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The Utah Law Review was founded in 1948 with the purpose of serving the interests of students, the bench, and the bars of the state and surrounding areas. Since then, its scope has expanded to include legal issues of importance both domestically and internationally. The Utah Law Review is a student-run organization, with all editorial and organizational decisions made by student-editors enrolled at the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah. The Utah Law Review publishes four issues per year, with each issue containing approximately 250 pages of legal scholarship. The Utah Law Review makes every effort to conform to the following editing sources: THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (18th ed. 2005) and THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (15th ed. 2003). The Utah Law Review Board of Editors strives to maintain the text of published articles in its original format by editing only for accuracy and, where necessary, clarity. Views expressed herein are to be attributed to their authors and not to the Utah Law Review, its editors, the S.J. Quinney College of Law, or the University of Utah. COPYRIGHT: © 2008 by the Utah Law Review Society. Printed Fall 2008 (ISSN 00421448). In addition to the rights to copy that are granted by law, the owner of the copyright of each article published in this issue, except as expressly otherwise noted, grants permission for copies of that article to be made and used for educational purposes by nonprofit educational institutions, provided that the author and journal are identified, that proper notice of copyright is affixed to each copy of the article, and that copies are distributed at or below cost. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The editors of the Utah Law Review wish to express their gratitude to the following: The University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law and the Journal Alumni Association; Professor Amy J. Wildermuth, faculty advisor; Angela Turnbow, editorial assistant; and the S.J. Quinney College of Law faculty and staff.

Printed in the United States of America by Joe Christensen, Inc. ISSN 0042-1448

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UTAH LAW REVIEW VOLUME 2008

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SUBMISSIONS: The Utah Law Review reviews submissions for each year beginning in January. Submissions should include a cover letter, providing the title of the work and author’s contact information (phone number and e-mail address). Formatting should be double-spaced, in Times 11-point or larger sized font, printed on one side of the page only, contain footnotes rather than endnotes, and have numbered pages. Microsoft Word format is preferred, but other formats will also be accepted. Submissions can be sent to the Utah Law Review Expresso account or a hard copy can be sent to: Executive Articles Editor, Utah Law Review, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, 332 S 1400 E Rm. 101, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0730.

SUBSCRIPTIONS: The Utah Law Review is published quarterly. All subscriptions begin January 1 and expire on December 31. To subscribe, renew, or cancel the Utah Law Review, please send notice and/or payment to: Utah Law Review, Attn: Shanon Lake, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, 332 S 1400 E Rm. 101, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0730. PRICES: $40.00 per volume per year; United States and possessions $45.00 per volume per year; foreign (postage included) If subscribing to more than one copy of the Utah Law Review, send notice of the number of copies requested along with payment. Please note that renewal payment must be received in advance before any issues are sent out to a subscriber. If you work with a subscription agency, send notice and payment to that agency and it will contact us regarding the status of your subscription. ISSUES AND REPRINTS: Single issues and back issues are available from William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1285 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14209-1987; telephone (800) 828-7571; email: [email protected]. Reprints are available from Joe Christensen, Inc., 1540 Adams Street, Lincoln, NE 68521; telephone (800) 228-5030; e-mail: [email protected].  

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  S.J. QUINNEY COLLEGE OF LAW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH FACULTY & ADMINISTRATION 2008–2009   AARON, RICHARD I. (1966), Professor of Law Emeritus. A.B., 1959, Harvard Univ.; J.D., 1962, Univ. of Wisconsin. ADLER, ROBERT W. (1994), Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and James I. Farr Professor of Law. B.A., 1977, John Hopkins Univ.; J.D., 1980, Georgetown Univ. AGUILAR, JR., REYES (1992), Associate Dean for Admission and Financial Aid. B.A., 1988, Texas A&M Univ.; J.D., 1992, Univ. of Utah. ANDERSON, JENSIE L. (1999), Clinical Professor of Law. B.F.A., 1985, J.D., 1993, Univ. of Utah. ANGHIE, ANTONY T. (1995), Samuel D. Thurman Professor of Law. B.A., 1986, LL.B., 1987, Monash Univ.; S.J.D., 1995, Harvard Univ. BENNETT, WALLACE R. (1953), Professor of Law Emeritus. B.A., 1948, M.S., 1950, J.D., 1953, Univ. of Utah; LL.M., 1957, Harvard Univ.; LL.M. (Trade Regulations), 1963, New York Univ. CASSELL, PAUL G. (1991), Ronald N. Boyce Presidential Professor in Criminal Law. B.A., 1981, J.D., 1984, Stanford Univ. CHODOSH, HIRAM E. (2006), Dean and Professor of Law. B.A., 1985, Wesleyan Univ., J.D., 1990, Yale Univ. DAVIES, LINCOLN L. (2007), Associate Professor of Law. B.S., 1997, Univ. of Michigan; J.D., 2000, Stanford Univ. DICKEY, BARBARA J. (1999), Associate Dean for Student Affairs. B.A., 1975, M.A., 1980, J.D., 1987, Univ. of Utah. DYER, BOYD K. (1971), Professor of Law Emeritus. B.A., 1962, Stanford Univ.; LL.B., 1968, Harvard Univ. FIRMAGE, EDWIN B. (1966), Samuel D. Thurman Professor of Law Emeritus. B.S., 1958, Boston College; LL.B., 1961, Georgetown Univ.; S.J.D., 1967, Univ. of Michigan. FLORES, ROBERT L. (1990), Professor of Law. B.A., 1978, J.D., 1987, Univ. of Utah. FLYNN, JOHN J. (1963), Hugh B. Brown Professor of Law Emeritus. B.S., 1958, Boston College; LL.B., 1961, Georgetown Univ.; S.J.D., 1967, Univ. of Michigan. FRANCIS, LESLIE PICKERING (1982), Alfred C. Emery Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy. B.A., 1967, Wellesley College; Ph.D., 1974, Univ. of Michigan; J.D., 1981, Univ. of Utah. GEORGE, ERIKA (2003), Professor of Law. B.A., 1992, Univ. of Chicago; M.A., 1993, Univ. of Chicago; J.D., 1996, Harvard Univ. GUIORA, AMOS N. (2007), Professor of Law. B.A., 1979, Kenyon College; J.D., 1985, Case Western Reserve Univ. HILL, DAVID S. (2003), Clinical Associate Professor of Law. B.S., 1991, B.A., 1992, J.D., 2001, Univ. of Utah.

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HOLBROOK, JAMES R. (2003), Clinical Professor of Law. B.A., 1966, Grinnell College; M.A., 1968, Indiana Univ.; J.D., 1974, Univ. of Utah. JOHNSON, CHRISTIAN (2008), Professor of Law. B.A., 1984, M.Pr.A., 1985, Univ. of Utah; J.D., 1990, Columbia Univ. KEITER, ROBERT B. (1993), Wallace Stegner Professor of Law and Director, Wallace Stegner Center for Land, Resources, and the Environment. B.A., 1968, Washington Univ.; J.D., 1972, Northwestern Univ. KESSLER, LAURA T. (2001), Professor of Law. B.A., 1988, George Washington Univ.; J.D., 1993, Univ. of Maryland; LL.M., 1999, Columbia Univ. KOGAN, TERRY S. (1984), Professor of Law. B.A., 1971, Columbia College; B. Phil., 1973, Oxford Univ.; J.D., 1976, Yale Univ. LANDERS, AMY (2008), Visiting Professor of Law. B.F.A., 1982, Rochester Institute of Technology; J.D., 1993, Univ. of California Hastings College of Law. LOCKHART, WILLIAM J. (1964), Professor of Law. B.A., 1955, J.D., 1961, Univ. of Minnesota. LUNA, ERIK (2000), Hugh B. Brown Presidential Endowed Chair and Co-director, Utah Criminal Justice Center. B.S., 1993, Southern Cal.; J.D., 1996, Stanford Univ. LUND, THOMAS (1978), Professor of Law. B.A., 1964, Harvard Univ.; LL.B., 1967, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D., 1978, Oxford Univ. MABEY, RALPH R. (2007), Professor of Law. B.A., 1968, Univ. of Utah; J.D., 1972, Columbia Univ. MALLAT, CHIBLI (2007), Presidential Professor of Law. B.A., 1982, Beirut Univ. College; Ph.D., 1990, Univ. of London; LL.M., 1983, Georgetown Univ. MARTINEZ, JOHN (1984), Professor of Law. B.A., 1973, Occidental College; J.D., 1976, Columbia Univ. MATHESON, JR., SCOTT M. (1985), Professor of Law. B.A., 1975, Stanford Univ.; M.A., Oxford Univ.; J.D., 1980, Yale Univ. MCCONNELL, MICHAEL W. (1997), Presidential Professor of Law and U.S. Court of Appeals Judge. B.A., 1976, Michigan State Univ.; J.D., 1979, Univ. of Chicago. MCCORMACK, WAYNE (1978), Professor of Law. B.A., 1966, Stanford Univ.; J.D., 1969, Univ. of Texas. MCLAUGHLIN, NANCY ASSAF (2000), Professor of Law. B.S., 1987, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst; J.D., 1990, Univ. of Virginia. MEDWED, DANIEL S. (2004), Associate Professor of Law. B.A., 1991, Yale Univ.; J.D., 1995, Harvard Univ. MITCHELL, BONNIE L. (1987), Clinical Professor of Law. B.A., 1981, J.D., 1984, Univ. of Utah. MORRIS, JOHN K. (1979), General Counsel, University of Utah and Professor of Law. B.A., 1966, Univ. of California at Los Angeles; J.D., 1969, Univ. of California at Berkeley. PETERSON, CHRISTOPHER (2008), Professor of Law. B.S., 1997, H.B.A., 1997, J.D., 2001, Univ. of Utah. POULTER, SUSAN R. (1990), Professor of Law Emerita. B.S., 1965, Ph.D., 1969, Univ. of California at Berkeley; J.D., 1983, Univ. of Utah. REITZE JR., ARNOLD W. (2007), Professor of Law. B.A., 1960, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.; J.D., 1962, Rutgers Univ.; M.P.H., 1986, John Hopkins Univ. REUSCH, RITA T. (1986), Director, S.J. Quinney Law Library and Professor of Law. B.A., 1972, Univ. of Minnesota; J.D., 1975, Univ. of Idaho; M.L.L., 1978, Univ. of Washington. RICHARDS, WILLIAM R. (1996), Clinical Professor of Law. B.A., 1981, J.D., 1984, Univ. of Utah.

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ROSKY, CLIFFORD J. (2008), Associate Professor of Law. B.A., 1996, Amherst College; J.D., 2001, Yale Univ. SCHMID, ROBERT L. (1954), Professor of Law Emeritus. J.D., 1954, Univ. of Utah; M.L.L., 1956, Univ. of Washington. SKIBINE, ALEXANDER TALLCHIEF (1989), S.J. Quinney Professor of Law. B.A., 1973, Tufts Univ.; J.D., 1976, Northwestern Univ. SMITH, LINDA F. (1984), Director, Clinical Program and Professor of Law. B.A., 1973, Ohio State Univ.; J.D., 1976, Yale Univ. THREEDY, DEBORA L. (1986), Professor of Law. B.A., 1973, Beloit College; J.D., 1980, Loyola Univ. Chicago. WHYTOCK, CHRISTOPHER A. (2007), Associate Professor of Law. B.A., 1988, Univ. of California at Los Angeles; J.D., 1993, Georgetown Univ.; M.A., 2005, Ph.D., 2007, Duke Univ. WILDERMUTH, AMY J. (2003), Professor of Law. A.B., 1994, B.S., 1994, Washington Univ.; M.S., 1998, J.D., 1998, Univ. of Illinois. YOUNG, MICHAEL K. (2004), President, University of Utah and Professor of Law. B.A., 1973, Brigham Young Univ.; J.D., 1976, Harvard Univ.

S.J. QUINNEY LAW LIBRARY FACULTY DARAIS, SUZANNE (1990), Head of Information Technical Services and Adjunct Professor of Law. B.S., 1983, Univ. of Utah; J.D., 1989, Brigham Young Univ.; M.L.S., 1990, Univ. of Washington School of Librarianship. FULLER, RONALD (2006), Assistant Librarian and Adjunct Professor of Law. B.A., 2001, J.D., 2005, Brigham Young Univ. MCPHAIL, ROSS (2007), Assistant Librarian and Adjunct Professor of Law. B.A., 1990, Quincy College.; J.D., 1994, Hamline Univ. STEPHENSON, LINDA (1986), Head of Information Access Services and Adjunct Professor of Law. M.A., 1983, Univ. of Missouri at Columbia; J.D., 1987, Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City. WARTHEN, R. LEE (1985), Assistant Director, Head of Collection Building and Maintenance and Adjunct Professor of Law. M.L.S., 1975, M.A., 1983, J.D., 1984, Brigham Young Univ.

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BOARD OF EDITORS 2008–2009 Editor-in-Chief RIK WADE Executive Text Editor E. RICH HAWKES II

Managing Editor CHRISTOPHER STOUT

Executive Articles Editor JACOB SANTINI

Executive Footnote Editor RACHEL ANDERSON Symposium Editor BRITTANY ENNISS

Note & Comment Editors KRISTEN CARLOSKIBURTZ TOM MOORE TIM NICHOLS

Associate Editors GREGORY BAKER JOSHUA FREEMAN DANIEL O’BANNON RYAN OLDROYD

Senior Staff CLAY ALGER ADRIA COOPER PARKER RUSSELL SANNA-RAE TAYLOR

Articles Editors JEFFERY BALLS MEGAN DEPAULIS PAUL NASH MATTHEW PIERCE BETHANY RABE SWEN SWENSON ADAM WENTZ

DAVID CALL MARY ANN CALL TIMOTHY CONSIDINE NICHOLAS CRAFT JACOB FONNESBECK SARAH GOLDBERG TYLER HAWKINS

Staff Members SAMUEL HOOD ASHTON HYDE RACHEL JACQUES ALEXANDRIA JAMISON STEVEN JOFFEE ADAM KAAS BEN LEAR ADAM WEINACKER

ERIC A. OLSON TERRY S. KOGAN

Advisory Committee PATRICIA M. LEITH CLAYTON J. PARR

AMY J. WILDERMUTH MICHAEL D. ZIMMERMAN

Editorial Assistant ANGELA TURNBOW

Computing Services DUC PHUONG

Subscription Manager SHANON LAKE

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GREG NEWMAN BRADLEY OLSEN ADAM REISER MIRIAH SORENSON TESIA STANLEY RAZVAN UNGUREANU RUKE WANG

UTAH LAW REVIEW VOLUME 2008

NUMBER 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES

Protecting Religious Liberty Through the Establishment Clause: The Case of the United Effort Plan Trust Litigation

Eric G. Andersen

739

Tax Avatars

Bridget J. Crawford

793

Patent-Mediated Standards in Genetic Testing

Eileen M. Kane

835

Defamation Claims Based on Parody and Other Fanciful Communications Not Intended to be Understood as Fact

Joseph H. King

875

Kelo, Parents and the Spatialization of Color (blindness) in the Berman-Brown Metropolitan Heterotopia

Tom I. Romero, II

947

Shari’ah’s “Black Box”: Civil Liability and Criminal Exposure Surrounding Shari’ah-Compliant Finance

David Yerushalmi, Esq.

1019

SYMPOSIUM SUBPRIME MELTDOWN: THE LAW AND FINANCE OF THE AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE CRISIS

Introduction

Christopher L. Petersen

1107

Disclosure’s Failure in the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

Stephen L. Schwarcz

1109

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Saving Homes in Bankruptcy: Housing Affordability and Loan Modification

John Eggum et al.

1123

Fight Blight: Cities Sue to Hold Lenders Responsible for the Rise in Foreclosures and Abandoned Properties

Creola Johnson

1169

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