E NERGY A UDIT REPORT UT-BATTELLE, LLC OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY P.O. Box 2008, Building 1060COM Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6293 Mr. Jim Anderson
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT of
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORIES Building Group - Solicitation 6400009592 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
PREPARED BY:
KERES / EMG CONTACT:
Keres / EMG
Gregory A. Bailey Program Manager 800.733.0660, ext.6235
[email protected]
222 Schilling Circle, Suite 275 Hunt Valley, Maryland21031 800.733.0660 410.785.6220 (fax) www.emgcorp.com Keres / EMG Project #:
94572.10R-001.268
Date of Report:
September 30, 2010
On site Date:
August 23- 26 and September 16, 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Certification ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 3 3. Benchmarking/Energy Performance Summary ......................................................... 8 3.1. EnergyStar Portfolio Manager Facility Summary ................................................................... 8 3.2. EPA EnergyStar Rating...................................................................................................................... 9 3.3. Energy Cost Per Year .......................................................................................................................10 3.4. Source Energy and Site Energy ...................................................................................................10 4. Analysis of Baseline Energy and Costs ..................................................................... 12 4.1. Electricity ..............................................................................................................................................13 4.2. Steam ....................................................................................................................................................15 4.3. Water & Waste Water.....................................................................................................................17 5. Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) Recommendations ...................................... 18 5.1. Cost Savings Recommendations ................................................................................................18 5.2. ECM Descriptions .............................................................................................................................20 5.2.1. Building Envelope .........................................................................................................................20 5.2.1.1 Replace entryway doors .....................................................................................................................................20 5.2.1.2 Caulk building exterior .......................................................................................................................................20 5.2.1.3 Insulate attic/roof .................................................................................................................................................20 5.2.1.4 Repair torn insulation or holes in ducts........................................................................................................20 5.2.1.5 Install air barriers on bay doors ......................................................................................................................20 5.2.1.6 Replace single pane glazing with double-pane glazing .........................................................................20 5.2.1.7 Install “cool roof”...................................................................................................................................................20 5.2.1.8 Replace weatherstripping around entryway doors ...................................................................................21 5.2.2. HVAC ..................................................................................................................................................21 5.2.2.1 Install occupancy-based controls ....................................................................................................................21 5.2.2.2 Add VFDs to all AHUs and Pumping Systems ............................................................................................22 5.2.2.3 Insulation on steam piping................................................................................................................................22 5.2.2.4 Replace PTACs with central HVAC system ..................................................................................................22 5.2.2.5 Replace Aged PTACs, Split AC unit with high efficiency units..............................................................22 5.2.2.6 Consolidate HVAC systems to Centralized AHU with duct air distribution .....................................22 5.2.2.7 Install variable-flow refrigerant system ........................................................................................................22 5.2.2.8 Replace motors with premium efficiency motors ......................................................................................23 5.2.2.9 Install enthalpy OA economizer control .......................................................................................................23 5.2.2.10 Upgrade HVAC controls ...................................................................................................................................23 5.2.2.11 Convert AHU system to VAV ..........................................................................................................................23 5.2.2.12 Perform retrocomissioning on HVAC systems .........................................................................................23 5.2.3. Air Compressors ............................................................................................................................23 5.2.3.1 Detect and fix leaks ..............................................................................................................................................23 5.2.3.2 Install schedule-driven control .........................................................................................................................24 5.2.3.3 Install duct ofr outside air supply/exhaust ..................................................................................................24 5.2.4. IT Room Optimization .................................................................................................................24 5.2.4.1 PC Thin Client Migration ...................................................................................................................................24
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.5. Lighting .............................................................................................................................................24 5.2.5.1 Change all remaining Incandescent bulbs into Compact Fluorescent Lights CFL. .......................24 5.2.5.2 Add occupancy based control to office spaces ...........................................................................................24 5.2.5.3 Change out fixtures of stairwell lighting (technology already being used in 3147) .....................25 5.2.5.4 Consider a combination of either task lighting for office space, or dimmable fixtures. ..............25 5.2.5.5 Delamp due to overlighting ..............................................................................................................................25 5.2.5.6 Identify where T12 lights still exist and convert them to T8. ................................................................25 5.2.5.7 Install day-lighting control ................................................................................................................................25 5.2.5.8 Install photo sensors for garage lighting......................................................................................................25 5.2.5.9 Replace exterior lighting with induction lamps .........................................................................................26 5.2.5.10 Replace HO lighting with T5 lighting..........................................................................................................26 5.2.5.11 Replace exterior lighting with LED lighting ..............................................................................................26 5.2.6. Plumbing ..........................................................................................................................................26 5.2.6.1 Install low-flow aerators on bathroom and kitchen faucets .................................................................26 5.2.6.2 Replace high-flow showerheads with low-flow 2.0-GPM showerheads............................................26 5.2.6.3 Replace 3.5+-GPF flush valves with dual-flow flush valves ..................................................................26 5.2.6.4 Replace existing urinals with waterless urinals..........................................................................................27 5.2.6.5 Install electric heat pump domestic hot water heater .............................................................................27 5.2.7. Water .................................................................................................................................................27 5.2.7.1 Add rain water collection system ....................................................................................................................27 5.2.7.2 Collect and filter steam condensate...............................................................................................................27 5.2.7.3 Replace once-through process cooling water system ..............................................................................27 5.2.8. Appliances........................................................................................................................................28 5.2.8.1 Install energy controllers on vending machines ........................................................................................28 5.2.8.2 Install energy controllers on water fountains .............................................................................................28 5.2.8.3 Replace refrigerators with EnergyStar units ................................................................................................28 5.2.8.4 Install occupancy-controlled power strips ...................................................................................................28 6. Building 6000 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Conservation .......................................... 29 7. Implemention of an Operations and Maintenance Plan ........................................ 31 7.1. Building Envelope .............................................................................................................................31 7.2. Heating and Cooling .......................................................................................................................31 7.3. Domestic Hot Water ........................................................................................................................32 7.4. Lighting.................................................................................................................................................32 7.5. Existing Equipment and Replacements ...................................................................................33 8. Renewable Energy Discussions .................................................................................. 34 8.1. Wind Energy Feasibility ..................................................................................................................34 8.2. Co-Generation/Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Feasibility ........................................34 8.3. Solar Energy Feasibility ..................................................................................................................35 8.4. Geothermal Energy Feasibility .....................................................................................................36 9. Energy Program Incentive Opportunities ................................................................ 38 10. Advanced Metering and Smart Metering ................................................................ 39 11. Energy Outreach and Socialization ........................................................................... 42 12. Building Automation Systems and Commissioning ............................................... 44 13. Appendices .................................................................................................................. 46
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1.
CERTIFICATION
Keres / EMG has completed an Energy Audit of the buildings outlined in solicitation 6400009592 located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, TN 37831. The site was visited on August 23, 24, 25, 26 and September 16, 2010. The assessment was performed at the Client's request using methods and procedures consistent with good commercial and customary practice and using methods and procedures as outlined in Keres / EMG’s Proposal. This report is exclusively for the use and benefit of the Client identified on the first page of this report. The purpose for which this report shall be used shall be limited to the use as stated in the contract between the client and Keres / EMG. This report is not for the use or benefit of, nor may it be relied upon by any other person or entity, for any purpose without the advance written consent of Keres / EMG. The opinions Keres / EMG expresses in this report were formed utilizing the degree of skill and care ordinarily exercised by any prudent architect or engineer in the same community under similar circumstances. Keres / EMG assumes no responsibility or liability for the accuracy of information contained in this report which has been obtained from the Client or the Client’s representatives, from other interested parties, or from the public domain. The conclusions presented represent Keres / EMG’s professional judgment based on information obtained during the course of this assignment. The conclusions presented are based on the data provided, observations made, and conditions that existed specifically on the date of the assessment. The energy conservation opportunities contained in this report have been reviewed for technical accuracy. However, because energy savings ultimately depend on behavioral factors, the weather alongside many other factors outside our control, Keres / EMG does not guarantee the costs savings estimated in this report. Keres / EMG shall in no event be liable should the actual energy savings vary from the savings estimated herein. Estimated installation costs are based on Keres / EMG’s experience on similar projects and RS Means. We strongly encourage the owner to confirm these cost estimates independently. Since actual installed costs can vary widely for particular installation, and for conditions which cannot be known prior to in-depth investigation and design, Keres / EMG does not guarantee installed cost estimates and shall in no event be liable should actual installed costs vary from the estimated costs herein. Finally, Keres / EMG will not benefit in any way from any decision by the owner to select a particular contractor, vendor or manufacturer to supply and install any materials described or recommended in this survey. Keres / EMG certifies that Keres / EMG has no undisclosed interest in the subject property, Keres / EMG’s relationship with the Client is at arm’s-length, and that Keres / EMG’s employment and compensation are not contingent upon the findings or estimated costs to remedy any deficiencies. Any questions regarding this report should be directed to Gregory A. Bailey at 800.733.0660, ext. 6235.
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94572.10R-001.268 Prepared by:
Brett Byers Energy Audit Technical Review Project Manager Cliff Alberts, CEM Energy Auditor Project Manager Keith Williams Energy Auditor Project Manager David Herman, PE Energy Auditor Project Manager Dustin Banes Assistant Energy Project Manager Daniel Spilman Assistant Energy Project Manager Mathew Gagnon Assistant Energy Project Manager
Reviewed by:
Gregory A. Bailey Program Manager
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2.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multi-program science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. Scientists and engineers at ORNL conduct basic and applied research and development to create scientific knowledge and technological solutions that build the nation's expertise in key areas of science; increase the availability of clean, abundant energy; restore and protect the environment; and contribute to national security. ORNL was established in circa 1943. The laboratory occupies about 4470 acres of the 34,000 acre Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), which it shares with the East Tennessee Technology Park, the Y-12 National Security Complex, the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, and the developing Oak Ridge Science and Technology Park. ORNL has a staff of over 4,800 full-time staff members, including 3000 scientists and engineers. The laboratory annually hosts approximately 3,000 guest researchers who spend two weeks or longer in Oak Ridge annually. ORNL receives 30,000 visitors each year, plus another 10,000 precollege students. ORNL is in the process of constructing a biomass-fueled steam plant that is scheduled for first operation in September 2011. The $89 million ORNL project is supposed to provide annual energy savings of about $8.7 million. According to information provide during the on site assessment Johnson Controls is coordinating the project under a United States Department of Energy agreement, in which the private financing will be repaid from cost savings. The building types differ dramatically and include the space categories of office, warehouse, manufacturing, laboratory and maintenance. The combined building space occupies over 625,000 ft2 and totals just under $3,000,000 in energy and water costs. Within each category of building types we found that most HVAC and Lighting Systems were relatively similar enough to recommend the same measure of conservation for all/most of the buildings within that category. Due to this high level of similarity within each category, Keres / EMG have presented the data in a matrix style reporting format. Each ECM has a narrative description that can be found in Section 5 to this report. Some of the buildings have completed partial renovations which are noted as well. These renovations offer an excellent opportunity to compare overall energy usage intensity at buildings that have been renovated and compare them to buildings without renovation. The EnergyStar program was used to Benchmark performance of the buildings within the audit. The EnergyStar rating system uses 1 as the lowest rating, 50 is the average and 100 the highest. A rating of 75 or greater can qualify a building for EnergyStar Performance Rating.
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94572.10R-001.268 Keres / EMG Energy Audit conclude that the single most important category for consideration at ORNL is the installation of automation products, that will automatically shut off (or throttle lower) energy using systems when not in use. Since the buildings in our audit profile are dominated by 8am-5pm office hours, Monday – Friday, the unoccupied hours are close to a 4:1 ratio to the occupied hours. 45 hours a week occupied, 133 hours, unoccupied. ORNL is a high security facility and as such personally assigned access swipe or other such key cards must be used for building access and exit. A key card systems dovetails nicely with a building occupancy control system for lighting and HVAC. The key card swipe at building entry and exit can signal the lighting and HVAC system to turn on / off specific systems. Keres / EMG recommends that the synergies between the existing key card system and future building controls are leveraged as part of the energy program. In addition many offices were notably unoccupied during our audit, perhaps scientists spending time in their lab, leading to the belief that an even lower office hour count could be considered. For simplicity we have assumed office hours of 8a-5p, M-F though it should be noted that this schedule is conservative in nature. It should also be noted that the energy usage information available to Keres/EMG was minimal and dated. In some cases ORNL staff estimated usage, which in practice is always a last resort of reference. It is highly recommended that monitoring equipment be installed on each building for every resource (Electricity, Natural Gas, Steam, Chilled Water, Water) in order to clearly map out usage.
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94572.10R-001.268 The following site plan outlines the areas of the projects site and the building in those defined areas that are included in the scope and review of this Energy Audit:
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94572.10R-001.268 The following building group was defined by the client as the focus group for this Energy Audit: Name
SF
Bldg 4508‐Central Complex Bldg 4515‐Central Complex Bldg 4007‐East Complex Bldg 5002‐East Complex Bldg 5510‐East Complex Bldg 6000‐East Complex Bldg 6007‐East Complex Bldg 6008‐East Complex Bldg 6010‐East Complex Bldg 6011‐East Complex Bldg 6012‐East Complex Bldg 6025‐East Complex Bldg 7009‐East Complex Bldg 7012‐East Complex Bldg 7015‐East Complex Bldg 7018‐East Complex Bldg 7021‐East Complex Bldg 7058‐East Complex Bldg 7067‐East Complex Bldg 7077‐East Complex Bldg 1059‐West Complex Bldg 1060‐West Complex Bldg 1061‐West Complex Bldg 1062‐West Complex Bldg 1506‐West Complex Bldg 2008‐West Complex Bldg 2500‐West Complex Bldg 2518‐West Complex Bldg 2525‐West Complex Bldg 3114‐West Complex Bldg 3147‐West Complex Bldg 3150‐West Complex Bldg 3156‐West Complex
96,971 65,769 7,033 7,056 13,555 115,984 4,260 7,489 55,104 18,636 12,569 17,382 9,632 30,079 2,096 18,200 1,482 1,008 828 4,299 6,998 9,516 6,999 6,998 16,785 4,726 11,040 13,399 27,149 2,034 13,387 11,929 6,990 627,382
Location
Central Complex Central Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex East Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex West Complex
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94572.10R-001.268 Keres / EMG have identified Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) for this property. The savings for each measure are calculated using standard engineering methods followed in the industry and detailed discussions of the recommended ECMs are provided in Section 5 of this report. The actual energy and cost savings would vary from the above estimates once the interactive effects are analyzed. The following table summarizes the existing energy performance of the ORNL Campus using key energy metrics. Facility Parameters Facilty Square Footage
Total 627,382
FY08 Elec Consumption (MW h)
28,353
FY08 Steam Consumption (Dekatherms)
149,048
FY08 District CHW Consumption (MW h) (Estimated)
3,137
FY08 Energy Use (kBtu/SF)
409
FY08 W ater Consumption (k gals) (Estimated)
37,239
FY08 Energy/W ater Cost ($)
$2,934,245
FY08 Energy Cost ($/SF)
$4.68
Project Economics Projected Initial ECM Investment ($)
$3,768,108
Estimated Annual Savings ($)
$391,169
ECM Effective Payback (years)
9.6
Estimated Annual Energy Savings (%)
14%
Estimated Annual Cost Savings (%)
13%
Estimated Energy Savings Estimated Annual Elec Savings (MW h)
4,162
Estimated Annual Steam Savings (dekatherms)
20,564
Estimated Annual Energy Savings (kbtu/SF)
55
Estimated Annual W ater Savings (kgals)
517
.
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3.
BENCHMARKING/ENERGY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
3.1. E N E R G Y S T A R P O R T F O L I O M A N A G E R F A C I L I T Y S U M M A R Y KERES / EMG uses the Portfolio Manager tool developed by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency to track relative energy uses of buildings by property type. The Portfolio Manager tool allows the input of historic utility data of a facility to be compared to normalized data of a large database of facilities of its peers. The historic utility data for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory campus, input into EnergyStar for the initial benchmarking analysis, was derived from two sources. Keres/ EMG were provided FY2008 electric and steam usage data along with a spreadsheet titled “Estimated ORNL Building Energy and Water Performance” that was created by the ORNL Energy Manager, C. Wayne Parker, PE, CEM. The FY2008 data was used as the primary source of data for EnergyStar while the spreadsheet was used to supplement water use and an average cost value for all three energy metrics. The following table contains energy performance measures for the facilities audited at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory campus arranged in order of rank from lowest to highest kBtu/SF.
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Building # 7067 7058 6011 6007/08 4007 1062 7021 3156 1061 5002 1059 7015 3147 6025 7077 3114 6012 7018 7009 6010 2518 2500 2525 7012 3150 1506 1060 6000 4515 5510 2008 4508 Campus
Site Energy Intensity (kBtu/Sq. Ft.) 18.6 28.1 37.3 38 42.6 43 44.3 44.6 49.3 53.6 55.6 59.1 61.2 78.7 86.9 90.6 105.6 124.3 174.5 184.7 185.4 245.1 250.4 279.6 338.5 404.4 533.1 539.6 582.5 667.5 769.9 878.8 189.2
Total Site National Source Energy Energy Use Average Site EUI Intensity (kBtu) (kBtu/Sq. Ft.) (kBtu/Sq.Ft.) 92,806.40 34.8 62 140,233.20 20.7 93.7 695,706.80 62.5 124.7 474,268.00 53.8 126.8 299,573.60 49.8 142.3 300,597.20 50 143.5 221,438.80 13.9 147.9 311,515.60 47.1 148.9 344,953.20 45.9 164.6 378,049.60 48.9 179 389,309.20 51.3 185.8 295,479.20 13.5 197.4 818,880.00 60.9 204.3 1,368,212.00 76.5 262.9 434,635.60 46.4 256.7 453,159.20 52.8 262.5 1,327,268.00 68.2 352.7 2,262,695.20 41 208.5 1,680,359.60 64.3 288.6 11,036,847.94 99.7 393 2,484,076.00 89.8 388.2 2,674,544.00 135.8 539.8 6,798,392.00 81.3 461.9 8,410,580.00 77.8 542.7 4,376,732.00 95.7 663.4 6,787,212.00 69 942.1 5,073,260.00 78.8 1,335.50 58,373,908.00 100.3 1,449.10 37,918,218.92 114.1 1,126.80 9,047,293.30 82.8 1,324.00 3,849,328.00 69.5 1,398.80 85,221,609.29 122.4 1,613.40 121,871,580.18 91.6 550
Total Source Energy Use (kBtu) 309,973.40 468,378.90 2,323,660.70 1,584,055.10 1,000,575.80 1,003,994.60 739,605.60 1,040,462.10 1,152,143.70 1,262,685.70 1,300,292.70 986,900.50 2,735,059.20 4,569,828.10 1,283,472.90 1,312,266.70 4,433,075.10 3,794,223.00 2,780,236.10 23,483,658.60 5,201,182.80 5,890,077.00 12,540,319.30 16,322,496.20 8,577,504.70 15,812,935.10 12,708,631.40 156,764,203.70 73,347,693.40 17,947,370.60 6,993,786.50 156,453,721.90 354,289,946.30
Total GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) 18.74 28.31 140.46 95.76 60.48 60.69 44.71 62.9 69.65 76.33 78.6 59.66 165.33 276.24 76.81 78.4 267.98 212.03 155.02 1,351.86 300.16 342.04 711.25 932.5 490.69 924.31 748.73 9,300.40 4,174.66 1,026.91 395.78 8,836.59 21,121.53
EnergyStar Rating 91 29 86 79 63 63 1 55 43 41 42 1 49 47 5 4 14 1 2 6 3 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
3.2. EPA E N E R G Y S T A R R A T I N G The national energy performance rating is a type of external benchmark that helps energy managers to assess how efficiently their buildings use energy, relative to similar buildings nationwide. The rating system’s 1-100 scale allows everyone to quickly understand how a building is performing; a rating of 50 indicates average energy performance while a rating of 75 or better indicates top performance. The higher the rating, the better the building is performing. Organizations can evaluate energy performance among their portfolio of buildings while also comparing performance with other similar buildings nationwide. Additionally, building owners and managers can use the performance ratings to help identify buildings that offer the best opportunity for improvement and recognition.
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94572.10R-001.268 To receive the energy performance rating, facility-related data entered into Portfolio Manager must adhere to a series of operating and energy use conditions. If one or more of these conditions are not met, the facility will receive "N/A" (Not Available) as a rating. This means that Portfolio Manager is unable to calculate a rating for that particular period ending date, given the operating and energy use conditions provided. The table above contains EnergyStar ratings for all of the buildings analyzed during this audit. Due to the unique nature of several buildings at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory campus, it was difficult to categorize them appropriately, with the options available in EnergyStar, to give them an accurate rating. As a result, the table above has been ranked based on the buildings Current Site Energy Intensity (kBtu/Sq. Ft.), which was determined to be a better assessment of performance for the facilities at this campus.
3.3. E N E R G Y C O S T P E R Y E A R The Campus’s Annual Energy Cost based on the EnergyStar model is $2,725,196.34 per year. Campus’s Energy Cost per SF per Year is $4.23 vs. a National Average of $2.05.
The
ORNL Campus Level Energy Cost per SF $5.00
$/ft2/year
$4.23
Campus
$2.05 $1.52
National Average Rating of 75
$Energy Cost
3.4. S O U R C E E N E R G Y
AND
SITE ENERGY
Buildings use a variety of forms of energy, including electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district steam. In order to provide an un-biased rating, the methodology must add together all of the energy used in a building. To combine energy in an equitable way, the ratings use source energy. Source energy is the energy that is consumed at the site in addition to the energy used in generation and transmission.
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94572.10R-001.268 The purpose of the conversion from site energy to source energy is to provide an equitable assessment of building-level energy efficiency. Because billed site energy use includes a combination of primary and secondary forms of energy, a comparison using site energy does not provide an equivalent thermodynamic assessment for buildings with different fuel mixes. In contrast, source energy incorporates all transmission, delivery, and production losses, which accounts for all primary fuel consumption and enables a complete assessment of energy efficiency in a building. When source energy is used to evaluate energy performance, an individual building’s performance does not receive either a credit or a penalty for using any particular fuel type. The campus’s site energy intensity rating is 189 kBtu/ft2 vs. a national average of 92 kBtu/ft2 for site.
ORNL Campus Site Energy Intensity 200
Site (kBtu/ft2)
189
Campus
92 68
National Average Rating of 75
0 Energy Intensity The campus’s source energy intensity rating is 550 kBtu/ft2 vs. a national average of 266 kBtu/ft2.
ORNL Campus Source Energy Intensity
Source (kBtu/ft2)
600
550
400 Campus
266 197
200
National Average Rating of 75
0 Energy Intensity
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4.
ANALYSIS OF BASELINE ENERGY AND COSTS
Establishing the energy baseline begins with an analysis of the utility cost and consumption provided by the Building. Utilizing the historical energy data and local weather information we evaluate the existing utility consumption and assign the consumption to the various end-users throughout the buildings. The Historical Data Analysis breaks down utilities by consumption, cost and annual profile. The historic utility data for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory campus, input into EnergyStar for the initial benchmarking analysis, was derived from two sources. Keres/ EMG was provided FY2008 electric and steam usage data along with a spreadsheet titled “Estimated ORNL Building Energy and Water Performance” that was created by the ORNL Energy Manager, C. Wayne Parker, PE, CEM. The FY2008 data was used as the primary source of data for EnergyStar while the spreadsheet was used to supplement water use and an average cost value for all three energy metrics. The historical energy data is analyzed using standard engineering assumptions and practices. The analysis serves the following functions:
It allows our engineers to benchmark the energy and water consumption of the facilities against consumption of efficient buildings of similar construction, use and occupancy. It generates the historical and current unit costs for energy and water It provides an indication of how well changes in energy consumption correlate to changes in weather. It reveals potential opportunities for energy consumption and/or cost reduction. For example, the analysis may indicate that there is excessive simultaneous heating and cooling, which may mean that there is an opportunity to improve the control of the heating and cooling systems.
By performing this analysis and leveraging our experience, our engineers prioritize buildings and pinpoint systems for additional investigation during the site visit, thereby maximizing the benefit of their time spent on site and minimizing time and effort by the customer’s personnel. Based upon the utility information provided about the referenced buildings, the following energy rates were utilized in determining existing and proposed energy costs. Electricity (Blended Rate)
Steam
Water / Sewer
0.0538 $/kWh
0.81 $/therm
$1.312/kGal
The data analyzed provides the following information: breakdown of utilities by consumption, cost and annual profile, baseline consumption in terms of energy/utility at the facility, the Energy Use Index, or Btu/sq ft, and cost/sq ft. For multiple water meters, the utility data was combined to illustrate annual consumption for each utility type.
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94572.10R-001.268 4.1. E L E C T R I C I T Y Based on the FY2008 electric usage and costs analysis, the average price paid during the year was $0.0538 per kWh. The total annual electricity consumption for the 12-month period analyzed is 28,202,906 kWh for a total cost of $1,517,316.33.
Consumption (kWh)
Unit Cost
Total Cost
October,07
2,350,898
$0.05
$126,478.34
November,07
1,833,213
$0.05
$98,626.88
December,07
2,116,199
$0.05
$113,851.49
January,08
3,112,173
$0.05
$167,434.89
Ferruary,08
2,982,782
$0.05
$160,473.68
March,08
2,332,028
$0.05
$125,463.11
April,08
2,535,662
$0.05
$136,418.64
May,08
1,890,435
$0.05
$101,705.42
June,08
2,079,013
$0.05
$111,850.91
July,08
2,793,184
$0.05
$150,273.28
August,08
2,012,986
$0.05
$108,298.67
September,08
2,164,331
$0.05
$116,441.03
28,202,906
$0.05
$1,517,316.33
Minimum
1,833,213
$0.05
$98,626.88
Maximum
3,112,173
$0.05
$167,434.89
Average
2,350,242
$0.05
$126,443.03
Start Date
Total
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Electricity Use (kWh) 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 October,07 November,07 December,07 January,08 Ferruary,08 March,08 April,08 May,08 June,08 July,08 August,08 September,08
R
Electricity Cost ($) $180,000.00 $160,000.00 $140,000.00 $120,000.00 $100,000.00 $80,000.00 $60,000.00 $40,000.00 $20,000.00 $0.00
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94572.10R-001.268 4.2. S T E A M Based on the FY2008 steam usage and costs analysis, the average price paid during the year was $0.81 per therm. The total annual steam consumption for the 12-month period analyzed is 1,490,497 therms for a total cost of $1,207,879.98.
Start Date
Delivery (Therms)
Unit Cost
Total Cost
October,07
134,145
$0.81
$108,709.20
November,07
178,860
$0.81
$144,945.60
December,07
223,575
$0.81
$181,182.00
January,08
283,194
$0.81
$229,497.20
Ferruary,08
253,384
$0.81
$205,339.60
March,08
149,050
$0.81
$120,788.00
April,08
89,430
$0.81
$72,472.80
May,08
29,810
$0.81
$24,157.60
June,08
14,905
$0.81
$12,078.80
July,08
14,905
$0.81
$12,078.80
August,08
14,905
$0.81
$12,078.80
September,08
104,335
$0.81
$84,551.60
1,490,497
$0.81
$1,207,879.98
Minimum
14,905
$0.81
$12,078.80
Maximum
283,194
$0.81
$229,497.20
Average
126,015
$0.81
$102,120.76
Total
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ENERGY AUDIT E P O R T
94572.10R-001.268
Steam Use (therms)
September,08
August,08
July,08
June,08
May,08
April,08
March,08
Ferruary,08
January,08
December,07
November,07
300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 October,07
R
Steam Cost ($) $250,000.00 $200,000.00 $150,000.00 $100,000.00 $50,000.00 $0.00
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94572.10R-001.268 4.3. W A T E R & W A S T E W A T E R Based on the FY2008 domestic water usage and costs analysis, the average price paid during the year was $1.32 per thousand gallons. The total annual domestic water consumption for the 12-month period analyzed is 37,240 thousand gallons for a total cost of $49,169.04. The individual domestic water system is bulk metered for sections of the property and not at the individual building level. Science and laboratory facilities by nature consume a extreme amount of water for process and non-process driven events. Keres / EMG recommend that the individual laboratory buildings with high process driven water consumption are reviewed for special metering. This special metering would be installed on the supply water used in processes that do not discharged back into the sanitary sewer system. This metering allows for abatement of the sewage component of process water that does not discharge back into the sanitary sewer system.
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ENERGY AUDIT R
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94572.10R-001.268
5.
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURE (ECM) RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. C O S T S A V I N G S R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S Keres / EMG have identified Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) for each building in the focus group for this energy audit. The following table lists the projects identified for each building and presents the project economics by building as well as summarizing the enter campus into key metrics.
18
Building Parameters Square Footage FY08 Elec Consumption (MWh) FY08 Steam Consumption (Dekatherms) FY08 District CHW Consumption (MWh) (Estimated) FY08 Energy Use (kBtu/SF) FY08 Water Consumption (kgals) (Estimated) FY08 Energy/Water Cost ($) FY08 Energy Cost ($/SF) Energy Star Performance Rating Low Cost - No Cost Maintenance Type ECMs Building Envelope 1 - Add weatherstripping to entryway doors 2 - Caulk building exterior 3 - Repair torn insulation or holes in ducts 4 - Insulate steam piping in Mechanical Room 5 - Insulate hot water tanks in Mechanical Room Air Compressors 1 - Detect and fix leaks 2 - Install schedule-driven control 3 - Install ducting for outside air supply/exhaust Standard ECMs Building Envelope 1 - Replace entryway doors 1 - Insulate attic/roof 2 - Install air barriers on bay doors HVAC 1 - Install occupancy-based control 2 - Install VFDs on AHU and pump motors 5 - Replace Split System Heat Pumps with higher efficiency units 7 - Replace motors with premium efficiency motors 8 - Install enthalpy OA economizer control 10 - Convert AHU system to VAV Lighting 1 - Replace incandescent lamps with CFLs 2 - Install occupancy-based control 3 - Install dual-level lighting fixtures in stairwells 4 - Install Daylight Harvesting Dimmable Ballasts and Controls 5 - Delamp existing fixtures 6 - Convert T12 lighting to T8 lighting 7 - Replace incandescent exit signs with LED exit signs 10 - Replace HO Lights with Induction,LED or T5 lights Plumbing 1 - Install low-flow aerators on bathroom faucets 2 - Install low-flow aerators on kitchen faucets
1059 6,998 114 0 0 56 28 $6,170 $0.88 42
x
1060 9,516 831 2,241 0 534 $62,613 $6.58 1
x
1061 6,999 282 0 0 138 29 $15,210 $2.17 43
x
1062 6,998 88 0 0 43 32 $4,776 $0.68 63
1506 16,785 927 3,628 0 405 62 $78,929 $4.70 1
2008 4,726 219 3,102 0 815 5 $36,574 $7.74 1
x
2500 11,040 313 1,610 0 243 50 $29,769 $2.70 11
x
2518 13,399 246 1,638 0 185 55 $26,395 $1.97 3
x
2525 27,149 417 5,379 0 251 63 $65,495 $2.41 1
3114 2,034 102 1,064 0 694 20 $14,015 $6.89 4
3147 13,387 241 0 0 61 79 $13,069 $0.98 49
3150 11,929 345 3,411 0 385 30 $45,854 $3.84 1
3156 6,990 91 0 0 44 35 $4,942 $0.71 55
4007 7,033 88 0 0 43 20 $4,761 $0.68 63
4508 96,971 5,492 60,148 1,845 879 291 $875,898 $9.03 1
4515 65,769 3,023 24,764 834 577 171 $405,687 $6.17 1
Building 5002 5510 7,056 13,555 111 774 0 6,117 0 90 54 669 19 11 $5,997 $95,382 $0.85 $7.04 41 1
x
x
6000 115,984 11,184 20,214 0 503 35,685 $810,028 $6.98 1
x
6007 4,260 48 0 0 38 32 $2,624 $0.62 79
x x x
x
6008 7,489 90 0 0 41 32 $4,884 $0.65 79
x x x
x x
x x
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
8160 25000
12350
12350
6000
6000
45000 40000
5000
6000
58300
8670
25800 35435 60000
58335
5750
2600
48500
x x
7009 9,632 53 1,498 0 174 23 $14,851 $1.54 2
7012 30,079 640 6,227 0 280 65 $84,271 $2.80 1
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
5000 15040
7015 2,096 87 0 0 142 $4,681 $2.23 1
23700
7018 18,200 80 1,991 0 124 6 $20,220 $1.11 1
7021 1,482 65 0 0 150
7058 1,008 41 0 0 139
$3,497 $2.36 1
$2,206 $2.19 29
x x
7067 828 27 0 0 111 5 $1,459 $1.76 91
7077 4,299 101 88 0 101 45 $6,196 $1.44 5
x x
x x
x x
5000
5000 414
5000 2150 6000
128
300
1744
400
14 1120
2478
2632
Total 627,382 28,353 149,048 3,137 409 37,271 $2,934,287 $4.68 25
5000 2272
5000 4000
1192
1192
5000 27552
5000 9318
5000 6285
5000 8691
5000
11000
5856 26400
5668 10000 1800
872 5000 1200
1200
1462
8135
960
3800
400
29360
39480 163
780
650
9100 6000
1280 10000 800
4400 20000
750
10000 1000
2840
363 7600
4856
25004
872
872
200
132700 250 1500
2400 11000
2400 21000
1000
1200
2400 11000
2400 11000
500
500
500 500
500 500
3 - Replace showerheads with low-flow 2.0 GPM showerheads
500
1000
1000
2500
3000 2500 9000
2500 4500
3500 2500 13500
1000 3000 11500
1000 1000 1500 23000
2000 2000 1500 35000
x
x
x
1000 4500
1000 4500
1000 4500
1000
1000 1500 6750
1000 1500 6756
1000
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
4500
x
305 12480 2400 8700
46336
3760
4400
4756
13158 26 308 113
1582 300
76 2640
8016
13668
11000 2400 11000
128
480
710
700 500
4 - Replace 3.5+-GPF flush valves with dual-flow flush valves 5 - Replace existing urinals with waterless urinals 6 - Install electric heat pump domestic HW heater Appliances 1 - Install energy controllers on vending machines. 2 - Install energy controllers on water fountains. 3 - Replace refrigerators with Energy Star units. 4 - Install occupancy-controlled power strips. Custom ECMs Renewable Energy 1 - Solar panels 2 - Fuel cell/Microturbine 3 - Install "cool roof" Water 1 - Add rain water collection system 2 - Collect and filter condensate 3 - Replace once-through process cooling water system Building Automation Systems and Commissioning 1 - Energy Management Control System 2 - (re) Commissioning 3 - Replace PTACs with Central HVAC system IT/PC Systems 1 - PC thin client migration Project Economics Projected Initial ECM Investment ($) Estimated Annual Savings ($) ECM Effective Payback (years) Estimated Annual Energy Savings (%) Estimated Annual Cost Savings (%) Estimated Energy Savings Estimated Annual Elec Savings (MWh) Estimated Annual Steam Savings (dekatherms) Estimated Annual Energy Savings (kbtu/SF) Estimated Annual Water Savings (kgals)
500 4500
50000 3800
2500 2600 4400
900
24000
500
x x
6025 17,382 403 0 0 79 117 $21,835 $1.26 47
26000
11500
1000
5000
3528
35000
2400 11000
500
x x
6012 12,569 389 0 0 106 74 $21,025 $1.67 14
6000 75000
6130 10000 2500 25000
6011 18,636 204 0 0 37 90 $11,093 $0.60 86
x
5000 3517
6010 55,104 1,237 5,928 368 207 97 $133,881 $2.43 8
3195
90
710
90 80
1500
2000 2500 4500
2500 4500 1000 1000 1500 5000
x
x
1000
2500 4500
5000
1000 1500 2500
x
x
x
x
x
2500 4500
2500
6500
x x
500 300
2500 4500
1000 1000 1500 10000
270
x
x
1200 600
800 2500 4500
4500
550
340 760 1100
1100
4500 200
380 550
380 1650
6500
x
4500
270 270 2200
550
11000
x x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x $6,500 $615 7.3 10% 10%
$82,160 $16,906 5.6 27% 27%
$46,000 $5,314 22.7 35% 35%
$46,006 $1,425 84.6 30% 30%
$289,700 $29,182 11.5 37% 37%
$25,130 $6,583 3.6 18% 18%
11
224 605 144 0
99
26
48 3
13 3
343 1,342 150 6
39 558 147 1
6 1
$55,500 $178,985 $6,535 $6,061 25.3 33.2 22% 23% 22% 23% 69 354 53 5
57 377 43 6
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
$127,000 $18,324 22.2 28% 28%
$10,170 $2,381 4.3 17% 17%
$38,900 $2,992 67.1 23% 23%
$137,435 $12,374 14.5 27% 27%
$31,150 $1,473 71.2 30% 30%
$33,017 $1,660 73.0 35% 35%
$127,800 $178,754 5.4 21% 20%
$60,241 $8,754 6.9 1% 2%
$51,828 $2,093 58.1 35% 35%
$29,078 $6,490 4.5 6% 7%
$77,495 $26,348 2.9 3% 3%
$20,836 $877 23.8 34% 33%
$36,886 $2,814 13.1 38% 58%
$77,889 $13,065 6.0 7% 10%
$67,718 $3,853 83.3 35% 35%
$78,863 $5,327 14.8 56% 25%
$80,804 $9,522 7.8 44% 44%
$17,895 $3,900 3.8 22% 26%
$29,162 $14,431 0.8 11% 17%
117 1,506 70 6
17 181 118 2
55
93 921 104 3
27
31
162
39
148
34
219
176
8
19 2
37 51
13 82
15 37
168 173 14 120
71
15 2
472 100 15 82
16
13 4
1,263 13,834 187 200
13 9
60
35
37 238 38
260 56 31
14 8
0% 0%
$20,217 $1,654 4.6 6% 8%
0% 0%
0 0 0
25 40 7
0 0 0
$6,006 $236 4.8 11% 11%
$8,592 $138 23.1 12% 9%
4
2 3 13 5
15
$19,640 $3,313 4.1 56% 53%
$1,918,601 $393,394 4.9 14% 13%
53 4,360 63 20,351 57 56 635
ENERGY AUDIT R
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2. ECM D E S C R I P T I O N S The recommended projects outlined on the previous ECM Matrix are described below in detail.
5.2.1. Building Envelope 5.2.1.1 Replace entryway doors Many buildings were observed to have aged entryway doors (maybe original), no weather-stripping, and single pane glass. Temperature regulation issues were very apparent at the entryway of many buildings. Mobile dehumidifiers were also present in hallways of certain buildings. Many of the doors without weather-stripping are observed to have daylight shining under and around them. This is much more of an issue in buildings without a foyer, as the foyer serves as a buffer. Replace with a steel insulated door with no window and high quality weather-stripping. 5.2.1.2 Caulk building exterior A majority of buildings appear to have original caulk. Gaps are present profusely at many windows and PTAC units. This is a low-cost measure, easily implemented with immediate impact. 5.2.1.3 Insulate attic/roof Insulation was observed to be non-existent in the top floor of many buildings surveyed. This is a low material cost, however installation costs may be of concern as it would require moving drop roofs and navigating around fixtures. 5.2.1.4 Repair torn insulation or holes in ducts Seal Exhaust ducts where noted, Repair holes in insulation where noted. 5.2.1.5 Install air barriers on bay doors Air barriers should be installed in dock locations where bay doors remain open for extended periods of time. 5.2.1.6 Replace single pane glazing with double-pane glazing The replacement of the original single pane windows with double pane insulated windows is recommended for the buildings that have original and / or inefficient window systems. 5.2.1.7 Install “cool roof” The benefits of installing cool roof technology needs to be calculated as this would only be a benefit during high temperature months in summer.
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.1.8 Replace weatherstripping around entryway doors Many buildings were observed to have entryway doors with no weather-stripping. Temperature regulation issues were very apparent at the entryway of many buildings. Mobile dehumidifiers were also present in hallways of certain buildings. Many of the doors without weather-stripping are observed to have daylight shining under and around them. This is much more of an issue in buildings without a foyer, as the foyer serves as a buffer. Install high quality weather-stripping.
5.2.2. HVAC 5.2.2.1 Install occupancy-based controls Event Driven/Occupancy Based HVAC controls is the #1 priority for the office space in any of the buildings. Since office hours comprise 40 hours/week, and non-office hours are 128 hours per week, we can easily see that systems running during non-office hours can draw over 300% estimated load than necessary. The ORNL site is a prime candidate for these systems as most of the current systems are all manual. ORNL has already experimented with a variety of types of HVAC scheduling/occupancy control. In terms of cost/performance they are listed below 8 hour timer switches, wall-mounted rotary knobs. Building 6011 East Wing has them installed already. Occupancy sensors, ceiling-mounted or wall-mounted. Building 3147 has them installed already for hallway light control. This can used for dual lighting/HVAC control in offices Installation of Energy Management Systems (EMS) that allows for scheduling and/or occupancy control. EMS is the most expensive, however it will provide for finer control of critical spaces, and allow the option for heating/cooling during months where other building systems may be adversely affected without some form of HVAC running. (i.e. if all the rooms are left to float during winter and the pipes freeze, this will create big problems.) Since these ECMs have already been installed at a few locations, comparing the energy usage of these buildings to ones without the retrofits, sheds light on the scale of effectiveness of the energy use reduction. Buildings 4007 and 5002 are similar in size, use type, use hours, construction, age of HVAC, efficiency of HVAC, lighting etc. Building 5002 has some occupancy based lighting control and no HVAC occupancy based control. Building 4007 has completed remodeled their lighting and has almost 100% occupancy based lighting. Many HVAC systems in 4007 are also occupancy based control. Building 6011 has 8 hour timer switches on offices in east wing, which keep HVAC systems “off” for 128 hours at a minimum, and will also keep systems off during days of non-occupancy which increases the effectiveness. Since Building 6011 uses 3kW/ftsq, where the other 2 buildings use 16 and 13 respectively. This is proof that occupancy based HVAC controls have a much greater impact on energy savings, than light based occupancy controls. Both are good, HVAC is much better.
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94572.10R-001.268 In many spaces observed the control of both systems may be combined, however the ramp up of HVAC systems vs. “instant on” of lighting systems may cause occupant discomfort. It is not the intent of this audit to suggest one or the other, only to report options, pros and cons. 5.2.2.2 Add VFDs to all AHUs and Pumping Systems A VFD will allow for lower speed operation when demand is lower than 100%, and will fall into “Sleep Mode” during times when HVAC is not required. Combined with an EMS system some of these functions can be scheduled as well. VFDs have been considered the “Holy Grail” of Energy Conservation, yet we did not find one in all of the buildings surveyed. 5.2.2.3 Insulation on steam piping A few buildings were recorded to have 200F surface temps on steam piping. 200F is scalding to human flesh so this is a safety issue as well as energy savings. Some mechanical rooms have adequate insulation on the steam piping, and should be used as models to be copied into other mechanical rooms. 5.2.2.4 Replace PTACs with central HVAC system Combine this with potential of utilizing Natural Gas for heating needs. Natural gas usage will dramatically reduce CO2 emissions in comparison to the Coal Fired Electricity currently used. 5.2.2.5 Replace Aged PTACs, Split AC unit with high efficiency units Since it is estimated that most PTAC and Split AC systems are 6 – 10 SEER, a renovation that increases the SEER rating to a minimum of 13 will double the efficiency of most units. However it should also be noted that units for air cooled Heat Pumps currently are available up to 21 SEER. Geothermal pumps over 30 SEER. As occupancy based controls are installed, this ROI becomes less attractive since the HVAC will not be running quite as frequently. Higher tonnage units running conference rooms, labs, etc, could be targeted first. 5.2.2.6 Consolidate HVAC systems to Centralized AHU with duct air distribution Combine this with potential of utilizing Natural Gas for heating needs. Natural gas usage will dramatically reduce CO2 emissions in comparison to the Coal Fired Electricity currently used. 5.2.2.7 Install variable-flow refrigerant system The existing PTACs are inefficient. The units have low EER and use electric resistance heating. The installation of a variable refrigerant flow zoning system would be significantly more efficient. The system utilizes a central refrigerant condensing loop connected to ductless terminal heat pump units. The system has outside air capability. The terminal units have the capability of heating or cooling as needed to meet space temperatures.
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.2.8 Replace motors with premium efficiency motors High-efficiency motors will perform the same function as standard motors, but will improve efficiency by reducing losses in the conversion of electrical to mechanical energy. For example, magnetic losses are reduced by using thinner, higher quality steel lamination in the stator and rotor core. The air gap between rotor and stator is minimized by manufacturing to higher tolerances. More copper is used in the stator windings to reduce resistive losses. On motors with fans, smaller and more efficient fans are used. 5.2.2.9 Install enthalpy OA economizer control Many of the existing HVAC systems have OA economizer capability. The current economizer control is based on outside air temperature. The hours of operation of the outside air economizers will be increased if the control was based on enthalpy. The outside air economizer control should be changed to use enthalpy. 5.2.2.10 Upgrade HVAC controls Several buildings still have older pneumatic controls and are not connected to the campus-wide Johnson Control “Metasys” building automation system. The controls in these buildings should be upgraded to direct digital controls and connected to the building automation system. 5.2.2.11 Convert AHU system to VAV Several buildings have constant-volume reheat AHU systems. These systems are inherently inefficient. The existing central AHU systems should be converted to variable air volume systems. The upgraded VAV system is more energy efficient. The existing reheat coils should be replaced with VAV terminal boxes; some of these terminal boxes may require reheat coils. 5.2.2.12 Perform retrocomissioning on HVAC systems Many of the existing HVAC systems are not performing as designed, and many air systems have not been balanced. Retro commissioning should be performed to balance the systems and set the controls as designed. The retro-commissioning can result in up to 20% energy savings.
5.2.3. Air Compressors 5.2.3.1 Detect and fix leaks Compressors can commonly be the largest energy load at an individual building. For example, building 7012 has (2) 50-HP compressors that draw 37.5kW each or 75kW total for every hour they are running. Finding and fixing leaks will prevent 100% cycling and will allow compressors to cycle only when necessary. In addition, a preventive maintenance routine should be established to inspect compressor for leaks as compressor leaks are 100% certain to happen and are a low cost maintenance item.
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ENERGY AUDIT R
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.3.2 Install schedule-driven control A scheduled switch will keep compressor cycling to 0% for the 128 hours of the week at nights and on weekends. There may be occasions when the compressor needs to run longer on a day or two, so adding a manual on button that is timed for 1-3 hours will prevent issues with turning off too soon. 5.2.3.3 Install duct ofr outside air supply/exhaust Cold air is easier to compress, so it actually takes less energy, increasing efficiency. In addition, if exhaust is not blown outside, the compressor room will heat up with the exhaust air, making it more difficult to compress air, which is less efficient. Both should be completed in any mechanical room to improve efficiency and are relatively low cost items.
5.2.4. IT Room Optimization The IT room at Building 6012 was locked and unavailable during the extent of our audit. I did gather that the 3 fan condenser next to this room providing the primary cooling. The cooling would be approximately a 15 ton unit. At 12 SEER that is a sizable 15kW load. The IT equipment itself could be estimated near 7.5kW if the PUE is 3. 22.5kW would be one of the top 5 largest loads during the audit, and optimizing IT room layout will surely be able to reduce energy usage, and…increase reliability of IT as heat is removed efficiently. 5.2.4.1 PC Thin Client Migration Many of the office space buildings have a (1) Personal Computer per office. Thin Client PC design has multiple benefits to high security facilities, but it also provides a reduction of energy used as processing power is condensed and centralized in the IT Room. Building 6012 is an excellent candidate to experiment with A PC Thin Client arrangement since the IT room is already at that location.
5.2.5. Lighting 5.2.5.1 Change all remaining Incandescent bulbs into Compact Fluorescent Lights CFL. Fluorescent lighting is recommended for areas where color sensitivity is an important criterion (e.g., offices or small parts assembly rooms). Screw-in fluorescent lamps are available to replace incandescent lamps. Power savings are typically 60%. Screw-in self-contained lamps, with a 10,000-hour life, can replace flood lights that have a 7,000-hour life. Screw-in circle light fixtures are also available. Screw-in fluorescent lamps are generally not compatible with dimmers. New energy-efficient fluorescent lamps are continually being introduced. It is important to stay abreast of this technology so that the most efficient products may be used. 5.2.5.2 Add occupancy based control to office spaces Add Sensors to all office spaces, wall-mounted at switch or ceiling-mounted Tie Lighting control into EMS system to perform scheduling/occupancy based control
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ENERGY AUDIT R
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.5.3 Change out fixtures of stairwell lighting (technology already being used in 3147) Replace stairwell lighting with fixtures similar to the technology already being used in building 3147. Existing stairwell lighting should be replaced with dual-level lighting fixtures. These fixtures have two 4foot T8 lamps and a motion sensor. One lamp is on continuously; the second lamp comes on when motion is sensed. 5.2.5.4 Consider a combination of either task lighting for office space, or dimmable fixtures. Since most offices are at least 30% window, the option to dim or shut off lighting should be an option. A ballast retrofit would be required for this option, so it is costly and/or labor intensive, however it has been observed that most office occupants will either shut off lights or dim them below 50% usage when the option is available. 5.2.5.5 Delamp due to overlighting In areas such as hallways, lobbies, and break rooms where current light levels exceed lighting standards and the area is over lit, lamps in existing fixtures may be removed to lower light levels. The lighting in office and common areas often tends to warm and bright. Whereas when the LUX readings taken at these locations, are compared to the IESNA lighting standard, it is often observed that the lighting levels are over the prescribed levels. In such circumstances EMG advises to go for de-lamping of individual light fixtures, such that the LUX levels post de-lamping would be in a close range to that of the prescribed limit. The result of de-lamping is reduction in the brightness in the specific areas, but would always be slightly above the recommended IESNA levels. The light readings are taken by hand held light meter, at an approximately table top height from the floor. The advantage of de-lamping is reduction in the demand load as well as the annual lighting energy consumption. EMG recommends taking de-lamping trials at different locations before implementing it across the entire space. When removing fluorescent or HID lamps, also remove or disconnect the ballast to prevent them from continuing to consume energy. 5.2.5.6 Identify where T12 lights still exist and convert them to T8. If done in concert with a dimmable ballast campaign, you can achieve many results at one time with little increase in cost. 5.2.5.7 Install day-lighting control Photo sensors can be installed in areas with abundant natural light. The lights can be dimmed or turned off when natural light is sufficient. These areas include lobbies, break rooms, hallways and stairways. 5.2.5.8 Install photo sensors for garage lighting Photo sensors can be installed in garages with abundant natural light. The lights can be dimmed or turned off when natural light is sufficient.
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.5.9 Replace exterior lighting with induction lamps Existing high-output lighting (high pressure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps) is inefficient. Existing high-output exterior lighting fixtures may be replaced with exterior lighting fixtures that use induction lamps. The induction lamps are more energy efficient. 5.2.5.10 Replace HO lighting with T5 lighting Existing high-bay high-output metal halide lighting is inefficient. The existing high-output fixtures may be replaced with new fixtures that use four 4-foot T5 lamps. These fixtures produce the same light level at considerably lower energy use. 5.2.5.11 Replace exterior lighting with LED lighting Existing high-output lighting (high pressure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps) is inefficient. Existing high-output exterior lighting fixtures may be replaced with exterior lighting fixtures that use LED lamps. The LED lamps are more energy efficient and have a significantly longer service life.
5.2.6. Plumbing 5.2.6.1 Install low-flow aerators on bathroom and kitchen faucets By reducing the flow of water coming from the restroom faucets, aerators can generate energy savings at low cost and with easy installation. The savings generated would be in the form of reduced water and sewer costs and at the same time aerators would save energy by reducing the demand for hot water. The average faucet has a flow rate of about 3 to 5 GPM. Adding a screw-in faucet aerator reduces the flow to 0.5 to 1.5 GPM in the bathroom and 2.2 GPM in the kitchen. In addition to saving energy and water, the “foamier” water that comes from faucet aerators wets objects better than water from a faucet with no aerator, which tends to bounce off the object rather than thoroughly wetting it. 5.2.6.2 Replace high-flow showerheads with low-flow 2.0-GPM showerheads By reducing the flow of water coming off the shower heads, savings can be generated in the form of reduced water and sewer costs. Additional savings can be realized via reduction in the demand for hot water. Currently Federal law requires all new shower heads to have a maximum flow rate of 2.5 GPM. 5.2.6.3 Replace 3.5+-GPF flush valves with dual-flow flush valves The existing toilet flush valves should be replaced with dual flush valves. These valves have a high-flow (1.6 gpf) and a low-flow (1,0 gpf) option. The highest water utilization at any home/office occurs in the restrooms. It is estimated that on an average a normal human being uses the restroom at least four times a day. Keeping with the global water conservation objectives, federal law prohibits use of any new water closet flushes over 1.6 GPF. At the same time the ‘1992 EpACT’ mandates all new Urinals to have a maximum 1.0 GPF flush valves on urinals.
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.6.4 Replace existing urinals with waterless urinals Existing urinals should be replaced with new waterless urinals. Waterless urinals can have maximum possible water savings, typically 20% to 30% of total site water consumption. They can also offer reduced incidence of blockages and eliminates the need to maintain flush pipes and flush controllers. This new concept does come with a down side unfamiliar concept bad experiences from the past simple but essential weekly maintenance. Some toilets have cartridges that require replacement on a routine basis. 5.2.6.5 Install electric heat pump domestic hot water heater Most of the domestic hot water heaters are electric. These units are inefficient. The existing units should be replaced with electric heat pump domestic hot water heaters. These units utilize a small heat pump to heat the water and are extremely efficient. This ECM recommends the replacement of standard electric water heaters at the facility. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to move heat from one place to another instead of generating heat directly. Therefore, they can be two to three times more energy efficient than conventional electric resistance water heaters. To move the heat, heat pumps work like a refrigerator in reverse. While a refrigerator pulls heat from inside a box and dumps it into the surrounding room, a stand-alone air-source heat pump water heater pulls heat from the surrounding air and dumps it—at a higher temperature—into a tank to heat water.
5.2.7. Water 5.2.7.1 Add rain water collection system Size and location of cistern is critical as most buildings are struggling for space. There is a potential for many buildings to consolidate a cistern to a central location, minimizing cost of installation. A strategic rain water collection system could be designed with a few cisterns inside dense areas to also minimize piping for each building. 5.2.7.2 Collect and filter steam condensate Investigate the amount of water “blown down” from steam to hot water heat exchanger and the potential of filtering it for use in a “grey water” system to be fed into toilets. 5.2.7.3 Replace once-through process cooling water system Several buildings use domestic water for process cooling in a once-through piping arrangement. The domestic water consumption for these buildings is high and costly. The existing system should be replaced with a system that uses district chilled water. A heat exchanger should be installed to cool a closed-loop process cooling system with district chilled water. This type of machinery consumes large volumes of water that flows “once-through,” and is then disposed of into the sewer, resulting in higher than necessary water and sewer bills. When the equipment is properly maintained it can use between 100 and 1,000 gallons of water daily. Unfortunately, once-through water-cooled equipment is often not wellmaintained and consumes more water (and electricity) than required for the cooling process.
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94572.10R-001.268 5.2.8. Appliances 5.2.8.1 Install energy controllers on vending machines Vending machines are usually designed to operate all day round irrespective of the occupancy level in the office. This means that the vending machines operate for more than 12 hours a day when not required in case of commercial establishments. Keres / EMG recommends installing vend misers on these vending machines, which shall automatically reduce the running time of these machines during weekends and unoccupied hours. There are two types of vend misers; one has a timer in it, which is programmed to turn off or tune down the vending machines after the office hours and bring it back up a hour before the office opens. The other is a motion sensor based system that tunes down the machines upon detecting unoccupancy for a pre-programmed duration of time. In the case of vending machines storing chilled products, the vend miser doesn’t turn off the machine entirely, but reduces the operating time of the compressor, such that the machine maintains the products at a minimum tolerable temperature. 5.2.8.2 Install energy controllers on water fountains Similar to the vending machines, the water fountains too are designed to operate 24 hrs a day. This means that the energy utilized by the compressor used for chilling the water during after office hours goes waste. Keres / EMG recommend installing cooler misers on individual water fountains. The chiller misers are simple timers that can be programmed to turn off the chiller compressors in the water fountain after office hours and turn them on just before the daily office hours. They also can be programmed to keep the fountains turned off on weekends. 5.2.8.3 Replace refrigerators with EnergyStar units One of the highest ‘silent’ energy consuming devices in any home/office is the refrigerator, which runs all year long. Having a low energy consuming refrigerator thus results in a considerable reduction in the annual energy costs. On an average a useful life of any refrigerator is approximately 15 years. Keres / EMG recommends replacing the current refrigerator at the end of its useful life with a new EnergyStar certified low energy consuming refrigerator. 5.2.8.4 Install occupancy-controlled power strips Occupancy-controlled power strips should be installed in offices. Devices that are only used during office occupancy (for example monitors, task lights, and printers) should use controlled outlets that are automatically switched by the occupancy sensor. Essential devices are plugged into uncontrolled outlets for continuous power.
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6.
BUILDING 6000 SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) CONSERVATION
SF6 is a sulfur hexafluoride is the most potent green house gas, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. SF6 has a global warming potential of 22,800 times that of CO2 when compared over a 100 year period. SF6 has an extremely long life (estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800-3200 years) and stays in an inert condition in the stratosphere and troposphere. The SF6 concentrations have steadily increased by about 7% per year during the 1980’s and 1990’s. SF6 is primarily used in the magnesium industry, electrical utilities and electronics manufacturing. Though the overall contribution of SF6 towards global warming is less than 0.2% it is still imperative to have a regulated use as its Global Warming Potential is very high compared to CO2. Building 6000 in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory complex houses a Van de Graaff generator. ‘SF6 is commonly encountered as a high voltage dielectric, in the high voltage supplies of particle accelerators, such as Van de Graaff generators and Pelletrons and high voltage transmission electron microscopes.’ Due to its inertness and dielectric (non – conductive) properties, SF6 is the preferred gas for electric insulation and current interruption. During the Keres / EMG on site assessment and subsequent discussions with site personnel including but not limited to Mr. Chris Fitzpatrick it was noted that the SF6 gas inventories on Building 6000 laboratory activities conclude that SF6 is currently leaking into the atmosphere. The source and exact quantities of leakages is not yet known. An Infrared (IR) camera can be used to detect the leakages. The IR camera is a small, portable, battery operated lightweight camera and extremely sensitive to SF6. (http://www.goinfrared.com/media/2007-047Madding.pdf) The US Environmental Protection Agency has several regulatory programs for high global warming potential gases - ‘Section 608 of the Clean Air Act of 1990’. This act gives an overview of the reclamation process for ozone depleting substances. EPA has several voluntary partnership programs with the industries emitting SF6 to reduce emissions of high global warming potential gases. These partnership programs help reduce green house gas emissions by developing and implementing cost effective improvements to their industrial process (http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/voluntary.html). The following are the steps we recommend for ORNL with regards to Building 6000 process related SF6 1. Use IR camera and SF6 detection sensing equipment to trace the entire release and reclamation process in situ 2.
Denote areas of leakage during the entire process
3.
Determine if areas of denoted leakage can be curtailed
4.
Implement strategy to repair or remedy leakage
5.
Repair or remedy leakage points in process. Implement system upgrade if required.
6.
Retest the measures when in place.
7.
To implement a stringent maintenance plan.
8.
Recover and recycle gas. Identify opportunities and cost incentives involved in recycling and reuse of gas.
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94572.10R-001.268 9.
Identify government agencies to help build a partnership to guide in developing cost effective improvements and recycling programs.
An integrated analysis considering safety, environment and performance should be carried out prior to decision making.
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7.
IMPLEMENTION OF AN OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PLAN
The quality of the maintenance and operation of the facility’s energy systems has a direct effect on its overall energy efficiency. Energy efficiency needs to be a consideration when implementing facility modifications, equipment replacements, and general corrective actions. The following is a list of activities that should be performed as part of the routine maintenance program for the property. These actions, which have been divided into specific and general recommendations, will insure that the energy conservation measures identified in this report will remain effective. The following general recommendations should be continued or implemented.
7.1. B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E Existing Maintenance 1. 2.
Damaged caulking and weather-stripping replaced as needed. Interior vestibule doors are closed during operating hours.
Proposed Operations & Maintenance Improvement 1. 2. 3. 4.
Caulking and weather stripping is functional and effective at all times. Walls observed weekly and holes are patched in the building envelope as required. Windows to be inspected monthly for damaged panes and failed thermal seals. Automatic door closing mechanisms are repaired and adjusted as needed.
7.2. H E A T I N G
AND
COOLING
Existing Maintenance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Heat exchange surfaces of furnaces were clean and free of scale. Chiller tubes are inspected and cleaned annually. Temperature settings are reduced in unoccupied areas and set points are seasonally adjusted. Control valves and dampers are checked for full functionality. Equipment is inspected quarterly for worn or damaged parts. Ductwork is sealed and insulated. Hot air registers, and return air ductwork are currently clean and unobstructed. Air dampers were operating correctly and are checked monthly. Heating appeared to be uniform throughout the designated areas. Evaporator and condenser coils in AC equipment were clean. Air filters are clean and replaced as needed. Filters were clean.
Proposed Operations& Maintenance Improvement
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Chiller tubes should be inspected and cleaned annually. Temperature settings are reduced in unoccupied areas and set points are seasonally adjusted. Control valves and dampers should be checked for functionality monthly and repaired. Equipment is inspected for worn or damaged parts as part of a monthly maintenance check. Ductwork visually inspected and checked for leaks or damaged insulation as part of a monthly maintenance check. 6. Hot air registers, and return air ductwork are clean and unobstructed. 7. Air dampers are operating correctly. 8. Test and balance is completed annually to ensure heating is uniform throughout the spaces. 9. Evaporator coils and condenser coils should be regularly checked and cleaned. 10. Air filters are inspected monthly and replaced prior to excessive visual buildup. (May increase filter costs, but will reduce fan energy costs).
7.3. D O M E S T I C H O T W A T E R Existing Maintenance 1. 2.
Domestic hot water heater temperature is currently set to 120 °F. Hot water piping was insulated and was not leaking.
Proposed Operations& Maintenance Improvement 1. 2. 3.
Domestic hot water heater temperature is set to the minimum temperature required. Hot water piping should be checked routinely for damaged insulated and leaks. Tank-type water heaters should be flushed monthly.
7.4. L I G H T I N G Existing Maintenance 1. 2. 3. 4.
Only energy efficient replacement lamps are used and in-stock. Lighting fixture reflective surfaces and translucent covers were clean. Walls were clean and bright. Timers and/or photocells were operating correctly on exterior lighting.
Proposed Operations& Maintenance Improvement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Over-lit areas should be managed by bi-level switching or photocell controls. Only energy efficient replacement lamps should be used and in-stock for replacement. Lighting fixture reflective surfaces and translucent covers are clean. Walls should be clean and bright to maximize lighting effectiveness. Timers and/or photocells are operating correctly on exterior lighting. Increased lighting control is recommended through occupancy sensors.
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94572.10R-001.268 7.5. E X I S T I N G E Q U I P M E N T 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
AND
REPLACEMENTS
Refrigerator and freezer doors should close and seal correctly. Kitchen exhaust fans are only used when needed or timers are installed to limit operation. Office/ computer equipment is either in the “sleep” or off mode when not used. All other recommended equipment specific preventive maintenance actions are conducted, Usage demands on the building/ equipment have not changed significantly since the original building commissioning or the most recent retro-commissioning.
In addition, equipment replacement should be performed assuring that: 1. 2.
All equipment replacements are not over/undersized for the particular application, and All equipment replacements should be with energy conserving and/or high efficiency devices.
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8.
RENEWABLE ENERGY DISCUSSIONS
8.1. W I N D E N E R G Y F E A S I B I L I T Y Wind energy (or wind power) refers to the process by which wind turbines convert the movement of wind into electricity. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Humans use this wind flow for many purposes: sailing boats, pumping water, and also generating electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the moving wind into electricity. Keres /EMG concludes that further investigation of Wind Energy feasibility is not warranted at ORNL as it has a very low wind resource speed based on the AWS TrueWind and NREL modeling:
Element
Response
Property has a good wind resource?
No –
Based on a review of the wind power resource map at http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_maps.asp
