Using EndNote Course Notes: EndNote version 7 November 2003

Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 2 Starting EndNote…………………………………. 3 2. Managing references 2.1 Creating a new library……………………….. 3 2.2 Creating a new reference…………………… 4 2.3 Closing and opening libraries………………. 6 2.4 Selecting, editing and deleting references…7 2.5 Displaying and sorting references…………. 9 2.6 Searching for references……………………. 10 3. Creating bibliographies 3.1 Placing references in a document…………. 11 3.2 Inserting in-text citations……………………. 12 3.3 Changing the style…………………………… 13 3.4 Editing citations………………………………. 14 3.5 Inserting references in footnotes……………14 3.6 Creating an independent bibliography…….. 16 3.7 Exiting from EndNote……………………….. 17 4. Appendix 4.1 Examples of bibliographic styles…………… 18 4.2 Getting help………………………………….. 19

1. Introduction Using EndNote and Importing into EndNote accompany the Library’s introductory two-part course on EndNote. They can also be used as a tutorial to be worked through on your own. This would probably take a minimum of 45 minutes if you are an experienced Windows user. A separate guide is published online by IT Services : Get started with EndNote 7.0.

EndNote

EndNote is software for recording, storing and organising bibliographic data. It helps academic researchers to store and manage their references and then to export them automatically to a document as citations, footnotes and bibliographies. Citations and bibliographies can be created in a range of bibliographic styles, such as Chicago, MLA, etc. Many styles are suitable for use with the Harvard system of referencing. You can download references from a selection of CD-ROM and other databases (the Library Catalogue for example) directly into your own files of references. EndNote version 7 is networked in the School and can be accessed from the standard Windows 2000 desktop. It works very compatibly with Word. EndNote version 3 remains in use for those using earlier versions of Windows. Files created with previous versions of EndNote can be used with version 5.

Using EndNote at home

Under current licensing arrangements members of LSE may take one copy of the software to use at home. This can be obtained from the IT Information Help Desk (Room S198) where a charge will be made.

EndNote classes

The introductory classes (two parts) are run each term in the Library InfoSkills training programme. For details and booking form see the Information Skills Training page on the Library website. The course requires access to the EndNote file SAMPLE.ENL and the Word document COURSE.DOC used in the exercises. When you start EndNote these files will be present in the EndNote 7 folder.

Course objectives

At the end of this course you will be able, using EndNote, to: • • •

create and manipulate a personal file of references import references from a range of databases into your file place references in a document as footnotes and as in-text citations using the Harvard system of referencing

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Starting EndNote To access EndNote from the Windows 2000 desktop: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Click on the Start button From the drop-up list choose Programs Click on Bibliographic Select EndNote Program

The opening Get Started window provides quick access to functions you will use frequently later. For now, click Cancel to close

Task

Start EndNote

2. Managing references 2.1 Creating a new library EndNote calls a file of references a ‘library’. If you were keeping your references on cards, your first step might be to buy a card box and label it. Creating a new library is EndNote’s term for the same process. You are creating an empty file in which you can store your references and organise them. Before you can do anything in EndNote it is necessary to open a library. Each library can store up to 32,000 references or grow to 32 MB, whichever is the smaller. To create a new library: 1. From the File menu choose New. A new reference library dialog box will open. 2. In the File Name box, key in the name of the new library. It is recommended that you follow the file name conventions and use the .enl extension for the names of your libraries. 3. In the Save in box navigate to the drive and folder where you wish to save the file, for example the EndNote 7 folder in your H space. If you are using EndNote in a public room you must save your library of references to your H space or it will be lost when you log off. 4. Click on Save. The new empty library will be displayed.

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Task

Create a new EndNote library called COURSE.ENL

2.2 Creating a new reference To add new references to your EndNote library, you key them in by hand. You can also import them from other databases; this is covered in the separate guide Importing into EndNote 7 Your references may be to books, journal articles, theses, etc. EndNote offers you different reference types for the different categories of publication.

New Reference

To create a new reference in an EndNote library by keying in the details: 1. From the References menu choose New Reference. An empty reference box will be displayed. 2. The default reference type is Journal Article. If you want to change the reference type choose another one from the dropdown list at the top of the box, for example Book or Edited Book. 3. Enter the bibliographic data in the appropriate fields. To move between fields click with the mouse in the required field or use the TAB key to move to the next field and SHIFT+TAB to move to the previous field. Each reference type has a different set of fields, however all reference types have Author, Year and Title fields. Not all the fields have to be filled in, only the ones you need. Do not enter any special formatting, such as bold or italics as this will conflict with the automatic formatting of reference styles at the export stage. 4. When you have finished entering information close the reference box by choosing Close Reference from the File menu, or by clicking on the Close Box, or by pressing keys CTRL + W. EndNote automatically saves the reference and will display the library window with the new reference listed. You can preview the appearance of the reference in a bibliography by clicking on Show Preview at the bottom of the Library window.

Task 1

Create a new Journal Article reference as follows: Author: Manuel, P.L. Year: 1992 Title: Cassette Culture: popular music and technology in North India Journal: Chicago studies in ethnomusicology Volume: 19 Pages: 302-327

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Task 2

Create a new Book reference as follows: Author: Belsito, Peter Davis, Bob Year: 1983 Title: Hardcore California: a history of punk and new wave Place of Publication: Berkeley, CA Publisher: Last Gasp of San Francisco No of pages: 128

Additional information: entering reference details

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Names can be entered with the last name followed by a comma and the first name/initials OR the first name/initials followed by the last name, for example: John Smith J. Smith Smith, John Smith, J

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Multiple initials are separated by full stops or spaces, for example: Smith, J.F. Smith, J F

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If a reference is to more than one author (as in Task 2 above) each name must be entered on a separate line.

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If the author is an institution it should be followed by a comma and there should be no other commas within the name. For example: Apple Computers Inc., London School of Economics and Political Science,

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If an author has a two-word surname, it must be entered as Last Comma First. For example: de Gaulle, Charles Cameron Watt, D

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In the Year field phrases such as in press or in preparation can be entered.

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The Title field should be entered with normal capitalisation, that is as you wish it to look in your bibliography, and with no full stop at the end.

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Page numbers should be typed without the abbreviations p., pp. If these are required by a bibliographic style, EndNote generates them automatically when exporting references to a document.

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If entering more than one Subject Keyword you should separate them with either a return, a back slash, or a semicolon.

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Each reference type has a notes field which can hold up to about eight pages of single-spaced text.

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The URL field can be used for addresses associated with your reference, such as the online text of an article. The web browser 5

can be launched from this field.

Additional information: using Term Lists

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Special characters such as the Greek alphabet or diacritical characters can be entered by using the Character Map application in Windows. Using the appropriate font in the Character Map (for example the symbols font) copy the required characters to the clipboard and then paste them into your reference. You can also enter special characters by using the ANSI or ASCII codes for them while pressing the ALT key.

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Short cut key commands: Create a new reference CTRL + N Open selected reference(s) CTRL + E Close (and save) reference(s) CTRL + W

If you are entering the same terms repetitively into your references, for example the same subject keywords, or the same journal titles you can use the Term List facility to enter them automatically. EndNote automatically adds Author, Journal and Keyword terms to the Terms lists as new references are added to the library. These terms appear in red as you type them. You can access the Term Lists from the Tools menu. A Term List could also be used to enter special characters, such as mathematical symbols, or commonly used words with diacritical characters.

Tip

If you want to create references for several articles from the same journal, it may be easier first to create a "template" reference. In the template, enter such information as Year, Journal, Volume and Issue. Then copy and paste the template references as many times as required, using the Copy and Paste commands from the Edit menu. (The Copy and Paste commands can be used for whole references as well as the individual fields within them.)

2.3 Closing and opening libraries Closing a library

In EndNote any work you have done is saved as you go along. Each time you close a reference or a whole library any amendments made are automatically saved. To close a library do any one of the following: • Click on the close box • Choose Close Library from the File menu • Press CTRL+W.

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Opening a library

When you use EndNote you will usually start by opening a library which you have already created. When you choose Open from the File menu, the Select a Reference Library dialog box will be displayed. To open an existing EndNote library: 1. Choose Open from the File menu or press CTRL+O 2. Select the required file 3. Click on the Open button or press ENTER To display the toolbar go to the Tools menu and click on Show Toolbar. Then click on Main.

Task

Close the COURSE library and open the SAMPLE library

Additional information

If you are repeatedly using the same library you can make it your default library so that it will open automatically whenever you start EndNote. You can select the default by opening the library, choosing Preferences from the Edit menu, and then selecting Libraries from the list which appears on the left of the screen. Click on Add Open Libraries and then click on OK.

2.4 Selecting, editing and deleting references From time to time you may need to edit your references. This could be to correct them or to add further details. Or you may want to delete them entirely. Before you can do anything to a reference, such as editing, it must first be selected in the library window.

Selecting references

To select a single reference click once with the mouse on the reference. Or type in the first few letters of the author’s name. The selected reference will be highlighted. To select more than one reference, click on the first reference and drag down over the others. This will select references which are adjacent. To select non-adjacent references hold down the CTRL key while selecting further references. References can be de-selected by holding down the CTRL key while clicking once on the reference

Editing references

To edit a reference first select it, and then do one of the following to open it up: • Double-click with the mouse on the reference. • From the References menu choose Edit References. • Press CTRL+E. • Press the ENTER key. 7

You can have up to ten references open at once and when open move them around the screen by clicking and dragging on their title bars. To open more than one reference at the same time select the references and open them with one of the methods above. For editing you can also use the Cut, Copy and Paste commands from the Edit menu to move or duplicate pieces of text in your references. You can edit text in this way within a field, or within different fields in the same reference, or between fields in different references or different libraries. You can also copy whole references to another library. To do this select the reference(s) to be moved, choose Copy from the Edit menu, open the destination Library and choose Paste. If you have a lot of references open and you want to close the library quickly, select Cascade on the Window menu. You can now see all the title bars and move to the library window to close it. You can edit references in a global way by using the Change Text command on the Edit menu. This enables you to delete text or replace it with something else across all the references in a library. It can be used, for example, to correct consistent spelling mistakes. It could also be useful for redefining subject terms as you can replace a subject keyword with another one across all the references where it appears in a library.

Deleting references

To delete references: 1. In the library window, select the reference or references to be deleted. 2. From the References menu choose Delete References. A dialog box asking if you are sure you want to delete the reference(s) will be displayed. 3. Click on the OK button. The reference(s) will be deleted and cannot be restored. You can also delete references by using the Cut command on the Edit menu.

Duplicate references

To find duplicate references in a library go to the References menu and click on Find Duplicates. The duplicates will be displayed with those which were entered last selected for deletion. Be careful you don’t delete the wrong ones, for example any where an important note of your own has been added to the Notes field. Duplicates are found if the Author, Year, and Title fields are the same. To delete duplicate references make sure the ones you want to delete are selected and then choose Delete from the References menu.

Deleting a library

To delete a whole library switch to the file manager application and delete the file. 8

Tasks

Changing the display font

Changing the fields displayed

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Edit the reference with the author “Manuel” and change the year to 1994.

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Select three non adjacent references and then delete them from the library.

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Cut the reference with the author Pratt from your SAMPLE library and place it in your COURSE library.

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Find all the duplicate references in the SAMPLE library and delete some of them.

2.5 Displaying and sorting references You can change the font of your reference display or library display by choosing the Preferences option from the Edit menu. Choose the Display Fonts option from the list in the Preferences box. Any font change will not affect the eventual output in citations, which will be determined by the font and style of your wordprocessed document. The Author, Year and Title fields of the references will display in the library window by default, but you can change this display to other fields in the references if you wish, for example Publisher. You can also add to the fields being displayed – up to five fields can be shown. To change the reference fields being displayed in the library: from the Edit menu select Preferences and then select Display Fields. Select the fields required from the drop down menus (selecting ‘Unused’ for any columns where a display is not required.)

Changing the sort order

The references in a library will display according to the order of the field in the first column; by default this will be alphabetically by author’s name. If there is more than one work by the same author those will file by the second column, initially the Year field. You can re-sort this order by clicking on the column headings. For example, clicking on Year will re-sort the library by date of publication in ascending order, and clicking a second time on Year will reverse that so the most recently published items come to the top of the list. Clicking on the heading of the first column will restore the original sort order. You can also permanently re-sort the library into a different order by any of the fields in a reference whether showing in the display or not. To change the order: 1. From the References menu choose Sort References or click on the toolbar icon. The Sort Options dialog box is displayed. 2. Select the order of the field(s) you wish to sort by (one or more) 9

from the drop down lists. 3. Click on the box(es) on the right to indicate ascending or descending order. This will be applied to both numerical and alphabetical sequences. 4. Click on the Sort button. To restore the last specified sort order go to the References menu and choose Show All References.

Showing and hiding references

If you want to have only some of the references in a library showing in the window, select them and from the References menu choose Show Selected References. If you want to conceal only a few references select them and choose Hide Selected References from the References menu. To restore the whole display select Show All References from the References menu.

Tasks

Change the sort order of the SAMPLE library so that it files by year of publication in descending order. Display in the library window the Publishers of all the books. Select six non adjacent references and hide all the others from the display. Restore the full library to the window and restore the sort order so that it files alphabetically by Author.

2.6 Searching for references As libraries grow, a way of locating particular references is required. You can retrieve a reference or group of references from a large library even if you don't remember the author. You can use the contents of any field to retrieve a reference. To make your search more precise you can combine different search terms with AND, OR, NOT.

Finding references

To search a library: 1. From the References menu choose Search References or click on the toolbar Search icon or press CTRL+F. 2. Define your search criteria. There are three steps to this: •

Firstly, enter the word or words for which you wish to search.

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Secondly, use the field drop down list to select which field is to be searched, eg Author, Title, Keywords. If you select Any Field they will all be searched.

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Thirdly, define how the search term is combined with others, using the AND, OR and NOT buttons. 10

3. Click on the Search button. The results of the search are displayed in the library window. 4. To restore the full listing, that is all records, choose Show All from the References menu. Use the Contains drop down list when searching the Year field in order to limit the references retrieved by date of publication. By clicking the Set Default button, the configuration used for a search can be saved for future ones. By using the Save Search button the search can be saved to disc (and retrieved by the Load Search button).

Task 1

Search the library SAMPLE.ENL for all references with “rock” in any field.

Task 2

Search for all the references with “rock” in the keyword field and “pop” in the Title field.

Task 3

Search for references with “rock” in the keyword field published since 1995 only.

3. Creating bibliographies 3.1 Placing references in a document You can use EndNote to create citations in a text accompanied by the related bibliography at the end of the paper, using the Harvard system of referencing. You can also insert full (or short) references as footnotes. And you can create a ‘free-standing’ bibliography or reading list from the references in a library. The Tools menu in Word contains ‘add-in’ commands which enable you to switch quickly between EndNote and your Word document.

Bibliographic styles

When exporting references into your document you can choose from a range of bibliographic styles. These styles define how citations and bibliographies will look and have been created to conform to recognised standards, for example the American Psychological Association (APA) style. Some examples of the many styles available in EndNote are given in section 4.3 below. If a general purpose style is required for use with the Harvard system you could use the Author-Date bibliographic style. 11

You can call up a preview of what the references will look like in a particular style by clicking on the Show Preview button at the bottom right of a library window.

Applying a style

To set the bibliographic style for the references go to the styles drop down menu in the toolbar and select the one required. If the style you want isn’t listed choose Select Another Style. You can choose which styles appear on the toolbar style menu by selecting them in the Style Manager. To do this go to the Edit menu, click on Output Styles and then on Open Style Manager. The styles you tick in the checkboxes on the left of the style names will appear on the toolbar menu.

Task

Apply the Author-Date style to the SAMPLE library.

Additional information: editing and creating styles

You can edit a style on the list to your own requirements by selecting the style and pressing the Edit button. The left hand panel then offers you the options for editing. For example, you can change the preferences for capitalisation in reference titles. You can also create your own style from scratch. From the Edit menu choose Output Styles and then New Style. You then need to work through the folders on the left hand panel assigning preferences. When creating styles you will probably need to refer to the EndNote manual. The styles are available for editing on server W. Remember to save edited or newly created style files in your H: space. If you are using a public room PC to edit or create styles your work will be lost when you log off if you don’t save the files on your H: space first.

3.2 Inserting in-text citations As you are typing a paper in Word, you can select the references from your EndNote library that you wish to cite and transfer them straight into your document as in-text citations without switching to EndNote. An in-text citation will usually be in the Author-Date format, for example: (Breen 1999). A full reference to the work cited will also appear in the bibliography at the end of the document.

‘Cite while you write’

To insert a citation in a Word document (and make a full reference to it in the bibliography at the end) first open the Endnote library or libraries from which you want to take the reference(s) and set the bibliographic style you wish to use from the Style menu in the toolbar. To cite a reference in your document: 1. In Word place the cursor at the first point in the text where you want a citation. 12

2. From the Tools menu select EndNote 7, then Find Citation(s). The EndNote Find Citations box will open 3. In the Search for box enter the author of the work you wish to cite, or a keyword. Matching references will be displayed 4. Select the reference(s) required. 5. Click on Insert. The citation(s) will be inserted in the text and a bibliography started at the end of the document. Any subsequent citations you enter in your document will appear in the same style as the first citation you’ve entered. An alternative method of inserting citations is to use the command Go to EndNote from the Word Tools menu. This will switch you over to EndNote where you can select the reference(s) you want from the library. If you then go to the EndNote Tools menu, select Cite While You Write and click on Insert Selected Citations you will be switched back to Word and the reference(s) will be inserted.

Task

Retrieve the document COURSE.DOC. This will have transferred automatically to your EndNote folder when you first connected to EndNote. Insert the following citations in Author-Date style: • • •

(Sandford 1993) at the end of the first sentence. A reference of your choice somewhere else in the text. Three citations of your choice at the end of the first paragraph.

4.3 Changing the style You may want to change the bibliographic style of the document. This can be done at any stage during composition, or when the paper is finished, by ‘re-formatting’.

Changing the bibliographic style

To re-format a document go to the Tools menu in Word and select Format Bibliography. In the box which opens: select the style required from the With Output styles drop down menu. If the style you want doesn’t appear on the ‘With output style’ menu you need to return to EndNote and open the Style Manager. See above in section 3.1 on how to add styles to the styles menu. As well as re-formatting the document in another style you may also want to re-format the layout of your bibliography, for example the line spacing. To do this select Format Bibliography on the Word Tools menu and then select the Layout tab in the EndNote Format Bibliography box.

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4.4 Editing citations If you want to edit a citation in a paper you should click anywhere in the citation and then choose Unformat Citation from the Tools menu. When the citation has been edited choose Format Bibliography. Any changes made to the in-text citation will then be automatically reflected in the list of references at the end of the paper. If you edit a citation in your paper, for example alter the year of publication, be careful also to edit the reference in the EndNote library. The best way to do this is to highlight the citation in the document and select Edit Library Reference(s) from the Tools menu. The reference will then open in EndNote for editing. If you edit references in the EndNote library and subsequently reformat the document the changes will be automatically reflected in the document as long as you have the library open when reformatting takes place.

Adapting a citation

You may want to adapt an individual citation by, for example, omitting the author’s name, or inserting some text within the bracket, such as ‘see…’ before the author’s name. If you click on the citation you wish to adapt and then select Edit Citation(s) from the Tools menu a box will open in which you can specify the desired adjustments.

Page numbers

You can cite page numbers in an in-text author date citation, e.g. (Cagle 1995, p. 15), by keying in the details. However, the page number(s) will be lost if you subsequently re-format the document. To make sure page numbers are retained you need to adapt the citation using the Edit Citation procedure above.

Task

Edit the reference to Sandford so that the year of publication is 1992 in the bibliography at the end and in the in-text citation; and also in the EndNote SAMPLE library.

4.5 Inserting references in footnotes As well as placing citations in a text you may want to cite references in footnotes. Your document might use the footnote system for all the references, or you may just want to insert an occasional reference in a footnote when using the Harvard reference system.

Footnote references

If you have chosen a footnote reference system for your document all your citations will be in footnote form and you should choose a bibliographic style suitable for footnotes (such as MLA or Chicago A). You can insert footnote references in the same ways as inserting intext citations – EndNote recognises the footnote location and adjusts the reference format accordingly. To insert references in footnotes first apply the bibliographic style 14

required to the EndNote library from which the references will be taken, then: 1. Create an empty footnote in Word and place the cursor in the footnote. 2. From the Tools menu select Find Citation(s). The EndNote Find Citations box will open 3. In the Search for box enter the author of the work you wish to cite, or a keyword. Matching references will be displayed 4. Select the reference(s) required 5. Click on Insert. The citation(s) will be inserted in the footnote and a bibliography started at the end of the document.

Inserting formatted footnotes

If your document is using the Harvard system of referencing you may still want to cite references in footnotes from time to time. In such cases the bibliographic style of the footnotes will be different from the style of the document as a whole. You can insert such ‘formatted’ references in footnotes in a designated style. To insert a formatted reference in a footnote: 1. In Word place the cursor in the footnote where you want the reference. 2. From the Tools menu select Go to EndNote. 3. In the EndNote library select the reference(s) you want to cite. 4. Select the style you require from the style menu on the toolbar. 5. From the Edit menu select Copy Formatted. 6. From the Cite While You Write menu select Return to Word. 7. From the Word Edit menu select Paste. Inserting a formatted reference in a footnote will not add it as well to the bibliography at the end of the document. If you want such references in footnotes to appear in the bibliography you will need to insert them not as formatted ones but using the method mentioned first in this section above, using the Find Citations command from the Word Tools menu. You can then adjust the preferences of the style being used for the whole document so that in-text citations and footnote citations are formatted in different ways, but both will appear in the bibliography. To change your preferences for the style of a footnote go to the Edit menu in EndNote, select Output Styles and from the next menu select Open Style Manager. Select the style you wish to adjust and click on the Edit button. You can change the preferences for footnotes in the Footnotes / Template folder which appears on the left of the screen. 15

Task

In the COURSE document insert in a footnote references to the books by Brindley and Lull in MLA style.

Additional information about footnotes

You can also edit the style being used for footnote references so that, for example, when the same work is being cited more than once an abbreviated form can be used for the subsequent references; or you can get EndNote to replace the repeated part of a consecutive reference to the same work with ‘ibid.’ In order to edit a bibliographic style in these ways go to the EndNote Edit menu and select Output Styles. Then open the Style Manager, and select the style. Press the Edit button. In the panel on the left of the style box which opens select Repeated Citations from the Footnotes folder.

3.6 Creating an independent bibliography You may want to create a list of references which is not related to the citations in the text of a paper, for example a reading list or freestanding bibliography. Or you may just want to print out the contents of an EndNote library – or part of it – as a list of references.

Printing

To print the contents of an EndNote library as a list of references: 1. Select the references you want to print out, or arrange the Library so that only the references you want to print out are showing. (To do this you can use the Show Selected References or Hide Selected References commands on the References menu.) 2. Select the bibliographic style in which you want to print the references from the toolbar style menu. 3. From the File menu click on Print Only a list of references will be printed and in a format which can’t be edited.

Dragging references into a document

If you want to create a list of references as a document so that, for example, you can add your own annotations, you need to Export them. The quickest was to do this is to ‘drag’ them into Word. To drag a list of references into a Word document: 1. Open the document in Word. 2. Switch to the EndNote library from which you want to export references. 3. Select the references which you want to export. 4. Set the bibliographic style from the style menu in the toolbar.

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5. Hold down the CTRL key and drag the references downwards onto the Word button on the bottom task bar. The Word window will open. 6. Drag the references up to the desired position in the document.

Exporting references to a document

You can also export references as a text file which can then be opened in Word. To export a list of references: 1. Open the library from which you want to export references. 2. Select the references you wish to export or make sure none are selected if you want to export all of them. EndNote will export whatever references are selected in the library window, or all of those showing if none are selected. 3. Change the order of the references if you need to. The references will be exported in the order in which they appear in the library window. 4. Choose the bibliographic style you require from the style menu in the toolbar. 5. From the File menu choose Export. The Export file name dialog box will be displayed. 6. Name the file which will contain the bibliography and navigate in the ‘Save in’ box to where to wish to save it. 7. Click on Save.

Task

Create as a Word document a bibliography (in the Chicago style) of a selection of references from the SAMPLE.ENL library

3.7 Exiting from EndNote To exit either choose Exit from the File menu; or press CTRL+Q; or click on the close button. When you exit from EndNote any open libraries will be closed and saved automatically.

Task

Exit from EndNote and Word.

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4. Appendix 4.1 Bibliographic styles The following are examples of some commonly used styles which you can select from the EndNote Styles Manager.

Annotated Based on the Author-Date style but adding the abstract field Redhead, S. (1989). “Don't go back to Rockville” Leisure Studies 8(2): 173-188. A critique of the subcultural theories of the 1970s and the postmodern theories of the 1980s for the failure to account for the shifting relationship between pop culture and youth culture since the 1940s. Some changes in the social field of leisure in the 1980s are traced in order to demonstrate the necessity of separating 'youth' and 'rock' culture.

APA American Psychological Association In-text citation: (Fornäs, Lindberg, & Sernhede, 1995) Fornas, J., Lindberg,U., & Sernhede, O. (1995). In garageland: rock, youth and modernity. London: Routledge. In text-citation: (Redhead, 1989) Redhead, S. (1989). Don't go back to Rockville. Leisure Studies, 8(2), 173-188.

Author-Date EndNote’s own style for Harvard system referencing In-text citation: (Fornäs, Lindberg, et al. 1995) Fornas, J., U. Lindberg, et al. (1995). In garageland: rock, youth and modernity. London, Routledge. In-text citation: (Redhead 1989) Redhead, S. (1989). “Don't go back to Rockville.” Leisure Studies 8(2): 173-188.

Chicago A Fornäs, Johan, Ulf Lindberg, and Ove Sernhede. In Garageland: Rock, Youth and Modernity, Communication and Society. London: Routledge, 1995. Redhead, Steve. "Don't Go Back to Rockville." Leisure Studies 8, no. 2 (1989): 173-88.

Chicago B The Chicago style adapted for use with an in-text (author-date) system of citation In-text citation: (Fornas, Lindberg, and Sernhede 1995) Fornas, Johan, Ulf Lindberg, and Ove Sernhede. 1995. In garageland: rock, youth and modernity, Communication and society. London: Routledge. 18

In-text citation: (Redhead 1989) Redhead, Steve. 1989. Don't go back to Rockville. Leisure Studies 8 (2):173-188. MLA Modern Languages Association of America Fornas, Johan, Ulf Lindberg, and Ove Sernhede. In garageland: rock, youth and modernity. London: Routledge, 1995. Redhead, Steve. “Don't go back to Rockville,” Leisure Studies 8.2 (1989): 173-188.

Show All A different kind of output which gives all the reference fields and their contents including the Notes field. Reference Type: Book Record Number: 1 Author: Fornas, Johan; Lindberg, Ulf; Sernhede, Ove Year: 1995 Title: In garageland: rock, youth and modernity Series: Communication and society Publisher: Routledge Place of Publication: London Number of Pages: 284 Subject Keywords: Rock music - Sweden - History and criticism. / Music and society. / Popular culture. / Music and youth Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index

4.2 Getting help Bibliographic help

Library staff can advise about organising your references, for example how to enter authors’ names, how to decide on subject keywords, or which bibliographic style to choose. • •

If you are a member of staff or research student, ask your Department’s Library staff liaison contact. If you are a taught course student ask at the Information Desk in the Library.

Copies of the EndNote manual are available for loan in the Course Collection.

Help with the software

IT Services staff can help with technical queries. • •

If you are a member of staff or a research student, contact your IT Cluster Team. If you are a taught course student, contact an IT Help Desk.

Members of LSE may have one copy of the EndNote software for use at home. This can be obtained from the IT Information Desk (Room S198) where an administrative charge will be made.

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