Use of Agricultural Residues for Bioenergy in the Galilee, Israel

Prof. Uri Marchaim MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel [email protected]

Map of the Galilee Region Israel

The Region in Pictures

Agriculture in Israel • Agriculture in Israel is a highly developed industry: Israel is a major exporter of fresh produce and a world-leader in agricultural technologies despite the fact that the geography of Israel is not naturally conducive to agriculture. The climate and lack of water resources do not favour farming. Only 20% of the land area is naturally arable. Today agriculture represents 2.5% of total GDP and 3.6% of exports. • Israel is a world leader in agricultural research and development, which has led to dramatic increases in the quantity and quality of the country's crops.

MIGAL – Agricultural, Ecological and Biotechnological Research Institute MIGAL has as an agriculture wing the Northern R&D, which mission is to develop regional sustainable agriculture production systems. It offers regional applied research solutions spanning 10 different disciplines, with 10 Extension Farms. The scientific agenda reflects a “Bottom UP” approach whereby the farmers participates regularly in setting objectives for the overall activity. http://www.migal.org.il/Northern-R-D

Biotechnology at MIGAL • Biotechnology research is central to MIGAL. Many laboratories integrate basic and applied research that can be translated into applications in food, functional foods, agriculture, energy, pharma and medicine • Several laboratories are involved in Plant Sciences, Plant molecular biology; metabolism of amino acids; Bio-Waste treatment and composting, and more.

Renewable Energy R&D Platforms in Israel Industrial R&D The Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS) of the Ministry of Economy is responsible for implementing the government's policy of encouraging and supporting industrial research and development in Israel through the Law for the Encouragement of Industrial R&D. The OCS provides a variety of support programmes that operate on an annual budget of about US $300 million (around 50% grant). This is spent on about 1,000 projects undertaken by 500 companies. These programmes have helped make Israel a major centre of hi-tech entrepreneurship.

Renewable Energy Integration in Israel's Electricity Production According to decision 4450 of the Israeli government, the renewable energy production should consist of 10% of the total energy production by the year 2020. According to this decision, renewable energy is defined as an energy that is sourced by the sun, wind, bio-gas, bio-mass or any other non-perishable source. The goal is to reach a production of 6.43 TWH by 2020.

The Main Elements of the Programme • Seeking and developing manufacturing clusters • Electricity production using wind technologies • Biogas and Biomass • Israeli employment • Different financial benefits • Tariff There are two national plans that take decision 4450 into action: • Oil Alternative Plan – a 400 million Euros, 10 year programme invested in financing R&D • Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan - 20% reduction relative to the "business as usual" scenario in 2020.

Solar Power in Israel Solar power in Israel refers to the use of solar energy in Israel, which began in the early days of the state. In the 1950s, a solar water heater was developed to address the energy shortages that plagued the new country. By 1967 around one out of twenty households heated its water with the sun and 50,000 solar heaters had been sold. At the end of 2008, a feed-in tariff scheme was approved which has led to many commercial solar energy power station projects.

Israeli Market Overview - Renewables The Israeli renewable energy market was formed in 2002 when a governmental decision set a national goal of 5% renewable energy electricity production to be reached by 2016. In 2009 the goals were changed and an operative governmental decision has set a goal of reaching 5% production of electricity from renewable sources by 2014 and 10% by 2020. Those goals were translated by the Ministry of National Infrastructures to an installed capacity goal of 2,760 MW by 2020.

• In January 2010 a FIT (Feed in Tariffs ) regulative framework for medium-size installations, for rooftops and ground installations, was approved and a quota of 300 MW was introduced. The framework is license to produce electricity and a power purchase agreement to be signed with the Israeli Electric Company. A separate quota of 60 MW was approved in 2011 for medium size ground installations which are introduced by governmental tenders. • Small-scale wind turbine FIT was also approved in 2009 introducing 30MW quota (consumers up to 15KW and commercial up to 50KW turbines) and medium & large wind turbine FIT was approved in 2011 introducing a quota of 800MW.

Market Overview - Renewables Israel is moving forward to an era where consumer side conventional electricity tariffs will dictate competition with solar power production and future regulations and caps are prone to reflect the local Israeli irradiance advantage.

Biowaste Uses in the Galilee • Only a few wind energy installations exists • Several pilot projects of generating Biogas from cow manure are in operation in Israel, one in the Galilee • Composting of wastes is encouraged and several composting plants exists • Mushrooms are grown in several locations on compost from different origins

Production of Algae Galil Algae is a young innovative and dynamic company founded in 2011 by two wellestablished Israeli kibbutzim. Its aim is to produce high quality algae products, both for the aquaculture and nutraceutical markets, with a vision of creating an advanced production facility as well as an R&D center for the study of algae in the Upper Galilee.

Galil Algae – pilot site

Attempts to Produce Biofuels Estimated quantities of Biofuels available per year in Israel after implementing the recycling policy Sub-flow

Tires Paper Cardboards Plastic Diapers Urban’s Pruning Orchards’ pruning Other pruning Wet Urban wastes Dry Animal wastes Wet Animal wastes Sewage Sladge Plant fats TOTAL

Ethanol by Gasification (Thousands Gallons)

Bio-methane (98% Methane) (Thousands M3)

Bio-diesel from fats (Thousands Gallons)

280 9,600 5,200 11,284 6,720 12,000 20,000 6,000 129,600 123,728 9,800 4,155 71,084

267,283

21,120 21,120

Galilee Smart Specialisation Strategy The concept of smart specialisation has been promoted by the EU. The Commission encourages the design of national/regional research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation as a means to deliver a more targeted Structural Fund support and a strategic and integrated approach to harness the potential for smart growth and the knowledge economy in all regions. The Galilee has adopted this concept and is preparing now, with the aid of a Parliament member, a programme for a “Bio-Agro Valley”

DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL APPLIED KNOW HOW

Title of the Slide Subject Company Profile

MIGAL • MIGAL has more than 190 employees. • Our scientific team consists of 40% PhD holders as well as M.Sc. and B.Sc. level engineers, technicians and lab researches. • We are based in the Northern periphery of Israel. • Our top scientific reputation is manifested by our active participation in national, regional, bilateral and international programs.

Biowaste to Energy At MIGAL we aim for the production of bioethanol, biogas, biofertilizer, and other products from biowastes. In order to do this in the best possible and economical way, one has to know about chemical composition: • The biowaste contents of carbohydrates, both starchy and lignocellulosic based should be considered and evaluated as potential fermentation substrates for bioenergy carriers, chemicals, and food/feed ingredient (e.g. amino acids) • The biowaste ash contents, which are potential plant nutrients as in fertilizer • and biowaste proteins, which are important ingredients in food and feed applications

MISSTOW Project Olive Oil Mills’ Wastewater Treatment

The Partners in the project: Peleg HaGalil (Water utility); MIGAL (Research); Patras University (Research); CETENMA (Economics)

How does it look like in the Pilot Scale?

The system in move

Production Biogas

The full system in a winery

In Commercial Planning Plan for olive mills’ wastewater stationary central system Large scale plans for wineries’ wastewater

Additional research in bioenergy at MIGAL For over two billion years, photosynthesis has been the primary provider of energy for life on earth, converting solar energy to biomass and fuels. Artificial photosynthesis research aims at constructing artificial systems for converting solar energy into useful fuels by using natural photosynthesis as the source of inspiration. Our lab’s goal is to design and construct artificial photosynthetic systems by making novel protein-cofactor complexes that serve as minimal versions of natural photosynthetic enzyme.

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