can Collect On/Off Data • Location of bus (AVL = Automatic Vehicle Location)) – Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

• Passenger counting (APC) – Infra-red Infra red logic

• Time Ti from f on-board b d clock l k WORLD BANK

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Station Entry/Exit Counts Method

Passengers entering and exiting stations are counted using turnstiles or IC/Smartcards

Information 1. Entering and exiting passengers by station 2. Can estimate travel patterns between stations t ti (origins-destinations) ( i i d ti ti ) 3. Can estimate passenger boardings and loads per route 4 Can 4. C estimate ti t on/offs / ff by b station t ti

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Manila MRT

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Travel Time Surveys Method

Data collector records arrival/ departure times at stops, intersections, and points of delay. Option: Can use automatic vehicle location (AVL)

Information 1. 2. 3. 4 4.

Running times between stops Stop dwell times Delay times at traffic signals D l times Delay ti due d to t congestion ti San Francisco

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Passenger Surveys Method

Passengers are surveyed on the bus. The forms are distributed by drivers drivers, data collectors, or special survey staff.

Information 1. Passenger characteristics (e.g., car g , gender) g ) available,, income,, age, 2. Travel patterns (e.g., purpose, origins/destinations, frequency) 3 Evaluation of service quality, 3. quality amenities

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Example of Survey Card Number 32,546

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Summary • Defined and provided examples of key measures and standards. – Many areas use similar measures to assess PT performance – However, less commonality among standards since they depend on local conditions, available funding, and public policy.

• Discussed service monitoring methods that support common measures and standards WORLD BANK

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