Faculty of Science and Technology ARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Use of biofumigation to control plant pathogen nematode and disease infections of carrot fields in Denmark 5th International Symposium of Biofumigation at Harper Adams University on 9-12 September 2014
Kai Grevsen Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Food Science Aarhus University
Kirstinebjergvej 10 5792 Aarslev
Phone: 88715 6000 Direct: 88715 8342/ mobile +45 5338 1965
Email:
[email protected] Web: www.agrsci.dk
Biofumigation principel, by Kirkegaard og Matthiessen
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Project purpose: To customize and implement the ’biofumigation’ principle for Danish conditions Biological control of nematodes and soil-borne diseases in vegetable production and especially carrot production – Would be a perfect solution!
Denmark (56° N; 10° E)
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Carrot growing area, Denmark Farm 2: Sejlflod
Farm 5: Hammershøj Farm 3: Lammefjord Farm 4:Lammefjord
Farm 1: Sdr. felding
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 2: Sejlflod (soil borne diseases)
Farm 3: Lammefjorden (Carrot-cyst nematodes Heterodera carotea Farm 4: Lammefjord (soil borne diseases) Farm 1: Sdr. felding (Root-knot nematodes Meloidigyne hapla Lesion nematodes Pratylenchus penetrans ssp
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Biofumigation field trials 2009-11 Spring and summer sown crops, Brassica species Locality: 4 farms around Denmark
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Table 1. Biofumigation crops, varieties, products, supplier used in all experiments Species/product
Latin name of plant material
Variety names
Supplier
Oil radish
Raphanus sativus
P H Petersen, D
Brown mustard
Brassica juncea
Colonel, Contra, Commodore, Defender Caliente 199 B. juncea ISCI
White mustard
Sinapis alba
Accent, Forum
P.H. Petersen, D
Mixtures:
E. sativa + B. juncea R. sativus + B. juncea S. alba + B. juncea B. juncea + S. alba + R. sativus
Nemat mix TerraProtectRB91 TerraProtectMB92 Biofum Summer
Tozer/Plant Solutions, UK P.H. Petersen, D P.H. Petersen, D Joordens NL/Agortus S
Biofence®
B. juncea pellets, defatted
Biofence®
CRA, ISCI, I
Tagetes
Tagetes patula
‘Ground control’
Hedeselskabet, DK
Tozer/Plant Solutions, UK ISCI, I
Biofumigation AP5 Tagetes som biofumigation afgrøder Sdr. Felding april 2010 Tagetes Marknr: Syd for vinduefabrik Fsognr: F-03158.5 År: 2009 Sted: 1 Sdr Felding fakt1: 3 Arter fakt2: fakt3: 4 blokke Parceller i alt: 12 Bedafstand: 85 cm
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Thomas Gårdhus 28 84 19 33/ Per Lund 21717816 Hans Ole Høgsvig Nielsen 97198941/ Jeppe 51835325 Stig Andersen 25 12 04 27 Kai Grevsen 8999 3223/ 53 38 19 65 Forsøg anlagt: 14-06-2010 Brændt før såning en del kvik Nedmuldet 19-08-2010 Brassica Nedmuldet 14-09-2010 Tagetes
901
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
910 Parc
Sået gulerødder d.
Skovbryn nåletræer
Farm 1: Sandy soil Problem. Root knot and lesion nematodes
Parcel lgd. m
Parc Art
Parc blok
Art
Parc blok
Art
Parc blok
Art
blok syd
40
801 3
805 1
2
809 1
1
813 1
1
Øst 1
10 Hegn
Sown 14 June 2010
40
802 1
Græs
Crops: Oil radish (R. sativus) Brown mustard (B. juncea) and Tagetes (Tages patula)
806 2
3
3
1
4
3
2
3
3
4
2
814 2
2
3
3
4
2
2
10
40
803 2
807
811
815 3
10
40
804 1
808
250 cm
Trial layout: Blocks with 4 replicates
810 2
812
250 cm
længde 190 m
Husk jordprøver før såning
816 4
250 cm 250 cm (165+85) 0-25 parcelvis 12 stik
Vinduefabrik Parceller pr bed= 4 Meter pr bed= 230
Sås i uge 24 Såmaskine Per Lund 105 cm Så frem og tilbage 210 cm bred Tagetes sået med hånd, dækket med 2 x såmaskine
Behandling 1 10 kg/ha 2 20 kg/ha 3 20 kg/ha 4 0
Vej ind
1 2 3 4
Sort Art Tagetes T.p. Colonel O.r. Calliente 199 B.J. Kontrol bare jord
Vest Nord
sået ca Jordprøver ca 15-20 kg #### 21,2 kg #### 26,1 kg #### anlagt 14 sept ####
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Brown mustard (66 t/ha) and oil radish (63 t/ha) macereated and incorporated19. August 2010
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Tagetes crop in August 2010 Up to 90 t/ha fresh weight (74-99 t/ha)
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Tagetes macerated and incorporated 14. September 2010
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results: Farm 1, lesion nematodes
Pratylenchus (no./250 g soil)
350 300
At sowing June Before rotavating brassica Aug 4 weeks after rotavating brassicas Sept 4 weeks after tagetes rotavating Okt
LSD= 93 ns
250 200
LSD= 49 ns
150 LSD= 52 P=0.0004**
100 50 0 B. juncea
Oil radish
Tagetes patula
'Calliente'
'Colonel'
'Ground control'
Crop species
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results: Farm 1, lesion nematodes
Pratylenchus (no./250 g soil)
350 300
At sowing June Before rotavating brassica Aug 4 weeks after rotavating brassicas Sept 4 weeks after tagetes rotavating Okt
LSD= 93 ns
250 200
LSD= 49 ns
150 LSD= 52 P=0.0004**
100 50 0 B. juncea
Oil radish
Tagetes patula
'Calliente'
'Colonel'
'Ground control'
Crop species
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results: Farm 1, lesion nematodes
Pratylenchus (no./250 g soil)
350 300
At sowing June Before rotavating brassica Aug 4 weeks after rotavating brassicas Sept 4 weeks after tagetes rotavating Okt
LSD= 93 ns
250 200
LSD= 49 ns
150 LSD= 52 P=0.0004**
100 50 0 B. juncea
Oil radish
Tagetes patula
'Calliente'
'Colonel'
'Ground control'
Crop species
alpha-terthienyl
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 2: Reclaimed sandy soil. Problem storage diseases 8 biofumigation crops sown 21 April 2009
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Farm 2: Biofumigation crops 7. July 2009
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Farm 2: Crops macerated 7. July 2009
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
ed d d d d d d d d d d d d
Dato Art 07-07-2009 AARHUS 11 UNIVERSITY 07-07-2009 1 07-07-2009 2 07-07-2009 3 07-07-2009 4 07-07-2009 5 07-07-2009 6 07-07-2009 7 07-07-2009 8 07-07-2009 9 07-07-2009 10 07-07-2009 11
Navn Colonel + S Biofum summer Forum Kontrol Caliente 199 Mix nemat calliente Commodore Kontrol 2 TerraProtect RB 91 TerraProtect MB 92 Accent Colonel - S
1
2
Udbytte FW 3037,5 3375,0 2625,0 3052,5 3477,5 3420,0 5615,0 3090,0 4000,0 3192,5 3622,5 4270,0
t/ha FW 30,4 DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE 33,8 26,3 30,5 34,8 34,2 56,2 30,9 40,0 31,9 36,2 42,7
Biomass yields from 26 to 56 t/ha FW
Farm AARHUS 2 crops incorporated 7. July 2009. Carrots sown 21 July UNIVERSITY Carrots harvested November Stored (1°C >95%Rh) until February 2010
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 2: Samples of carrots inspected for storage diseases Results: No significant less disease attack after biofumigation crops compared to barley1 and 2
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 3: Organic muck soil. Problem: storage diseases. Eight biofumigation crops sown 7 April 2009. Macerated and incorporated 24 June, biomass 40 to 70 t/ha FW Carrots sown 6 July (cv. Barolo) Harvested 2 November 2009 Stored (1°C >95%Rh) until February
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 3. Samples of carrots inspected for storage diseases Results: No significant less disease attack after biofumigation crops compared to barley. Large variation in data.
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 4: Organic muck soil. Problem carrot cyst nematodes Treatments: 3 t/ha Biofence (B. juncea pellets) 6 t/ha Biofence Control bare soil (design blocks, 6 replicates) Luca Lazzeri, Bologna Uni Triumph Italia http://www.biofence.it/
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 4: Organic muck soil. Problem carrot cyst nematodes Treatments: 3 t/ha Biofence (B. juncea pellets) 6 t/ha Biofence (equal to 360 kg N/ha!) Control bare soil (design blocks, 6 replicates) Application 18 May 2011, irrigated with 6 mm Soil samples for nematode analysis before, after and at time of carrot harvest
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 4. Soil samples for nematode analysis Results: 6 t/ha Biofence significantly less viable cyst-nematodes.
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Farm 4. Soil samples for nematode analysis Results: 6 t/ha Biofence significantly less viable cyst-nematodes.
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Bucket trial 2010/11 Årslev, glass house at 16 °C
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Soil from Farm 1, Sdr. Felding for bucket trial Lesion and root knot nematodes (Dalgasvej nov 2010)
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Table 2. Plant materials and products added in biofumigation bucket trial.
Plant species/ plant product
Mass supplied to bucket
Plastic foil Covering
Control (bare soil) Brown mustard (B. juncea) Calliente 199 Oil radish (R. sativus) Defender
g (equal to t ha-1) 0 (0) 700 (50) 700 (50)
± plastic foil -
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Artemisia annua 25 t (Mediplant, CH) Artemisia annua 50 t (Mediplant, CH)
350 (25) 350 (25) 700 (50)
-
Biofence® Biofence® + Herbie® 10 (Thatchtech BV, NL) Herbie® 25 (Thatchtech BV, NL)
50 (4) 50 (4) 100 (8) 300 (25)
+ + +
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Herbie 25
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Herbie 10
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Herbie 25
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Results: Nematodes after three weeks
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Results: Nematodes after three weeks
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Germination inhibition Herbie 10 og 25 No carrot seeds germinates!
AARHUS Biofumigation UNIVERSITY 2010/11
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Controlled nematode infestation at Årslev Research Centre Inoculation with nematode infected soil.
Biofumigation
hold 2 Udbytte, glucosinolat og isothiocyanat, fritlevende nematoder, forsøg 2010 Marknr: H201 Gødning: 100 kg N Fsognr: F-03158 År: 2011 Sted: Årslev Jordprøver: 18-05-2011 nematoder fakt1: 7 Arter 901 Behandling: fakt2: 2 Beh 902 Nedmuldet: fakt3: 3 Blokke 910 Sået gulerødder:
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Parceller i alt: 42 Bedafstand: 100cm Rækkeafstand: 50 Antal planter i alt: 3000 Parcel længde 1,2
Parc 501
Art 3
Beh 2
502
27
503
Jordprøver Jordprøver:
Parc Planter /meterrk.; 100 Parcelbredde: 1,6
Antal rækker: 3 Parcellængde: 10
Blok 1
Parc 508
Art 3
Beh 1
Blok 1
2
1
509
27
1
1
18
2
1
510
18
1
1
504
21
2
1
511
21
1
1
505
28
2
1
512
28
1
1
506
24
2
1
513
24
1
1
507
26
2
1
514
26
1
1
Parc 515
Art 21
Beh 1
Blok 2
Parc 522
Art 21
Beh 2
516
28
1
2
523
28
2
2
517
24
1
2
524
24
2
2
518
26
1
2
525
26
2
2
519
3
1
2
526
3
2
2
520
27
1
2
527
27
2
2
521
18
1
2
528
18
2
2
Parc
Art
Beh
Blok
Parc
Art
529
24
2
3
536
24
1
3
530
3
2
3
537
3
1
3
531
26
2
3
538
26
1
3
532
27
2
3
539
27
1
3
533
18
2
3
540
534
21
2
3
541
18 1 3 Ukrudt 'Melder' inført i inficeret jord Luget væk i tagetes parceller
1 1,2
Antal planter/række: 1000 M2 pr parcel: 16
2011 Udtage jordprøver til nematoder 25 cm 12 stik i hver parcel Der nedfræses 3 t/ha Biofence uge 22
1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Der sås gulerødder i alle parc. Uge 23 sort Extremo (Bolero afløser, Nickerson-Zwann Steen Møller Madsen))
Trial layout: 7 biofumigation crops Randomised blocks Three replicates With and with out inoculation
1 1,2 1 1,2 14,4 9 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 14,4 9 1,2
Beh
jordprøver Ikke smittet Jordprøver Jordprøver Jordprøver
Blok 2
Blok
1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2
Beh
1 1,2 1 1,2
535
28
2
3
542
14,4 43,2
meter bed
21
1
1 2
3
Dårlig vækst i alle parceller især inficeret 28 1 3 Traktose i inficerede parceller Artemisia der lægges 25 t/ha på Ligner N mangel
Svarer til ca 3 pl/ m2 i alt 15x3=45 pl
Beh
Art
4. nov
alm jord inficeret jord
Bj Brassica juncea Es Eruca sativa Rs Raphanus sativa Sa Sinapis alba Or Oil radish
t/ha FW Art B . juncea ISCI 3 B. juncea ISCI 21,1 7 Eruca sativa Nemat ISCI Terraprotect 16 Terraprotect RB RB 91 91 33,2 17 Terraprotect MB 92 Commodore 18 Commodore 44,7 19 Colonel Contra 20 Defender 49,1 21 Contra Forum 33,9 22 Accent 23 Forum Calliente 199 28,3 24 Calliente 199 Bj 25 Calliente 199 Nemat 50 Mix Tagetes 11,8 26 Tagetes
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results 2010 inoculated soil – Pratylenchus ssp. Brown and white mustard – nematode numbers increase, Oil radish and tagetes – nematode numbers status quo
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results 2010 inoculated soil – Pratylenchus ssp. Brown and white mustard – nematode numbers increase, Oil radish and tagetes – nematode numbers status quo
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Årslev 2011- inoculated area Carrots sown in all plots (cv. Extremo). Harvest in October and inspected for nematodes and diseases
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results 2011 inoculated soil – Pratylenchus ssp. Oil radish and tagetes – nematode numbers lower than rest
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results 2011 inoculated soil – Pratylenchus ssp. Oil radish and tagetes – nematode numbers lower than the others
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Results 2011 inoculated soil – Yield of carrots Oct. 2011 No significant effect on yield, disease or nematode attack
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Summary of biofumigation trials: Brown and white mustard: No reduction in nematodes or in diseases in field trials, increase number of lesion nematodes in stead In bucket trials both B. juncea and Biofence work very well Biofence® in field lower cyst nematode number at high concentration (but high N/ha application and expensive) Oil radish: could hold number of nematodes status quo No significant lowering of disease attack Tagetes
works against lesion nematodes/Pratylenchus ssp.
Herbie 10 or 25 incorporated and covered air tight (anaerobe fermentation) in field kills nearly everything but heavy germination inhibition just after treatment
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Why does biofumigation not work in our trials •Low soil temperature- enzyme may not work at optimum? •High organic material in soil – adsorbs isothiocyanate? •To low concentration of active compound in soil?
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Why does biofumigation not work in our trials •Low soil temperature- enzyme may not work at optimum? • But soil temperatures mostly > 15 – 20 °C •High organic material in soil – adsorbs isothiocyanate? •To low concentration of active compound in soil?
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Why does biofumigation not work in our trials •Low soil temperature- enzyme may not work at optimum? • But soil temperatures mostly > 15 – 20 °C •High organic material in soil – adsorbs isothiocyanate? • Yes some of our soils are high in organic material (3.6, 4.0, 6-10, 2.7%) •To low concentration of active compound in soil?
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Why does biofumigation not work in our trials •Low soil temperature- enzyme may not work at optimum? • But soil temperatures mostly > 15 – 20 °C •High organic material in soil – adsorbs isothiocyanate? • Yes some of our soils are high in organic material •To low concentration of active compound in soil? • This may the most relevant explanation!
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
ITC development over time, from incorporation
Concentration of isothiocyanate in soil over time after incorporation of 3 t/ha B. juncea pellets (X-axis not linear). Bars are variation (SEM: n=4)
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Low isothiocyanate concentration seems to be the explanation for missing effect. The exponential fall of concentration from approx. 8 µg ITC /g soil to approx. 1 µg ITC /g soil after 24 hours is to low to give enough effect on nematodes. According to German trials (Neubauer et al., 2013) we need from15 to 35 µg/g soil) to have at least some effect on microorganisms. By chemical disinfection of soil a concentration equal to 50 µg ITC /g soil is used i.e. 20 times more than what can be hoped for soil.
Neubauer et al., 2013, Gemüse 49(2): 20-23
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
The exponential fall of concentration from approx. 8 µg ITC /g soil to approx. 1 µg ITC /g soil after 24 h is to low to give enough effect on microorganisms. According to German trials (Neubauer et al., 2013) we need from 150 og 350 nmol ITC/g soil(15 to 35 µg/g) to have at least some effects on microorganisms. By chemical disinfection of soil a concentration over 50 µg ITC /g soil is used i.e. 25 times more than can be hoped for by biofumigation in soil. Low isothiocyanate concentration seems to be the explanation for the missing effects. And why we did not succeed in implementing biofumigation in Denmark.
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE
Thank you
3. Biofumigation symposium Canberra AU, 2008
