CENTREFORAGRICULTURALRESEARCH INSURINAME
HUMANINTERFERENCEINTHETROPICALRAINFORESTECOSYSTEM ProjectLH/UvS01
MAB-PROJECTNo9^9
ANNUALREPORT I960
UniversityofSuriname 1982
This project is related to an agricultural project entitled "The Permanent Cultivation of Rainfed Annua! Crop on the Loamy Sois of the Zaaferij Formation" to study thepossibilities of continuous SUBI»!cropping following the clearing oftropic«! rain forest, and to develop annual cropping systems for the » I s of the Zanderij formation
HUMANINTERFERENCEINTHETROPICALRAINFORESTECOSYSTEM ANNUALREPORTFOR1980
1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Objectives Theprojectsub-titlereads:Anevaluationoftheconsequencesof interferenceonthepotentialproductivity oftheecosystem,onits environmentandonitscapacityforsustainedtimberproduction. Theresearchobjectivesaredesignedtoprovidetheknowledge uponwhichlong-termland-usedecisionscanbebased.Specifically, theyinclude: -theanalysisoftheeffectsofmanagementandotherpractices ontherainforestecosystem; -theinvestigationofecologicalprocesses,particularlythose relatingtoproductionandtoeffectsonneighbouringsystems; -thedevelopmentofprinciplesonwhichtobasetheplanned managementofthetropicalrainforest. Insettingtheseobjectives,anumberofconsiderationsapply. Someoftheseare: !
-thepaucityofquantitativeknowledgeaboutecologicalprocesses inthetropicalrainforest,particularlythoserelatingtopotential productivity; -theknowledgethatmassiveinterferenceelsewhereinthetropics (andindeedlocallyinSuriname)hasledtoanirreversible declinein productivity;
-the factthatthetropicalrainforestresource,covering90#of / "toelandsurfaceofSuriname,mustbedevelopedrationallyand conservativelyasanationalasset.
1.2.Researchorganizationandbackground TheSurinameForestService (Dienst 'sLandsbosbeheer)foundedin 19^7has,asamatterofpolicy,concentratedonproblems^directlyrelated toforestmanagement,whichcouldbe solved inarelativelyshorttime. ButtherewasnoorganizationinSurinamequalifiedtocarryout fundamentalresearchwithlong-termobjectiveswhichinclude,butare broaderthan,forestmanagementfortimberproduction.
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AfterIndependencein 1975»discussions,linkedontheonehemd withthecreationofaNaturalScienceFacultyattheUniversityof Suriname,andontheotherwithwaysinwhichtheAgriculturalUniversity oftheNetherlands (Landbouwhogeschool)couldhelpinforestrelatedand agriculturalresearch,ledtothesettingupofasmallgroupofsemiautonomousresee.-chprojectsbasedonCELOS (StichtingCentrumvoor LandbouwkundigOnderzoek inSuriname-CentreforAgriculturalResearch inSuriname;formerlyasubsidiaryinstituteoftheAgriculturalUniversity), Twooftheseprojectsrelatedirectlytothetropicalrainforest. Theagriculturalprojecthastheobjectiveofdevelopingfarmingsystems onthesoilsoftheZanderijformation,basedonnon-irrigatedannual crops.Inotherwords,itsstartingpointisthedecisiontoclearthe forestfromtheland.Theforestproject (thesubjectofthisreport) hasthetaskofinvestigatingthewholespectrumoftheecological constraintsonforestlandmanagement decisionsandisnotlimitedto theZanderijsoils. Thereexistsawideselectionofsiteswhosehistoryisknownin greaterorlessdetail,whichineffectsamplethewholerangeof land-useoptionsfromuntouchedforestatoneextreme,throughlogging atvariousintensities,withorwithoutlatertreatment,enrichment planting,pureforestplantationsandplantationagriculture,toarable agricultureandevenopencastminingattheother.Inplanningthe researchprogramme fortheproject,pointshavebeenselectedalong thisrangeorscaleofoptions,concentratingprincipally onthe tropicalrainforestitself.Thewayinwhichthishasbeendoneandthe allocationofprioritieswithintheprojectresourcesoftime,manpower andmoney,arediscussedfurtherinPart3.
1.3.Duration
The project period runs from 1 January 1978 t o 31 December 1980, with an expected follow-up period of a t l e a s t 3 y e a r s .
The term "ecological" i s used here in a broad sense and includes s i l v i c u l t u r e and phytosociology.
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1.1».Acknowledgements ItisapleasurefortheActingProjectLeaderheretothankthe manypeopleofgovernmentalandotherinstitutionsandagencieswho assistedtheproject.EspeciallytheSurinameForestServiceshoudbe mentioned,withwhommanygoodcontractswerekept Thededicationoftheprojectstaffandlabourforcewhogavetheir energyandattentiontotheprojecttasks,isgratefullyacknowledged here.Thelabourforceworkingpermanentlyinthefieldatthetwo researchstations KaboandMapaneledapioneerlifethatischosen onlybypeoplewholikethelifeintheforestandarewillingto sacrificethemanypersonaladvantages livingintown.Moresuchpeople areneededtobuildthisdevelopingcountry. TheassistancegiventotheprojectbytheDirectorofŒLOSand hisstaffwasmuchappreciated.
2.NON-RESEARCHMATTERS 2.1.Staff FormostoftheyeartheprojectteamconsistedofaSilviculturist/ ActingProjectLeader,aSoilScientist (Fertility),andaHydrologist/ SoilScientist,thelattertwobeingsharedwiththeagriculturalproject. DuringthefirstquarteroftheyearanEcologicalAssistantwasgiven onloanbytheAgriculturalUniversityofWageningen.InJulythenew Ecologistarrived,tocontinuetheecologicalwork.Inthesameperiod a FieldOfficer couldbehiredonlocaltermstoorganize thefieldlogistics.Afieldsupervisor forthelabourforceatKabo couldbehiredearlyintheyear. InSeptembertheparttimeSoilScientist (Fertility)lefttheproject ashiscontracthadelapsed.Unfortunatelyittooksomemonthsbefore thisvacancycouldbefilled. Theuncertainties aboutthecontinuityoftheprojectinthefollowupperiod 1981-1983causedsomecommotionintheprojectpersonnel. Bytheendoftheyearnodefiniteinstructionshadbeenindicated fortheexpectedcontinuationoftheproject. Alistofprojectstaff (academicandsub-professional)isgiven inAppendix 1.OnDecember 31 ,26 personswereattachedtotheproject fulltime,includingresearchassistants,foremen,andlabourcededby C1L0S.
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2.2.Researchplanning TheMasterplanfor 198Owasonlypartlyexecuted,duemainlyto theunderstaffingwithresearchworkers.Itisexpectedthatduring thesecondthree-yearperiodthisproblemwillbesolved.TheMaster PlanforthissecondperiodisgiveninAppendix3.Alistofexisting experimentsisgiveninAppendix2.
2.3.Data-processing TheIBM 1130computer,sogenerouslymadeavailabletotheproject bytheSurinameGovernmentrenderedgoodservices duringtheyearunder revieir. Thecomputerprogrammingisdonebyprojectpersonnel,AcardpunchstationedattheCELOSfortheprojectwasusedallyearround.
2.U.Studentparticipation Thelistofstudentsparticipating intheresearchisgivenin Appendix 1.Itisexpectedthatinthenearfuturestudentsfromthe UniversityofSurinamewillalsotakepartintheproject.
2.5.Advisoryworkandliaison AforestcampatKabowasmadeavailableduringsomeweeksto theSurinameForestService,tobeusedasaccomodationforatree spotter'scourseforabout20men,heldintheresearcharea.Regular contactiskeptwiththeForestServiceonthesilviculturalaspects of the500-hatrialofthenaturalforestmanagementsystemasdeveloped bytheCELOS,tobeexecutedbytheForestService.
2.6.Consultants Noconsultantswerehiredbytheproject during1980.
2.7.Visitors Visitorstotheprojectin 1980were: - Ing.H.K.Jankipersad,Co-Director ofBruynzeelSurinameHoutmaatschappy Suriname (BSH),whotwicevisitedtheMapaneandKaboexperiments, accompaniedbyIng.O.R.Tewari,Ir.W.J.vanOostveenandIr.Th.P.M. Luca,staffmembersofBSH.BruynzeelSurinameisinterestedinthe silviculturalprospectstomaintainthesupplyoftimbertothelocal forestindustry.
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-Prof.Dr.Ir.W.H.vanderMolen,attachedtotheAgriculturalUniversity ofWageningen,Netherlands,whovisitedtheMapaneandKabolocations inJuly.Specialattentionwasgiventothehydrologicalresearch. -Prof.Dr.R.A.J,vanLier,attachedtotheAgriculturalUniversity ofWageningen,whovisitedtheCELOSinthesecondquarterofthe year,discussingwiththeActingProjectleaderthepossibilities for sociologicalresearchinconnectionwiththeproject. -Dr.Ir.R.W.R.Koopmans,attachedtotheAgriculturalUniversityof Wageningen,whovisitedtheKaboresearchareatwotimesinthelast quarter,especiallytoseethehydrologicalresearchwork. - Dr.Ir.J,H.A.Boerboom,attachedtotheAgriculturalUniversityof Wageningen,memberoftheTechnicalAdvisoryCommissionforthe project,whovisitedtheresearchlocationsbothatMapaneandKabo severaltimesinDecember. -Dr.A.H.vanDijk,MinisterofAgriculture,FisheriesandForestry, whoinhiscapacityofMinistervisitedtheexperimentalplotsof Expt.67/9atMapaneinDecember,accompaniedbytheHeadofthe ForestServiceandotherstaffmembersoftheForestService. MembersofthePolicy Commission(SamenwerkingsOvereenkomstCommissie orSOC)whovisitedtheexperimentalplotsandtheresearchstationat KaboinJanuary.
2.8.Visitstoothercountries Novisitstoothercountriesweremade,exeptfortheusualleave ofexpatriatestaff.
2.9.Infrastructure Researchareas Thetwofieldresearchareasselectedandopenedupinpreceding years,viz.theMapaneareaof200haandtheKaboareaof810ha, weremaintained.Noadditionalterrainwasrequired. (Thelocationof bothareasisindicatedontheSketchMapofSurinas»,seeFig.1). Fieldresearchstation TheFieldResearchStationatKabofunctionedasexpected. ForestCamps Noadditionalshelterwaserected. AccessRoads Attheendoftheyearthe2kmaccessroadintotheKaboforest researchareawasreconditioned. Simultaneouslythejeeptrailsaround Expt.78/5,thatveredamagedbytheharvestingoperationswere refurbished.
ATLANTIC OCEAN
SCALE
BRAZIL
LEGEND .;::':ï:;j ' ^~^\
Zanderij landscape (Coesewijn. formation, Exploitable forest belt
1 Paramaribo
3. Mapane
2..Kabo
A. Coehiti
Fig. 1. Schematic map of Suriname, i n d i c a t i n g the locations referred t o in t h i s report
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Transport Thefollowingprojectvehicleswereinuse: -Subaru1*WDstationwagon 1977 -Landroverhardtop (SWBgasoline)1978 -Landroverstationcar (LWBdiesel)1979
Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec
Thevehiclefleetprovedadequatetotheproject'sneedsduring thisyear.
2.10.Publications -ANONYMUS,1980 CELOS-Kwartaalverslagenno.53t/m56. -OHLER,F.M.J.1980
Phytomass and mineral content in untouched f o r e s t . CELOS-Rapporten no. 132, Paramaribo. Dutch, with short English summary. - PROJECT TEAM LH/SUR 01 1980 Toekomstigehoutvoorzieningmögtnugeregeldworden,lewspaperarticle in"DeWareTijd",November5 ,Paramaribo. -ANONYMUS1980 HumanInterference intheTropicalRainforestEcosystem.AnnualReport fortheyear 1978.UniversityofSuriname,CELOS,Paramaribo.
3.RECORDOFRESEARCH 3.1.General Comparisonoftheprojecttitleandobjectiveswiththeallocated resources,particularlyofscientificmanpower,immediatelymakesit clearfirstly,thatmanyareasofworkproposedintheoriginalProject Protocolcannotbetackledandsecondlythattheresearchprograame mustbeorganizedasanintegratedwholeandcarriedoutinthemost efficientwaypossible. Inpreparingtheoverallresearchplanfortheproject,thework wasbrokendownbydisciplinesandwithinthosedisciplines,bypriorities. Thisenabledtheindividualscientiststoidentifytheirparticulararea ofresponsibilitywithintheframeworkoftheoverallprojectobjectives.
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Theexperimentalprogrammeisdesignedtoidentifyandexplorethe factorsofproductivityatpointsonthecontinuumfromunexploited forestontheonehandtoforestclearedforintensivesilvicultural (orultimatelyagricultural)useontheother.Themainfociofthe researchprogrammeare: 1.Theresponseoftheforesttologgingandmanagement,including -silviculture:theexplorationoftherelationshipsbetween competitionandregeneration,recruitaeatandvolume production -thedevelopmentofsilvicultural/managementsystems"basedon theprincipleofsustainedyield -ecologicalmonitoring (asin k below). 2.Theresponseofthesoiltoforestexploitationorclearing followedbyreafforestation,including -fertility -structureandwater-holdingcapacity. 3.Thebehaviourofsmallstreamcatchmentsunderforestor otherformsoflanduse. k. Theecologyofunexploited forest,including -structure -phytomass -primaryproductionandmineralcycling -floristics -forestdynamics(variationinspaceandtime). Manyoftheseareasaremulti-disciplinaryandexperimentplansare frequentlyworkedoutbytwoormorescientistsincollaboration.The wholeteamhastheopportunitytodiscussandcontributetoeach experimentplan.
3.2. Silviculture ThedatafromExperiment65/3,alreadymentionedinformerannual reports,werepreparedforthefinalcomputercalculationsofseveral importantparameters,suchasspeciescomposition,currentannualgirth increment,basalareas,mortalityetc.Fieldrecordinginthisexperiment stoppedin 1979;since 1965thegirth,speciesandqualityofallvaluable treeswasmeasuredannually,exceptin 1972and 1975.Basiccomputer calculationswillbefinishedin 1981,interpretationwilltakesome moretime.Thisexperiment,testingtheconsequences ofvariousliberation schemesafteraninitialheavyrefinement,hasalreadymadeitclear thatrefinementandsubsequent liberationsdopromotemarkedlythe recruitmentofsaplingsofvaluablespecies.Atthesametimebysuch frequentinterventionsastandstructureiscreatedwhichrespites theyoungstageofanevenagedforest,andwhichrequiresmanymore (expensive)interventionstokeeptimberincrementsufficientlyhigh foraneconomicoutput.Astandmoredifferentiatedinbig,mediumand smallsizeindividualsismoredesirableintheextensivelow-inputlow-outputtimberproducingsilviculturalsystemnowenvisaged.
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Table 1. Treatment scheme in expt. 6T/9A.
Plot n o .
code
refinement diaai. l i m i t
liberation
time schedule (year)
1, 8, 15, _«._
0 3, 7
1*0+0
i*0cm
18
1*0+A3
id.
leading desirable
3,5,8
21
1+0+A5
id.
system on 5 x 5 m
5,8
13 10
1+0+D3
id.
diameter l i m i t
3,5,8
l*0+D5
id.
system on 80 x 80 m
23
Î40+D8
id.
5.8 8
1**, 19
20+0
20 cm
2 20
20+A3 20+A5
id. id.
leading desirable system on 5 x 5 a
3, 5 , 8 5, 8
9 11
20+D3
id.
diameter limit
id.
system on 80 x 80m
22
20+D5 20+D8
3, 5, 8 5, 8
5
20+S3
id.
16
20+S5
id.
*S 6 , 12, 25
V
id. l i n e system (linewidth2m, linedistance12jm) 5»8 individualtreatment diameterlimit15cm 0
3,5,8
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Experiment6J/9AwasrecordedinJuly.Thisexperiment,staked out inlightlyloggedforest,has25one-hectareplots,with 18treatments varyingfromzerotreatmenttorefinementattwolevelsandfollowedby liberationschemesofvarious intensity.Themeasuredplotsare0,6Uha inarea.Detailed informationonthisexperimentisgivenintheCELOS AnnualReports for 1965- 7k. Thedataof 1980completedthefilefor calculationsongirthincrement,mortalityetc.overtwo-yearperiods^ fortheyears 1967-1980.Inmid-yeartotalbasalareawasassessedin all25plots,aswasdonein 1978,withthehelpofanangledcaliper andcalibratedstick,arapidmethod developedatCELOSinrecentyears. Correlationofcurrentannualincrementofvaluabletreeswithtotal basalareawasnotasstrongin 1980asin 1978,possiblybecauseof timeelapsedsincethelastinterferences. Table 1givesaschemeofthe 18treatmentsappliedinthisexperiment. Fig. 1showsthestemdiameterdistributionsofthestand,in 1968and in 1980,insixtreatmentsselectedfromthe l8available.Thethirty-one specieslisted (spp 11-Ul)aretheonescommercially acceptedin 1967, i.e.atthestartoftheexperiment.Onlytreesofgoodform(formclassi) are countedhere.Numbersperhaaremeansofseveralplotscombined wherepossible (cf.Table 1).Changes inthediameterdistributionover the 12yearperiodareclearlyshowninFig.2.Treatment0 (fiveplots) canbeassumedtohaveanalmostnormaldiameterdistribution,notonly forthevaluablespecies.,groupasshownhere,butalsoforallspecies intheforesttogether (notshownhere).Mosttreatments inFig.2have suchanormaldiameterdistribution,excepttreatment kO+D8,which hadin 1968alackofstemsindiameterclass 1 5 - 3 0 cm,andanexcess indiameter class30-U5cm.In 1980thisirregularityhadbeenpushed upintothenexthigherclass.Theabnormallyhighnumberofvaluable treesinthesehigherclassesmakesthisplotaveryproductiveone, butnoteasilycomparablewiththeotheroneswithmoreregulardiameter distributions. InFig.3thestemvolumedistributionsaregivenforthesame selectionoftreatmentsasinFig.2.Thesestemvolumesperdiameter classwerecalculated fromtherealbasalareaoftheindividualtrees, usingaformfactor0.7 fortheboles,andabolelengthcurveas constructedwithdatafromExperiment67/9B (seeAnnualReport 1978). Itappears fromFig.3thattreatments 20+D3,to+D8and kO +0, aremostpromisingfortimberproduction.Thegirthincrement data(not shownhere)indicateaneverincreasingstagnationintreatment 2 0 + 0 afteryeareight,duetolackofliberation,andaslowstartfortreatmentUO+D8,becauseofthelightrefinement,toolighttoalleviate competitionsufficiently.Theabnormaldiameter distributioninthis plot (kO +D8 ) ,combinedwiththeverylowmortalityhere,makesfor theunexpectedlygoodproduction.
ha
50 A
SO
Treatment O
S
IS
30
US
Treatment V
60 cm. diam.
s
SOA
IS
30
IS
60 cm diam.
so Treatment 20*0
so4
Treatment 40*0
so 1
Treatment 20* D8
Fig. 2. Expt. 6T/9A spp 11 - h1, formcode I Numbers per ha in '68 in '80
Treatment 40* D 8
m/ha
zo
20
Treatment O
\o•
Treatment V
W
S
IS
20
30
45
Treatment
60 cm diam.
20*0
to -
S
15
20
30
t,S
60 cm diam.
Treatment
40*0
10-
.m 1
uo -
30
Treatment 20* Do
30-
Treatment 40* D8
20-
20-
., mmt_^fi 10 -
10 -
F^ Fig. 3 . Expt. 6T/9A spp 11 - U1 » formcode I Stemvolume per ha in '68
~"1
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Treatment20+D8hasaconstantlyhighgirthincrement,makingit veryprobablethatthestemsindiameterclass30-1*5cmwillpushthrough toharvestablesizesinthenexttenyears.Thistreatmentsuffereda highmortality,vhichaccountse.g.forthelackofvolumeproductionin diameterclass1+5-60cm.Currentannualgirthincrement»eemstobea betterindicatorofproductionpotentialofatreatmentscheme,than periodic stemvolumeinventoriesoversmallareas,asgiveninFig.3. Insuchsmallplotstheirregularityofthemortality,especiallyofthe largetrees,disturbsthetreatmenteffectstoahighdegree. TreatmentUO+0isgrowingmoreslowlythantreatment20+D8,but alsohasalowermortality,whichpartlycompensatesforthelowincrement. Stagnation,ifany,seemstocomemoreslowlyherethanwithtreatment 2 0 + 0 . Refinementcostsaremoreorlessthesameforboth. ThedetailedrecordingofExperiment67/9Ain 1979/1980wascompleted inthefield,butdataarestillawaitingcomputerprocessing. InExperiment67/9B,themostpromisingtreatmentofExperiment67/9A wasappliedto25halightlyexploitedforestin 1975.Thetreatment consistsofarefinement,viz.abasalareareductionfrom28m/hato about 10m/ha.Therecordedareais 16ha.Asecondrefinementhasbeen scheduledfortheyear8,whentotalbasalareaisestimatedtobearound 20m/ha.Intheplannedcuttingcycleof20yearsathirdandlight treatment (refinementpluslianacutting)willbenecessaryinthe16-th yeartokeepincrementhigh.Thequantityoffirstqualitytimberlarger than1+5-^cmatbreastheight,harvestableinthe20-thyear,isnowestimated at20m /ha,deducedfromastandingvolumeofharvestablesizeof kOm /ha, rottenandmalformed steinsincluded.Theproductioncostsofthestanding timberthusgrownamountstoUS$ 10perm ,at8$interestoverthe20year's cycle.Asonlyhalfthevolumeisharvested,thiscosthastobedoubled forthelogstaken.Harvestingcostisnotgivenhere. InFig.1+A,B,thediameterdistribution (A)andthestemvolume distribution (B)beforeandafterrefinementaregivenforExpt.67/9B. Changesindiameterdistributioncausedbytherefinementarenotas obviousasarethechangesinvolumedistribution.Frcmtheinitial 306nr/hastemvc7".-?sofellspeciestc-r'-hcr,113nr/hawasleft (living) afterrefinement,59m/haofwhichvascomprisedbyvaluablespecies.The stemvolumegivenregardalldiametersabove 15cmdbh. Overthefirstfiveyearsthenetproductionofvaluablewoodislow, becauseofthemortalitycausedbyfallingdeadtimberoftreeakilled bytherefinement.Thesamewas foundinExpt.67/9A.Theannualvolume increment foundover 1976-1981wassome 1.8m/ha,mortalityamounted tosome 2%annually,over-11diameterclasses,forthespeciesgroup 11-1*1,withtreesofgoodform. Therapidlyincreasingtotalbasalareawillhavetobereducedover someyears,conformingtothe20+D8treatmentwhichispreferred.This secondrefinementwillkillonlymediumsizedtrees,withonlyasmall "mortalityrisk fortheremainingstand.
LEGEM).:
Allspecies,beforetreatment (1975)
Allspecies,aftertreatment (1979)
Onlyvaluablespecies (in1976) spp.11-58,noquality specifications
stem
volume
distribution
D(cr Fig. 1*A, B. Stemdiameter and volume d i s t r i b u t i o n of a s i l v i c u l t u r a l l y t r e a t e d stand. Data from E « t . 67/QB (16 ha)
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ThenewExperiment78/5atKabovaslaiddowntotesttheinfluence ofexploitationlevelandsilviculturaltreatmentonthegirthincrement ofvaluabletrees.Thisexperiment,however,alsoservestoprocure extensiveinformationaboutotherstandcharacteristics suchasresponses tothetreatments.ThisisthefirstexperimentinSurinamewherepredeterminedlevelsofcontrolledexploitationwereappliedtoincrementresearch plots. Theobjective istofindtheexploitationlevelandthesilvicultural treatment,fromtheviewpointsofbotheconomyandconservation,most attractivetokeeptheforestatKaboproducingsawtimberandpeeler-logs. Thepolycyclicsystemenvisaged,withfellingcyclesof 15,20ormore years,resemblesthestratifiedUniformSystem (sensuDawkins),withthree orfourgenerationsoftreesgrowingtogetherinthestand.Theforest improvementsystemdevelopedalongtheselineswill,inthelongterm, increasethepercentagestockingofvaluablespecies. Theexperimenthasafactorialset-up,inarandomizedblockdesign withthreeblocks (replicates).Thetreatmentplotsare khaeach,with arecordingplotof2.25ha.Mostattentionisgiventothetreesof valuablespecieslargerthan 15cmdbh.Thesmallerdiameterclassesare measuredina20$sampleusingpermanentcircularplots.About8000trees aremeasuredannually.Besidesgirthmeasurementsofthenumberedtrees, thetotalbasalarea,sofar,hasbeenassessedseparatelyineachquarter oftherecordingplots.Boleheightmeasurements areplannedintherefined Plots,asthistreatmentgivesbettervisibility.Tostudycompetition indetailmoreintensivemeasurementswillbemadeinapartofthe experiment. Fig.5 showsthelayoutinthefieldofthethreeblocks.Thestrictly schematicpositioningwaschosenforreasonofeasyorientationandto avoidmistakesduringoperations.Fig.6 showsthepositions ofthenine Plotsinablock.Withintheblock,twocorridors (hatched zonesinthe scheme)werereserved forthenecessaryskidroads.Skiddingfolloweda strictlayout,withtwoexitsovertheeastborder,andtwoexitsoverthe westborderofeachtreatmentplot. 3 ~Thefellingtreatmenthasbeenappliedatthreelevels,viz. 15m , 23m ,and k6 m/ha;thesilviculturaltreatmentschemehasbeenrevised asfollows: 1.Notreatmentafterlogging,leavingarangeofbasalarealevels, 2.A lightrefinementimmediatelyafterlogging,toleaveabasalarea ofca. 18m/ha, 3.Arelativelyheavyrefinementimmediatelyafterlogging,toleave abasalareaofca.1Um/ha.
V
\.
>N:
ëale^Mo^OO? 110 ^ 10113 ln eXpt' 78/5 at K a b ° ° 1 '
i corridor
Fig. 6. P l e t scheme cf ono r e p l i c a t i o n in expt. 78/5. Scale 1 : 5-000
-22Table2A.Expt.78/5.Replicate I.Harvestdata.
basal area marked (m / h a )
volume harvested (m 3 /ha)
number of t r e e s p e r ha
code
plot no.
E 15 15 15
1 3 9
1,2 1.1» 1,3
13,02 16,U6 TU,33
3,1 3,6
U,19 U.63 3,58
23 23 23
k 5 8
2,2 2,3 2,3
2 2 ,k6 22,79 2 ^ 5
7,1 *.9
3,16 5,13 5,00
k6
2 6 7
U.3
1+9,12 UU,88 1+5,57
12,9 12,9 13,3
3,81 3,71+ 3,1+2
h6
k,2
M
•3
mean volume p e r lo& (m )
meanloglength 12,39m
Table2B. Expt.78/5. ReplicateII. Harvestdata.
basal area marked (m 2 /ha)
volume harvested (nT/ha)
number of t r e e s p e r ha
code
plot no.
E 15 15 15
3 8 9
1,5 1.«» 1,2
20,98 15,30 11,75
2,7 3,1 3,6
7,87 1+.92 3,30
23 23 23
1 6 7
2.«* 2,3 2,2
25,35 30,26 21,37
1+.9 6,2 6,2
5,19 a,86 3,1+3
16
2 1* 5
«*.3 U.3 U,2
56,37 1+7,10 1+5,00
11,1 11,6 10,2
5,07
1*6
•3
mean voltuse p e r l o g (m' )
u,oe k,k0
meanloglength 13,1+5m
Table2C. Expt.78/5. ReplicateIII. Harvestdata
code
plot no.
E 15 15 15
k 5
basal area marked (in / h a )
volume harvested (m-7ha)
number
of t r e e s p e r ha
•3
mean volume p e r l o g (m )
7
1,6 1,6 1,2
H+,,61 15.,75 12,,1+0
1»,U
1+.70 5,06 2,79
23 23 23
3 6 8
2,6 2,6 2,3
16,,1+6 20,,19 22,,1+8
6,2 5,3 6,2
2,61+ 3,79 3,61
1*6 1+6 U6
1 2 9
1+.2 U.3 1+.3
1+3,,31 1+2,,2k 1*1,,86
13,3 12,0 10,2
3,25 3,66 3,1+9
meanloglength 12,2**m
3,1 3,1
-23-
Therangeoftreatmentscoversthepossibilities forpractical managementwithoutradicaldestructionoftheforest,withinthestated objectiveofsustainedtimberproduction.Nosecondrefinementsareyet planned.Thisrevisedschemewillgivemoreinformationaboutincrement reactionstotreatmentsoverashorterperiodthanthetentativescheme proposedin1978. Intheexperimentplotstheexploitationwasfinishedinthesecond quarteroftheyear.Intheareasurroundingtheexperiment,exploitation continueduntiltheendoftheyear.Theamountoftimberharvestedwas measured (Smalian'smethod).TheresultingdataaregiveninTable2and Figs.7and8.Thetreesweremarkedforfellinguptotheprescribed basalareaperha,asindicated inTable2.Theactualamountsoftimber harvestedweremuchhigherthanexpected,buttheseparationbetweenthe levelsremainedsatisfactory.Thefellinginplotsandsurroundswasdone byprojectlabour,assuringrigid control.Thelogswereskiddedfrom stumptolandingbya.contractorwithawheeledskidder.Theskidding withintheplotsalwayswasattendedbyamemberofthepermanent recordingteamoftheproject,tosafeguardagainsttresspassing.Much ofthefelledtimber,especiallyfromtheplotswithhighcuttinglevels, couldnotbesold,andhadtobelefttorot,outsidethetreatmentplots. Theharvestingdamagedonewillbemorestronglycorrelatedwith basalareafelledandwithnumbersoftreestakenthanwithtimbervolume harvested,becauseofthehighlyvariableloglengths forimportant species,e.g.Goupiaglabra.Awaitingmoredetailedwork,apreliminary estimateoffellingandskiddingdamagewasdone.Thisestimateisbased ontheroughmappingofskidtracks fromstumptooutsidetheplot.The totallengthofskidtrack intherecordingplotswasassessedwithhelp ofacurvimeter.Theareaunderafallencrownwasassumedtobe250m (datafromarecent study),thewidthoftheskidtracks 3m,thewidth ofthepermanentskidroads5m.Theskidroaddensityintheexperiment isquitegenerouscomparedwiththesameinloggingpracticeinSuriname, butnocorrectionsweremade forthis.ResultsaregiveninTable3.
Table 3. Estimatedareaunderfallencrowns,skidtracksandskidroads inm/ha,forthreeharvestinglevelsinExpt.78/5
Harvesting level
Noof trees/ha
E 15 E23 E1*6
3.1* 5.7 12.1
Areaunder fallencrowns 851 1U31 3033
Areaunder skidtracks 606 1161 1671
Areaunder Total skidroads area 200 200 200
1657 2792 U90li
601 x replicate
I
o replicate
II
a replicate
III
& mean level /
i
7
/ • /
401
/ / / / / / /
x a
/ / /
x o O
/
V.
'A
2
V,
—r-
A
3
Fig. 7. Expt. 78/5» Exploitation 2 Timber volume harvested per ha (V) per m t a s a l area per ha marked for f e l l i n g (Gf)
0
Gf
im3/ha)
* replicate I e replicate II
10
a replicate III
15-
XX
y
y
yoo
y
JO/ / / /
y OO
5-
y
y
DO
/ X o
* y 'y*
y
X
o
/
oo o
/
V?
m
2
F
—T"
'A
3
Fig. 8. Expt. 7 8 / 5 , Exploitation Numbers of stems/ha (H/ha) per m basal area per ha marked for f e l l i n g (Gf)
*T"
4
1
( Gf )
(m1/ha)
-26-
Atotalareaofnearly28or 50%undercrownsandskidroads/tracks doesnotmeanthatthesamepercentageofthestandofvaluabletrees isdestroyed,astheseoftenaredistributedinpatches.Butatleast itissurethatthehighestharvestingleveldamagesalargepartofthe forestvegetation,mainlythesmallsizedtrees.Eventhemediumlevel harvestwillbehardfortheforesttobear, and isseen,intheauthor's opinion,asthemaximumharvestthatcanbetakeninaneconomically justifiedsustainedyieldsilviculturalsystemalongthelinesasstrung inprecedingpages. Itisclearafteronlythreeyearsofsilviculturalandecological studies atKabo,thatthisareaofaccessibleandyetundisturbed forestprovidesasplendidopportunityfortheSurinameGovernmentto startwithsustainedyieldmanagementofthenaturalforest,usingthe silviculturalapproachasproposedbyCELOS.Permanentsecondaryroads willprovetoberelativelycheapandlonglastingonthesesandyloams, initialstandcompositionasregardsvaluablespeciesisfarbetter thanatMapane,andtheforestareaiscoherentandlargeenoughtofeed apermanentmiddlesizedsawmillintheregion.Nobetterchancewillbe availableinthisdecadetodemonstratetheadvantagesofasoundforest managementpolicyatlowcostandrightintimebeforescarcityof tropicaltimberwilldirectattentiontotheAmazonandGuyanaforests. Withoutsuchasoundforestpolicythetemptationwillbegreattoallow adestructiveover-exploitationofthehighforestinSuriname,with manylong-termadverseeffects.
3.3.Soilfertility Untilratherrecentlyclearfellingofthenaturalforest,followed byplantingofpine (Pinus caribaea var hondurensis), wasoneofthe usualtreatmentsappliedtolargeareasoftheZanderijformation.In ordertoestablishcorrectlandutilizationoptionsforthisformation, changesinthesoilduetotheclearing,plantingandtheconsecutive developmentofthepinetrees,havebeensubjectsofstudy. Forthispurposeanumberofplantationsectionswithknownhistory andofdifferentage,adjacenttoplacesstillcoveredbytheoriginal forest,wereselectedintheCoesewijnearea. Inoneofthesectionswitha3-yearoldpinestandofreasonable quality, 2k plotswerechosenfortheestablishmentofafertilizer experimentbasedon6treatmentsin hreplicates.Sinceinsufficient plotsofequalqualityandsituatedinalimitedareawereavailable, theplotsweregroupedintothe k replicatesinsuchawaythatthe initialtreeheight (relatedwithsoilfertility)increasedwiththe numberofthereplicate.Soreplicate 1containstheworstplotsand replicate hthebestplots.
-27-
Table h. Expt.78/23. Soilcharacteristics (at0-20 cm)andproperties oftreesjustbeforeapplicationoffertilizers.Averagesover 6plotsand6treesperplot
Repl. 1
Repl.2
Repl.3
Repl._I
Soils: %o r g . C
0,83
0,95
0,95
1,08
pH-KCL
3,6
3,7
3,7
3,7
CEC-eff.
0,81
1,02
1,20
1,1*5
0,02
0,03
0,03
0,03
Ca
0,10
0,10
0,15
0,19
Mg
0,02
0,0U
0,06
0,06
K i n me/100
gr.
81
% Al P-Bray I i n
ppm
2,7
82 3,3
79 3,6
79 2,6
Trees: h e i g h t i n cm
188
269
•0
U15
needles
1,03
0,9^
1,11
1,29
ftp
it
0,05
0,05
0,07
0,08
%K .
H
0,27
0,68
*Ca
0,18
0M o.iu
0,57
H
0,26
0,2U
fMg
it
0,08
0,08
0,10
0,12
#N i n young ," "
-28-
InMarch 1980,-afterclearingoftheundergrowth,soilandtree sampling» andmeasurementoftheinitialtreeheights-thefollowing 6 fertilizertreatmentsweregiventotheplotsineachreplicate: 0,N,P,MP,NPK,andNPK+FTE. Nitrogenwasappliedas155kg/hasulphurcoatedurea (39$N ) ,phosphorusas210kg/hatriplesuperphosphate (19$P)andpotassiumas225kg/ha potassiummagnesium (22$K, 5%Mgand lQ%S),;whiletraceelementswere appliedinthelasttreatmentas25kg/hafrittedtraceelements (FTE-26).
Themainresultsoftheanalysisofsoilandtreesamples,taken priortofertilizationandmeasurementoftreeheightsinFebruary,are compiledintable h. Thelargedifferencesintreeheightandnutrientcontentsofthe youngneedlesbetweenthereplicatesareduetothefactthateach replicateisformedby6plotsselectedasindicatedbefore.These differencesarealsoreflectedbythedifferencesinanumberofsoil characteristicssuchastheCEC, %organic carbonandtheK,CaandMg contents.Otherdifferences insoilcharacteristicsarelesspronounced. Theoverallimpression givenbytheresultsofsoilanalysesisone ofanextremelypoorsoil,wherethenutrientcapital-originally presentmainlyinthephytomassoftheforest-hasbeengreatlyreduced byburningtheclearedforestinwindrows.Differencesintreeheight alsomusthavebeenverymuchinfluencedbythephysiographicposition oftheplots. InAugusttheheightofalltreesineachplot (kk -68pernetplot) wasmeasuredagain.Averagegrowth figuresforthesixtreatmentsover thepastsevenmonthswere: 0 :82cm N :73cm P :87cm
NP :86cm NPK :91cm NPK+FTE :96cm
Intheanalysisofvarianceonlytheeffectofreplicationturned outtobehighlysignificant (at 1$)-ascouldbeexpected-while growthdifferencesbetweenthefertilizertreatmentswerelargeenough onlybetweentheNandtheNPK+FTE (treatment)tobesignificant (at 3%)accordingtoDuncan'sMultipleRangeTest. Measurementoftreeheightsandtheanalysisofsoilsandtrees willbecontinuedoverthenexttwoyears.
-29-
Afertilizingexperimentinnaturalforest (Expt.79/2U,Effectsof fertilizersontheincrementofsilviculturallytreatedmesophytic forest) wasappliedinblockAofthesilviculturalexperiment65/3(see3.2. Silviculture).Thisstandisaratheryoungforest,treatedwitharefinementforthefirsttimein 1965•Atthatoccasionalltreesofnon-valuable speciesabove 10cmdiameter,andallvaluabletreesabove20cmdiameter (atbreastheight)werekilledwitharboricide.Theexperimentwasmade in kpairsofplots,twoofwhichdidnotreceivealiberationtreatment afterthefirstrefinementtreatment.Theothertwowereliberatedthree times,in 1968,in 1970andin 197**.Treatmentplotsmeasure50x35cm, recordingplots35x20m.Thestandiscomposedofsmallandmediumsized trees,whosegrowthpatternsare fairlywellknownovertheyears,the experimenthavingbeenrecordedannually.Ofeachpairofplotsoneplot didnotreceivefertilizer,theotherreceived 100kgP, 126kgK,80kgCa, 29kgMg, 103kgSandminorquantitiesofZn,Mn,B,Fe,Cu,andMo. Theseamountsaregiveninkg/ha.FertilizingtookplaceinDecember1979. Beforetheapplicationofthefertilizer,soilandlittersampleswere takenforchemicalanalysis.Thegirthsofalltreeslargerthan3cm diameteratbreastheightwererecordedinJanuary 1980,July 1980and January 1981. Intable5averagedateonbasalareaincrementsover I98Oare given.Thefertilizedplotsshowahigherincrementthanthenon-fertilized ones,andalowermortality.Asthevariationbetweentheplotsisrather large,nodefiniteconclusions canbedrawn.Measurementsandsoiland littersamplingarecontinuedbiannually.
Table5. Expt.79/2^.Basalareachangesover 1980,inm/ha (Averagesof Uplots)
Treatment
fertilized non-fertilized
Basalarea Jan'80
21,05 21,60
Basalare a increase onlive mortality trees
Basalarea Jan'81
%increase
total
2,19 1,1*5
1,76 0,30
22,81 21,90
8,1*
-0.U3 -1,15
-30-
3.1*.Hydrology Thehydrologicalresearch isconcentratedinoneexperiment,viz. "Expt.78/3^,waterandnutrient flows inaforestedcreek catchmentand theinfluenceofloggingandsilviculturaltreatmentonthesoilandon thecompositionofthedrainwater". Water dischargemeasurementsstartedonApril 15 ,19Ô0,AV-notch sharpcrestedweirwasconstructedin 1979inanearthendamoverthe Ingipipacreekthatdrainsanareaofapprox.300ha.Arecorderregistrates theupstreamwaterlevelatintervalsof 15minutes.Fromthese recordsthedischargeiscomputed. Parallellineswerecutthroughtheforestundergrowth 100mapart, tosurveythecatchmentarea.Thissurveyhaspartlybeencompletedonly. Thepurposeofthesurveyistheproductionofacontourmaptoaccurately assessthesizeofthecatchmentarea« Thecreekdrainingthecatchmentareahastwotributaries,nearlyequalinsize,theyjoinapproximately 300mbeforethelocationofthe damwherethedischargeismeasured.Infrontofthedamasmallshallow artificiallakedevelopedwithasurfaceareaofonehectare. +•Vi
FromMay28 onward,3watersamplesweretakeneveryweek,one fromtheoverflowoftheV-notch,onefromtheeasterntributaryand onefromthewesterntributary,thelattertwojustupstreamoftheir confluence.InthesesamplesthecontentsofCa,Mg,K,Na,andPare determinedaswellastheelectricalconductivity.Atthewesternboundary ofthecatchmentareaaclearingwasmade intheforestwithadiameterof 100m.Hereasurfacerainfallrecorderwasinstalled.Recordsaretaken every30minutesandstartedonOctober 31.Thewaterintheraingauge isemptiedonceaweekonce,andatthesametimeawatersampleistaken. Thesameanalysesarecarriedoutonthesesamplesasinthesamplesof thecreekwater. 3.5.Ecology Thewholeresearchprogrammeoftheproject,andparticularlythe ecologicalresearchprogramme,isfocussedonthequestion "Howfarcan wemanage,canweinterfere,inthetropicalrainforestwithoutjeopardizingitscapacitytorenewitselfandtomaintainitsbiological productivity?".Mostattentionisgiventothe'interference (viz.exploitationandrefinement)asprescribedinthesilviculturalsystemdeveloped byDEGRAAF(seeDEGRAAFandGEERTS 1976,DEGRAAF 1979,thisreport) whichisthoughttogiveasustainedtimberyield.Iftrue,theforest underthismanagementsystemwouldcontributeregularlyandcontinuously tothenationaldevelopmentofSuriname. Thecriteriausedfortheecologicalappreciationoftheproposed silviculturalsystemarethestandingphytoraassandtheprimaryproduction, themineralcapitalandthemineralcyclingand,lessimportant,the floristiccomposition.Infuturealsootheraspects (fauna)willbe investigated.
- 31-
Hence,in 1978/1979inExpt.78/21and78/22thefieldworknecessary forthedeterminationofsomeofthesecharacteristics ofanuntouched forest,situatedatthePampoencreekintheKabo-region (seeFig. ) andin1979/1980inExpt.79/16and79/17thefieldworkinalightly exploitedforest,situatedinProcter'sBosjenearAkintoSoelainthe Mapane-region(seeFig.1)wasexecuted.Theprocessingofthedataof theformerstandwasnearlycompletedin 1980,(seealsoOHLER1980; BUSINK 1981),thatofthelatterstandwasnotyetstartedin I98O.The fieldprocedures usedintheseexperimentsaredescribedelsewhere (PROCTER 1979,OHLER 198O,BUSINK 1Ç8l). 2 IntheuntouchedforestofKabo,ontwelve 100m plots,thestanding phytomass,thestandstructureandthefloristiccompositionandonfour 25OOm plotsonlythediameterdistributionandthefloristic composition weredetermined.Itisevident,thatontheverysmallpartoftheforest, thatwaschosenforthedeterminationofthephytomass,notallthespecies oftheforestwere found (Table6andFig.9 ) .Butevenononehectare notallthespeciesoftheforest canbefound:thearea/numberofspecies curveofFig.9stillrisesbetween0,75and 1.0ha.Theforestisdominated bypalms (227individualsperha,outofwhich213Astrocaryumsciophilum), Lecythidaceae,Leguminosae,Dichapetalaceae (onespecies,Tapuraguianensis), SapotaceaeandEuphorbiaceae.Thespecies distributiononthe0,12ha phytomassplotsisnotthesame,butinmostcasesthefrequentspecies arealsosampledfrequently.Onthe0,12haphytomassplotsabasalarea of1+2,8m/hawasfound,againstonly28,0m/haonthefour2500m plots.OHLER 1980broughttolightthecauseofthisoversamplingonthe phytomassplotsbycomparingthediameter distributiononthe0,12ha phytomassplotswiththedistributiononthefour2500m plots (Fig. 10). Inthelowerdiameterclasses,withtreeswithasmallphytomasspertree, thedivergence isslight.Notsointhehigherdiameterclasses:sixtrees withadiameterabove60cmDBH,equivalentto50treeswithabasalarea of20,6mperha,weresampled,gutononehectareonlynineteensuch treeswithabasalareaof8,6m werefound.Ofthetreesof60cmDBH andbiggerforthedeterminationofthephytomassanoversamplingof 2k"\% wasdone.Andthesearebigtreeswithagreatphytomass (between3and 12tonDMper tree). BaseduponthisobservationOHLER 1980hascorrected themeasured phytomassandthenutrientamountoftheleaves,branchesandstemsof thesixtreesabove60cmDBHbyafactor -^-r togetareliableestimate ofthephytomassatKabo.Themeasuredandcorrectedphytomassandnutrient amounts,aregiveninTable7and8.Amoredetailedsurveyoftheamount andtheconcentrationofK,P,K,CaandMgintheKaboforestisgiven byOHLER 198O. AftercorrectionthephytomassintheunexploitedforestatKabo (515t/ha)liesintherangeasfoundintheliterature forother tropicalrainforests.NotableisthehighmassofleavesatKabo,evidently causedbythehighshareofpalmleaves.This couldhaveadverseeffects onregenerationoftheforest.Thedistributionoffivemineralsoverthe forestecosystemisgiveninFig.11.Aconsiderable shareoftheminerals isstoredinthelivingphytomass,only 10to 20$isstoredinthesoil. Nitrogen formsinthisforestwithmanyLeguminosae (12$ofthetrees)a notableexception.Thismeansthatthrough clearcuttingoftheforestand
-32-
windrowingandburningofthedebrisnearlyallthemineralsareremoved fromthesystemorarebroughtinalightlysolubleform.Becauseofthe damagetothemycorrhiza-rootcomplexandduetotheverywetclimate thechanceofleakageofmineralsoutofthesystemisbigaftersucha treatment.Thestartingpointforanewvegetationisthennonetoo bright. Ontheotherhandthedamagetothemineralcapitaldone donebyarelativeJ J lylight ight exploitation exploitation of of about about 20 20 mm (+(+ 1515 mm quarter quarter girth) girth) seemstolerable: witheachharvest,alsoonceeverytwentytotwentyfiveyears,between 1,9and3,1$ofthemineralamountstoredinthelivingphytomassandonly between0,4and2,7$oftheamountstoredinthewholesystemisremoved (Table 9). Aftertheharvestmorethanthenormalamountofdecaying phytomassisleftintheforest.Thereisachance,butasmalleronethan afterburning,thatthestillintactmycorrhiza-root-complexofthe forestisnotabletoabsorballthemineralsoutofthisoveramountof rottingphytomassandthatinthiswaythetolerabledamagetothemineral capitalcausedbytheharvestitself,isenhanced.Thisagaincouldbe intensifiedbyrefinement.Aninvestigationintothisproblemisunder way. Themeasuredfiguresofdryweightleaves,stemsandrootsvary moderately:thestandarderrorofthemeanisabout 20$.Thoseofbranches andsomeminorcomponentsvarymore.Foranestimationofthestemweight asmostimportantcontributortothephytomass,withaconfidenceinterval withinarangeof5$ofthemeananda 5%probability8l6plotsof 100m shouldbeanalysed.Itisneedlesstosaythatthiswouldbeimpossible. Thecorrectionbaseduponthediameterdistributionasproposedby OHIiERI960cannotalwaysbeapplied:incaseofaundersamplingofparts ofthediameterdistributionthiscorrectionmethodwouldbeverydangerous. Themethodusedhereforanon-destructiveestimateofthestanding phytomass,isbaseduponthestrongcorrelationbetweenthestemdiameter (D),oftenincombinationwiththeheightofthetree (H)atonesideand thedryweightofleaves,branchesorstemsontheotherside,usually afteralogarithmic transformationofbothdata-sets (UNESCO 1978;more specific 0GAWAet.al. 1965;BASKERVILLE 1972). Thefieldprocedureusedwasdesignedinsuchmannerthatallthe datanecessaryforthecalculationofthiscorrelationweregathered. ? 2 Thecorrelationbetweenthelogarithmof,DHorD andthelogarithm ofthedryweightofleaves,branchesandstemwere calculated.Asan example,thecloudofdotsforthecorrelationbetweenD andstemweight (phytomassornutrientcontent)isgiveninFig.12and 13.Forallthe sixrelationsthecorrelationcoefficientsprovedtobehighandstatisticallysignificant (p^ 0.005),withthecorrelationcoefficientsbasedupon DHslightyhigherthanthosebaseduponD (Table 10).Thedifference, however,issominimal,thatby fieldmeasurementsforestimatingthestanding phytomassthetimeconsumingandinaccuratemeasuringoftheheightofthe treescanbeomitted.Aninventoryofafivehectareplotisplannedfor 1981.
- 33-
Asexpected alsothemineralamountinleaves,"branchesorstemwas correlatedwellwithD ,andDII.Thedirectionofthesecorrelations isdeterminedforagreatpartbythedirectionofthephytomass correlation (seeFig.13)»theinterceptionpointwiththeY-axisis determinedbythemeanconcentrationofthemineral.Thecorrelation coefficientsareallhighandstatisticallysignificant. Basedupontheplannedinventoryandthefoundcorrelationsa fairlyaccurateestimateofthephytomassandthemineralcapitalof theunexploitedforestatKabowillbegotin 1981.Byusingthesame methodstheseparameterswillbeestimatedforalightlyexploited forest (Procter'sBosjeatMapane,expt.79/16+ 17jreadyin1981) andalightlyexploitedandrefinedforest (AkintosoelaatMapane, expt.80/1+0+1+1,readyin 1982).Basedontheseestimatescombined withtheresultsoftheinvestigationsintotheprimaryproduction andmineralcycling,plannedfor 1981-1983,asoundappreciationofthe sylviculturalsystemof"sustainedtimberyiej.dbynaturalregeneration usingarboricides"mightbepossible.
References
BASKERVILLE,G.L., 1972:Useoflogarithmic regressionintheestimation ofplantbiomass.Can.J.For.,2_,1+9-53 BUSINK,R., 1981:Standstructureandphytomassinunexploitedforest atKabo.PraktijkverslagvakgroepBosteeltLH Wageningen1-1+2 GRAAF,N.R.de,1979:In Humaninterference inthetropicalrainforest ecosystem.Annualreportfor1978» CELOS,1-28 GRAAF,N.R.de-GEERTSJ.M.P., 1976:Technieknatuurlijkeverjonging drooglandbos.CELOS-rapporten 1ll+,1-60 OGAWA,H.,YODA,K.,OGINO,K.andKIRA,T.,1965:Comparative ecological studiesonthreemaintypesofforestvegetationinThailand. IIPlantbiomass.NatureandLifeinS.E.Asia k, 1+9-80 OHLER,F.M.J. 1980:Phytomassandmineralcontentinuntouchedforest CELOS-rapporten 132,1-1+3 PROCTER,J.E.A.1979: In Humaninterferenceinthetropicalrainforest ecosystem.Annualreportfor 1978»CELOS,1-28 UNESCO,1978:TropicalForestEcosystems, a state-of-knowledgereport. Paris,683p.
- 3k Table 6. Survey of the d i s t r i b u t i o n of t r e e s , palms and l i a n a ' s among the recorded families on the research p l o t s of Kabo
k x o,: 25 ha 5 cm DBH number of spec.
indiv.
0 , 1 2 ha phytomass plots 5 cm DBH number of spec. indiv.
0 , 1 2 ha phytop! plots 1 cm DBH number of spec. indivj.
TREES Anacardiaceae
1
2
0
0
0
0
Annonaceae
3
2k
1
k
2
6
Apocynaceae
6
32
1
1
3
3
Araliaceae
1
2
0
0
0
0
Bignoniaceae
2
11
1
1
1
1
Bombacaceae
1
10
0
0
1
1
Boraginaceae
3
6
1
2
2
3
Burseraceae
2
2
1+
3
11
Celastraceae
1
35 6
0
0
1
1
Dichapetalaceae
1
1
6
1
22
Elaeocarpaceae
1
Euphorbiaceae
1
1
1
2
5
75 k hi
3
7
U
11
Flacourtiaceae
2
10
2
2
2
5
Guttiferae
2
0
0
0
0
Humeriaceae
1
3 3
0
0
0
0
Icacinaceae
3
1*5
1
2
2
k
Lauraceae
5
22
1
2
1
2
Lecythidaceae
T
91
6
11*
8
27
Leguminosae
18
88
1+
k
10
17
Loganiaceae
1
2
1
1
1
1
Melastomataceae
2
5
0
0
2
3
Meliaceae
2
30
1
1
1
k
Monimiaceae
3
7
0
0
0
0
Moraceae
1*
15
3
6
3
6
%risticaceae
2
19
1
2
2
2
Myrtaceae
3
6
2
2
2
2
Olacaceae
0
0
0
0
1
2
Polygonaceae
1
2
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
5
32
1+
1+
5
9
Rubiaceae
2
3
0
0
0
0
Sapindaceae
1
6
0
0
1
3
- 35 -
Table 6.
(Continued) k x 0,25 ha 5 cmDBH number of spec,
mdiv.
0,12 ha phytomasa plots 5 cmDBH number of spec. indiv.
0,12 ha phytomass plots 1 cmDBH number of spec. indiv.
TREES Sapotaceae
8
kB
5
7
6
17
Simaroubaceae
1
1
0
0
0
0
Sterculiaceae
1
8
1
2
1
3
Tiliaceae
1
1
0
0
0
0
Ulmaceae
2
h
0
0
0
0
Violaceae
1
12
0
0
0
0
Vcchysiaceae
3
26
2
6
3
9
Kon d e t .
-
2
-
1
_
2
Palmae
5
227
0
0
125
Non d e t .
-
5
-
0
0
PAL*S
LIAHAS
Apocynaceae
2
0
0
Bignoniaceae
1
0
0
Celastraceae
1
0
0
Dilleniaceae
9
2
8
Moraceae
~J
0
1
Sapindaceae
2
0
0
37
2
12
Non d e t .
Table 7. Phytomass of an unexploited f o r e s t at Kabo based upon twelve times 0,01 ha complete h a r v e s t , with standard e r r o r ( S . E . ) , a l s o expressed as percentage of the mean (S.E. %) and corrected by means of a diameter d i s t r i b u t i o n (see t e x t ) , ( a f t e r OHLEP 1980)
Phytomass ton/ha
S.E. ton
S.E.% %
1.6 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
17 23 13 30 28 28
corrected phytomass ton/ha
LEAVES trees 1 cm DBH trees 1 cm DBH palms 1,5 cm h i g h liana's herb epiphytes Leaves, t o t a l
9.0 0.5 8.0 0.5 0.0 0.U 18.U
7.1 0.5 8.0 0.5 0.0 0.U 16.U
•f
++
STEMS trees 1 cm DBH trees 1 cm DBH palms liana's
38U.U 0.3 U.5 6.6
Stems, t o t a l
395.8
81.9 0.1 1.1 1.9
21 18 25 29
269.O 0.3
fc.5 6.6 280.h
+ ++
BRANCHES
trees liana's
179.1 3.2
Branches, t o t a l
182.k
1+5.7 1.2
26 36
m.7 3.2
+
117.9
++
65.3
++
ROOTS Roots, t o t a l LIVING PHYTOMASS
65.3
13.1
20
1*80.2
661.9
LITTER l y i n g b r a n c h e s , stems s t a n d i n g dead t r e e s fine l i t t e r
1U.9 7.6 12.2
Litter, total
3^.7
TOTAL PHYTOMASS
fc.6
31 61
1U.9 7.6 12.2
+
31+.7
++
696.7
126.3
18
51^.9
79.8 1*9.5
5.U
7
79.8 U9.5
+
129.2
++
Soil 0-50 cm o r g . m a t t e r 50-170 cm o r g . m a t t e r Soil, total ECOSYSTEM TOTAL
129.2 825.9
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-38-
Table9. Amo untofphytomaasandnutrientsremovedbyaharvestof 20 m (about 15m Surinamequartergirthmeasure)outof theforestatKabo
Phytomass Meanofallspecies')kg/ha
15.000
p
N
U3.U
K
Ca
Mg,
38.1 2.3
9147 2iT
7.1* 1.P
As %oftheecosystem %
2.3
0.U
2.7 1.6
As %ofthelivingphytomass
3.1
2.1
1.9
2.5
3.1
2.5
36. u
n.a.
6.5
58.5
5.2
Meanofsixvaluable • 2) , /v, species kg/ha
13.000
')Meanspecificgravity0,75 2)afterDEGRAAF 1981.Meanspecificgravity 0,65
Table 10. Correlationcoefficientsr forthecorrelationbetween DHor u andthedryweightofseveralpartsoftrees intheunexploitedforestatKabo
between dryweightstem dryweightbranches dryweightleaves
2 DH 0.98UU 0,9352 0,9228
D 0,9721 0,9328 0,91^1
• H 71 cm
_
Fig.9. Species/areacurvefortreesvithDBH> 5cmonfour0,25ha plotsintheunexploitedforestatKaboandthenumberof speciesontwelve0,01haphytomassplotsinthesamearea
•Ü.51-
Fig. 10. Diameterclass d i s t r i b u t i o n for four 0,25 ha p l o t s i n the Kabo-forest (curve) and for the twelve 0,01 ha phytomass p l o t s ( c r o s s e s ) , each r e c a l c u l a t e d for 1 ha. (after OHLER 1980)
100 V,
71.5
20.1
62.3
$0.6
68.1
72.2
so
V, in living
O
phytomass
Haves
60
Branches 70
D
60
Stems
frn Roots
SO
Fine litter
i.0 t::':\ Coarse
litter
30 Soil
20
•
10
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
Fig. 11. Proportional d i s t r i b u t i o n of the phytomass and the n u t r i e n t s among various compartiments of the ecosystem at Kabo
Kg
22 2 2 'o H
1 33 3 1 2312 1 1112 113121
3 w
A
32
21 1524 1 11121 1121 / 212 1 13342 " 2 221 45131 2623
. io -|
o 10
-«
73
7
1613 2 1 1324213 1 2 2211 >o" i
7 -1 IQ2
1
1
103
to''
1
1—
1QS
tO6
2 . 2 Fig.12. TherelationbetweenD (x-axis,inmm)andthedry weightofthestem (y-axis,inkg)oftreesinthe unexploitedforestatKaho.Figures indicatenumber oftreesonthatlocation
Kg
Stem 10* A
D in mm
10
10
10
10
10
Fig. 13- CorrelationbetweenD andtheamountofstemphytomass (dryweight)andofmineralsoftreesfoundinthe unexploitedforestatKabo
- hk -
3.6.Wildlifeecology AttheendoftheyearanewstudywasstartedwithExpt.80/U2t Bird populationsinvarioustreatedmesophytic foreststands.Inthisexperimenti executedtoyIr.deJongoftheSurinameForestService,birdpopulations arestudiedintheforestbymeansofe.g.catchingthebirdswithnets, hungonhighandlowlevelsinthecanopy,andregisteringimportant characteristicsofthebirdsthuscaught.Otherobservationsaboutbird populationse.g.territorialaspects,huntingactivitiesetc.aredone whilewalkingthroughtheforestalongfixedroutesseveraltimesamonth.., Itisexpectedtogetcomparabledataforlightlyexploitedand(successive^ untreatedforestversuslightlyexploitedandrefinedforest,todetermine possiblechangesinthebirdpopulations forbothstands.Onlyafew observationsweredoneinthereportingperiod,andnoresultscanasyet begiven.
APPENDIX1
ProjectLH/UvS01
Staffandstudents SurinameResearchStaff Ir.F.E.Vreden Ir.J.deVletter
Silviculture/statistics.Part-time,wholeperiod. Silviculture.Part-time,wholeperiod.
AgriculturalResearchUniversityStaff Ir.'N.R,deGraaf Ir.J.J.Neeteson Ir.R.L.H.Poels Ing.K.0.Pavlicek Dr.ir.P.Schmidt
Silviculture/Acting Projectleader. Full-time, whole p e r i o d . S o i l F e r t i l i t y . P a r t - t i m e , Jan - Sep. Hydrology/Soil Physics. P a r t - t i m e , whole p e r i o d . Ecology. F u l l - t i m e , Jan - Mar. Ecology. F u l l - t i m e , J u l - Dec.
Technical Staff Ing. J . Betlem
Field o f f i c e r . F u l l - t i m e , Sep - Dec
Students UniversityofSuriname None AgriculturalUniversityofWageningen F.M.J.Ohler P.E.V.vanWalsum H.W.vanZiel R.Zwetsloot
Ecology Hydrology Silviculture Ecology
Others H.A.M.Dielissen M.Oliemans
Silviculture/Hydrology Hydrology
APPENDIX2 Registerofexperiments
Expt.no.
shorttime
locality
duration
65/1
Spacing/thinning inpine
Cbesewijne
1965-?
65/3
Treegrowthinexploitedforest
Camp8
1965-198O
67/1'
Successiononaclearedarea
Blakawatra/ Mapane
1967-1987
67/2A'
Successioninexploitedforest
Mapane
1967-1987
67/2B'
Successioninexploitedforest
Cbesewijne
1967-1987
67/3A
Successionaftershifting cultivation
Kopie
1967-1987
67/3B
Successionaftershifting cultivation
Poika
1967-1987
6Vh.
Vegetationchangesinuntouched forest
Camp8
1967-1987
67/9A
Naturalregenerationtechniques
Mapane
1967-1987
67/9B
Ditto,fieldscaletrial
Mapane
1975-1995
70/21
Seed dormancy/germination
various
1970-1987
78/5
Exploitation/regeneration increment
Kabo
1978-1993
78/11
Mineralcontentof Cecropia
various
1978-1981
78/21
Standstructureinuntouched forest
Kabo
1978-1979
78/22,
Phytomassandmineralcontent inuntouchedforest
Kabo
1978-1980
78/23
Soilchangesunderintensive silviculture
Coesewijne
1978-1980
78/31*
Watertalanceinasmall forestcatchment
Kabo
1978-1983
79/16/
Standstructureinlightly exploitedforest
Mapane
1979-1981
79/17
Phytomassandmineralcontent inlightlyexploitedforest
Mapane
1979-1981
79/2U
Effectsoffertilizerson mesophytic forest
Camp8
1979-1983
80AO•
Phytomassandmineralcontent inlightlyexploitedand refinedforest
Mapane
1980-1982
80A 1
Standstructureinlightly exploitedandrefinedforest
Mapane
1980-1982
80/1+2
Birdpopulationsinvarious treatedmesophytic forest stands
various
198O-1982
PROJECTLH/UvS01
MASTER-PLAN 1981-1983
SECTION1 THEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPROTOCOL 1.1.
Thefollowing isasummaryoftheworkprogramme,derivedfrom theProtocol,forthedurationoftheProject.
1.2.
Non-researchactivities -Detailedprojectplanning - Infrastructure -Maintenance -Administration -Budgeting -Reporting -Staffmatters -Teamcoordination -Arrangingvisitsbyconsultants -Foreignvisits"byteam-members
1.3.
Open-endedresearchandrelated activities -Studentparticipation -Teaching -Cooperationandcontactwithother organizationsandindividuals -Assessment oftheresultsofpreviousandrelatedwork -Appraisalofrelevantliterature
1.*+.
Researchprojects -Hydrology/soilconservation -Water"balances-seealsobelow -Waterquality-a)dissolvedminerals b)sedimentloads - Soilfertility -Effectsofexploitationonthesoil -Effectsofclearing onthesoil -Recoveryprocessesduring regeneration/succession -Exploitationmethods -Damage,causedbytimberharvesting -Exploitationtechniques -Ecology -Biomass(phytomass)estimation-seealsobelow -Energyflows-a)inunexploitedforest b)inderivedsystems -Mineralnutritiondynamics -Changesinbiologicalbalances
-Silviculture -Exploitation/regeneration/incrementstudies - Lineplantingtrials -Speciestrials (plantations) -Agri-silviculture -Natureconservation -Influenceofexploitationandsilviculturaltreatmentson abundanceanddistributionofwildlife -Plantprotection -Pests -Diseases - Plantphysiology -Ecophysiology -Germinationstudies -Growthstudies -Phytosociology -Structure-a)unexploitedforest b)derivedtypes -Changesindiversity -Succession 1.5.
Otherprojects ThefollowingprojectsarenotspecificallygivenintheProtocol, butareeitherdesirableadditionsorlogicalderivativesofthe researchalreadyplanned: -Ecosystemmodelling, (Ecology) -Estimationofwater-balances. (Hydrology) -Ecologicalcharacterizationoftheresearcharea, (Plantsociology) -Fertilizertrials. (Silviculture/soilfertility! -Developmentofpredictivemodelsbytheinvestigationofindices. -Collectionofbasicbiologicalinformation(meteorologicaldata, plantandanimalspecimensforidentificationandrecord, referencephotographs etc.).
- 3 -
SECTION 2 PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAMME 2.1.
General
2.1-1
Basedonthestatedobjectivesandontheavailableresources ofman-power,facilities,materialsandmoney,thefollowing researchprogrammeisproposed.
2.1-2
Tosavespace,thefollowingpriority/resourcecodesareused insections2.2,2.3and 2.k "below.
Priorities-P 1-MajoractivitycentraltotheconceptoftheProtocol. 2-Secondaryactivitycontributingdirectlytotheobjectives oftheProtocol. 3-ProjectshelpfultotheobjectivesoftheProtocol,butto beundertakenonlyifsparecapacitybecomesavailable. Man-powerrating (scientists)-M 1-Full-timeprojectpersonnelplusconsultant, 2-Full-timeprojectpersonnel, 3-Part-timeprojectpersonnelplusconsultant, h-Part-timeprojectpersonnel. 5-Studentswithappropriatesupervision, 6-Fieldmanager Resources-R 1-Majorinputsofinvestmentand/orrunningcosts, 2-Moderateinputs. 3-Minorinputs. Labour-L 1 - Labour-intensive, 2 - Some i r r e g u l a r i n p u t s , 3 - L i t t l e or no labour. 2.2.
Non-research a c t i v i t i e s These are e s s e n t i a l t o the e f f i c i e n t running of the p r o j e c t and occupy s u b s t a n t i a l amounts of time. The time spent i n preparing budgets and r e p o r t s and attending meetings occupies about 30$ of t h e p r o j e c t l e a d e r ' s time and r a t h e r l e s s for other members of t h e team.
-4-
2.2-1
Title :Detailedprojectplanning. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M2/3/6,R3,L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.2-2
Title :Infrastructureplanning. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :P1,Ml/6,R1,L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.2-3
Title :Infrastructuremaintenance. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :PI,M2/6,R2, L2. Responsible scientist :Projectleader/Fieldmanager.
2.2-U
Title :Infrastructureadministration. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resource code :P1,M2/6,P3,13. Responsiblescientist :Projectleader/Fieldmanager.
2.2-5
Title :Budgeting. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M2/U,R3,L3, Responsiblescientist :Projectleader/Wholeteam,
2.2-6
Title :Reporting. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resource code :P1,M2/I4,R3,L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.2-71
Title :Teamcoordination. Duration :ThroughoutPriority/resourcecode :P1,M2,R3,L3. Responsiblescientist :Projectleader.
2.2-72
Title :Arrangingvisitsbyconsultants. Duration :Throughout. Priority/rescircecede :P1,M2/U,R2,L3Responsible scientist :Project leader/Who!eteam.
2.2-73
Title :Foreignvisits (teammembers). Duration :Throughout. Priority/resource code :P1,M2/»4,R2,L3. Responsible scientist :Wholeteam.
2.3
Open-ended r e s e a r c h - r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s
2.3-1
Title :Studentparticipation. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M2/k/5,P3 ? L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.3-2
Title :Teaching/dissemination ofinformation aboutproject. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resource code :P1,K2/U,R3,L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
-5
2.3-3
Title :Cooperationwithotherorganizationsetc. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode:P1,M2/U,R3,L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.3-^
Title :Assessmentofpreviousandrelatedwork. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2/H/5,R3,L3. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.3-5
Title:Appraisalofliterature. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode:P2,M2/U/5,R3, L3, Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2.3-6
Title:Collectionofbasicbiologicaldata. Duration :Throughout. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2/l»/5,R3,13. Responsiblescientist :Wholeteam.
2,U
Researchprojects
2.1+-1
Silviculture
2.U-1.1
Title:Exploitation/regeneration/increment studies. Responsiblescientists :Ir.U.R.deGraaf,Ir,W.B.D,Jonkers.
2.1+-1.11
Onefully-replicated,long-term experimentatPampoenCreek.Expt,78/r Duration :1978-198Q,1931-1993. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M1,R1,L1.
2.U—1.12 Onelong-termexperimentatMapane.Expt,78/35, Duration :1978-1980,1981-1993. Priority/resource code:PI,M1,R1, L1, 2.1J-1.13
Short-termtrialsofrestricted scopeatFalawatra. Duration :1981-1933. Priority/resourcecode :P3,M2,R2,L1-2,
2.Î4-1.1U FormerCelosexperiment65/3. Duration : 1965-1977, 1973-1980, 1981. P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P1, M2, R3, L3, 2.1+-1.15
Former Celos experiment 67/9A; 67/9B. Duration : 1967-1977, 1973-1980, 1931-1987. P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P1, M2, R3, L3,
2.U-1.2
T i t l e : L i n e - p l a n t i n g . T r i a l s of r e s t r i c t e d scope a t Pampoen Creek. Duration : 1981-1983, 198I4-1993P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P3, M2, R2, L1. Responsible s c i e n t i s t : To be named.
2.H-1.3
T i t l e : Species t r i a l s with l o c a l Leguminosae of r e s t r i c t e d scop-? at Pampoen Creek. Duration : 1981-1983, 198!»-1993, P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P3, M2, R2, L1. Responsible s c i e n t i s t : To be named.
-6^
2.U—1.U
Title :Agro-ForestryatPampoenCreek.Jointprojectin cooperationwithLH/UvS02. Duration :.1981-1986.. Priority/resourcecode :P3,M2,R2,L1. Responsiblescientist :Tobenamed.
2.U—1.5
Title :Fertilizertrials, Responsiblescientists :Ir.R.L.H.Poels,Ir.0,Boxman.
2.U-I.5I
Fertilizerresponsetrialsonpine.Coesevijne.Expt.78/23. Duration :1979-1980,198I-I98U. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2/U,R2,LI-2.
2.^-1.52 Fertilizerresponsetrialsinmesophytichighforest. Expt,79/2Î+inExpt,65/3. Duration :1979/198Ù. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2/U,R2,L2, 2-U—1.6
Title :Spacing-thinning inpine.FormerexperimentatCoesevijne. Tentativelyincludedpendingevaluationt Duration :1965-1977,1978-198Q.1980-? Priority/resourcecode :P2,M1,R3,L3, Responsiblescientist :Tobenamed.
2.1+-2
Exploitation Responsiblescientist :Ir.J.Hendrison.
2.Î4-2.1
Assessment oftimber-harvestingdamage. Duration :1981-198U. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M1/U,R2,L2.
2.H-2.2
Exploitationstudies,existinganddesirablepracticesand regulations. Durations :198I-I98U. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2/U,R2,L2.
2.U-3
Pedology
2.U-3.1
Title :Effectsofclearingandlevelsofexploitationonsoil fertility. Duration :1978-1980,1981-1988. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M3,R2,L2, Responsiblescientist :Ir,0.Boxman.
2.1+-3.2
Title :Effectsofclearing andlevelsofexploitationonphysical soilproperties, Duration :1978-1980,1981-1988. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M3,R2,L2\ Responsiblescientist :Ir.R.L.H.Poels,
2.U-3.3
Title :Soilprofilechanges (physicaland chemical]duringnatural succession. Duration :1978-1980,198I-I988, Priority/resourcecode :P1,M3,R2,L2. Responsiblescientists :Ir.0.Boxman,Ir.R.L.H.Poels, Dra.R.J.M.TjonLimSang,
-7-
2.U-3.**
Title :Soilprofile changes (physicalandchemical)under intensive silviculturaluse. Duration :1978-1980,1981-1986. Priority/resourcecode :P1, M3,R2,L2. Responsible scientists ;Ir.0.Boxman,Ir,R.L.H,Poels.
2.k-k
Hydrology/soil protection A full-scale,hydrologicalproject involvingtheestimationof completewater"balancesforcatchments of.adequate size,under different formsofland-use,cannot"beundertakenwithinthe resourcesofscientificmanpower,landandfinance available totheproject.Thefollowing limitedprojectscanbeundertakenandcanbeexpectedtoprovideanucleusofdataonwhich toplanfurtherresearch. Responsible scientist :Ir.R.L.H. Poels,
2.U-U.1
Title :Preliminary estimationofwaterbalancesforcreek catchments.Expt.78/3*+. Duration :1978-1980,.1981-1993, Priority/resource code :P1,M3,R2, L2-3,
2.U-U.2
Title :Quantitative assessmentofchangesinwater quality (dissolvedmineralsandsediment load)before,duringand after exploitationandrefinementinasilviculture system baseduponnaturalregeneration. Duration :1978-1980,1981-1993. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M3,R2,L3.
2.U-5
Ecology Responsible s c i e n t i s t : D r , I r , P. Schmidt.
2.U-5.1
Title:Phytomass estimation in unexploited f o r e s t by d e s t r u c t i v e sampling. Duration : 1979-1981, P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P 1 , M1, R1/2, L1-2.
2.U-5.2
T i t l e : Phytomass- estimation in exploited and t r e a t e d f o r e s t s by d e s t r u c t i v e sampling.
Duration : 1979-1982. P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P1, M1, R1/2, L1r2, 2.U-5.3
T i t l e : Phytomass estimation in t h e i n 2.J+-5J and 2,U-5.2 mentioned subjects without d e s t r u c t i v e sampling. Duration : 1979-1980, 1981-1982, P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P1, M1/2, R2, L2-3.
2.U-5.U
T i t l e : Measurement of primary production a) in unexploited f o r e s t , b) in exploited f o r e s t , c) in t r e a t e d f o r e s t , d) in secundary vegetation. Duration : 1981-1986. P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P 1 , M2/U, R2, L2-3-
2.U-5-5
T i t l e : Analysis of plant m a t e r i a l (from p r o j e c t s -5-2 and -5.k above) for determination of mineral c y c l e s . Duration : 1978-1930, 1981-1986. P r i o r i t y / r e s o u r c e code : P1, M2/h, B2, L3-
-8-
2.U—5.6
Title :Analysisofa]rainwater,b]throughfall,c)stem-flow, tocontributetothedeterminationofmineralcycles. (Subjecttotheavailabilityofsufficientlysensitive analyticalprocedures.) Duration :198I-I983. Priority/resourcecode :P1,M2/U,R2,L3.
2.1>-5.7
Title :Assessmentofbreakdownrateoflitter, Duration :19SI-I983. Priority/resourcecode :P1, W/k, R2,L2.
2.U-5.8
Title :Development ofamathematicalmodeloftheecosystem. (Subjecttotheavailability ofaconsultantwiththe necessaryexpertise.) Duration :1981-1933. Priority/resourcecode :P1-2,M1,R2,L3.
2.U-5.9
Title :Developmentofpredictivesub-models, Duration :1978-1980,1981-1983. Priority/resourcecode :P1-2,M1,R2,L3.
2.U-6
Phytosociology Responsiblescientists :Dr,Ir.P.Schmidt,Dra.R.J,M.TjonLimSanç
2.U-6.1
Title :Ecologicalcharacterizationoftheresearcharea. Duration :1973-1979,1981-1983, Priority/resourcecode :P2,M1/5,R3, L2,
2.k-6.2
Title :Vegetationdynamicsinunexploitedforestandderivedtypes.
2.U-6.21
Title :Spatialvariationinunexploitedforest a)scale, b)magnitude. Duration :198I-I983. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M1/5,R3,I>2.
2.1-6.22 FormerCelosexperiment67/1. Title :Successiononaclearedarea. Duration :1967-1977,1977-1930,1981-1987. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2,R3,L3. 2.1+-6.23 FormerCelosexperiment67/2. Title :Successioninexploitedforest. Duration :1967-1977,1978-1980,1981-1987. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2,R3,L3. 2.U—6.21+ FormerCelosexperiment67/3. Title :Successionaftershiftingcultivation. Duration :.1967-1977,1978-1980,1981-1987. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2,R3,L3,
9-
2.^-6.25 FormerCelosexperiment 6l/h. Title :Vegetationchanges inuntouchedforest. Duration :1967-1977,1978-1980,1981-1987. Priority/resourcecode :P2,M2,R3,L3. 2••^-7
Plantphysiology
2.U-7.1
Title :Dormancy,germinationand seedlingdevelopment. IncludesformerCelosexperiment70/21^ Duration :1970-1977,1978-1980,1981-1987, Priority/resourcecode :P2-3,M2/5,R3,L3. Responsible scientists :Ir,N.R.deGraaf,Dr,Ir,P.Schmidt.
2.U-8
Plantprotection (incooperationvithLH/UvS02)
2.1+-8.1
Title :Qualitativestudiesofinsectpopulationsinunexploited and exploited forestandplantations. Duration :1981-1983, Priority/resourcecode :P3,MU,R3,L3Responsible scientist :Ir.E.Neering.
2.U-9
Naturalresource (wildlife)management
2.U-9.1
Title :Studyoftheresponseinselectedgroups ofanimalsto changes inforest structureand compositionresulting fromexploitation and silviculturaltechniques.In cooperationwithStinasu. Duration :1979-1980,198I-1983, Priority/resourcecode :P2-3,M1/5,R3, L3. Responsible scientist :Dr.Ir.P.Schmidt (generalsupervision)and Ir.B.deJong (Stinasu).
07-01-81
