Urban Transport and City Development
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Importance of urban transport in developing countries • Urban sector accounts for at least 50% of the gross national product. • 15 to 25% of city budgets for transport . • Between 5 to 10% of urban household income is spent on transport, (more than 25% for the poorest households in very large cities). • One third of city infrastructure investment needs required for transport • Despite recent developments in private sector involvement in transport infrastructure, most will have to come through the city budget.
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Urban transport and city efficiency Inadequate transport infrastructure harms the poor in three ways: ? Measured GDP growth is reduced by freight congestion, delays and unpredictability. ? Transport-originated air pollution, 'non-business' time lost to congestion, and traffic accidents. ? In battles for space, the poor suffer particularly, either from dwelling on pavements or in slums to be close to work, or from multi-hour journeys to work. WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Performance of city transport systems Downtown weekday traffic speeds are reported to average • 8kph or less – Seoul – Shanghai
• 10 kph or less – Bangkok – Manila – Mexico
• 15 kph or less – Kuala Lumpur – Sao Paulo. WORLD BANK
• Average journey to work times of over 75 minutes – – – – –
Bucharest Jakarta Kinshasa Lagos Manila
• Most developing countries have less than 100 cars per thousand people, compared with 400 or more in the richer industrialized countries, Urban Transport Strategy Review
Motorization and Incomes
500
Chart 1.1 Motorization and Incomes: Growth of Cars vs Growth of Per Capita Incomes in France, Japan, Spain and United Kingdom (1950s - '95) and Relative Position of Selected other Countries in 1995
450 400 350
France
(1951-95)
Japan
(1956-95)
Czech Rep.
300 250 Poland
200
United Kingdom (1951-95)
Israel
Spain
150
Korea
Argentina Romania
100
(1954-95)
Other Countries (1995)
Singapore
Mexico
Ukraine
Russia Brazil Morocco
50
Philippines
Mauritius
Hongkong
Chile Thailand
0 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
GNP/Capita (1995 US $PPP basis)
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18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Special characteristics of motorization in developing countries ? High concentration of population, economic activity, and vehicle ownership in very few rapidly expanding major cities ? Inadequate quantity and structure of road infrastructure, often associated with rapid population growth
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Structural policies to improve urban transport
• • • •
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Infrastructure expansion Structural deconcentration Land use control Land market liberalization
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Road building to eliminate congestion • Cities need 20-25% of urban space for movement • Expanding cities should plan for this • Allocation of movement space should also be planned • But you can’t build out of congestion in megacities – because of generated traffic – because of social and environmental disruption
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Demand management issues • Objective setting • Parking controls – strategic v local interests
• Traffic restraints – “hoy no circula” etc. – permanent restrictions
• Pricing – politics of congestion pricing – proxies for congestion pricing (taxes, etc)
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Road provision issues • Size of the network – what is too little? – dynamics of city growth – building out of congestion
• Hierarchy and shape • Appraising capacity expansion – bottleneck issues – generated traffic impacts – traffic management impacts on capacity requirements
• Private finance WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Roads and the poverty focus • Growth effect concerns – providing for freight traffic – congestion and the “costs of doing business”
• Direct poverty focus – – – – – – WORLD BANK
road paving in low income areas (PROPAVE) allocation of space for NMT public transport route maintenance public transport priorities labor intensive maintenance resettlement protection Urban Transport Strategy Review
A stance on decentralization • Two main problems with a deconcentration. – Magnitude of agglomeration economies not well understood. – Attempts at control benefit .
have had limited impact, and dubious
• Use macroeconomic policies to allow markets to work – Open markets create a more level playing field between core and peripheral manufacturing, and between urban and rural activities. – Improve quality of inter-city transport and communications – Removal of subsidies to the mega city – including transport WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Essential requirements for effective planning
• Political willingness to plan • Technical skills for structure planning • Ability to implement
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
Improving land market effectiveness ? Clarification and recording of property rights ? Establishment of procedures for speedy adjudication of land invasions and informal acquisitions, ? Creation of full ownership title ? Full cost charging of developers for ancillary infrastructure ? Transparent zoning and building control system ? Elimination of obstacles to recycling of publicly owned lands ? Extended financial markets’ support for housing.
WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
A strategy for transport structures • government encouragement to development of regional centers; • development of a structure planning capability; • planned provision of adequate space for transport infrastructure; • co-ordination of land use and transport planning • creation of development control skills and practices at the city level; • elimination of price distortions in both land and transport markets, • road investment appraisal recognizing effects of induced traffic; • strategic consideration of the benefits of traffic management, and demand restraint in the base case for road investment appraisal. WORLD BANK
Urban Transport Strategy Review
City Typologies City problems vary according to • • • •
Income Size and size distribution Political history Population growth rates
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Urban Transport Strategy Review
City type categories Income / Motorization rates Low
High
High Low
Population Growth
Singapore
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Ex Centrally Planned
Dhaka,
Bangkok, Manila Hong Kong,
Market
Samarkand Almaty Bishkek Dakar Nairobi
Moscow, Warsaw, Budapest Prague, Buenos Aires
Ex Centrally Planned Market
Urban Transport Strategy Review
City types and transport dominant modes Income / Motorization rates
High Low
Population Growth
Low
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High Cars metros buses
Ex Centrally Planned
Non-motorized transport Informal sector dominant
Car, motorcycle, bus, metro.
Market
Bicycles Mixed formal informal bus Walk, bicycles Informal public NMT
Car, bus, LRT, metro
Ex Centrally Planned
Car, bus LRT metro
Market
Urban Transport Strategy Review