Urban Transport and City Development

Urban Transport and City Development WORLD BANK Urban Transport Strategy Review Importance of urban transport in developing countries • Urban sect...
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Urban Transport and City Development

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Importance of urban transport in developing countries • Urban sector accounts for at least 50% of the gross national product. • 15 to 25% of city budgets for transport . • Between 5 to 10% of urban household income is spent on transport, (more than 25% for the poorest households in very large cities). • One third of city infrastructure investment needs required for transport • Despite recent developments in private sector involvement in transport infrastructure, most will have to come through the city budget.

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Urban transport and city efficiency Inadequate transport infrastructure harms the poor in three ways: ? Measured GDP growth is reduced by freight congestion, delays and unpredictability. ? Transport-originated air pollution, 'non-business' time lost to congestion, and traffic accidents. ? In battles for space, the poor suffer particularly, either from dwelling on pavements or in slums to be close to work, or from multi-hour journeys to work. WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Performance of city transport systems Downtown weekday traffic speeds are reported to average • 8kph or less – Seoul – Shanghai

• 10 kph or less – Bangkok – Manila – Mexico

• 15 kph or less – Kuala Lumpur – Sao Paulo. WORLD BANK

• Average journey to work times of over 75 minutes – – – – –

Bucharest Jakarta Kinshasa Lagos Manila

• Most developing countries have less than 100 cars per thousand people, compared with 400 or more in the richer industrialized countries, Urban Transport Strategy Review

Motorization and Incomes

500

Chart 1.1 Motorization and Incomes: Growth of Cars vs Growth of Per Capita Incomes in France, Japan, Spain and United Kingdom (1950s - '95) and Relative Position of Selected other Countries in 1995

450 400 350

France

(1951-95)

Japan

(1956-95)

Czech Rep.

300 250 Poland

200

United Kingdom (1951-95)

Israel

Spain

150

Korea

Argentina Romania

100

(1954-95)

Other Countries (1995)

Singapore

Mexico

Ukraine

Russia Brazil Morocco

50

Philippines

Mauritius

Hongkong

Chile Thailand

0 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

GNP/Capita (1995 US $PPP basis)

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18000

20000

22000

24000

26000

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Special characteristics of motorization in developing countries ? High concentration of population, economic activity, and vehicle ownership in very few rapidly expanding major cities ? Inadequate quantity and structure of road infrastructure, often associated with rapid population growth

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Structural policies to improve urban transport

• • • •

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Infrastructure expansion Structural deconcentration Land use control Land market liberalization

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Road building to eliminate congestion • Cities need 20-25% of urban space for movement • Expanding cities should plan for this • Allocation of movement space should also be planned • But you can’t build out of congestion in megacities – because of generated traffic – because of social and environmental disruption

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Demand management issues • Objective setting • Parking controls – strategic v local interests

• Traffic restraints – “hoy no circula” etc. – permanent restrictions

• Pricing – politics of congestion pricing – proxies for congestion pricing (taxes, etc)

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Road provision issues • Size of the network – what is too little? – dynamics of city growth – building out of congestion

• Hierarchy and shape • Appraising capacity expansion – bottleneck issues – generated traffic impacts – traffic management impacts on capacity requirements

• Private finance WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Roads and the poverty focus • Growth effect concerns – providing for freight traffic – congestion and the “costs of doing business”

• Direct poverty focus – – – – – – WORLD BANK

road paving in low income areas (PROPAVE) allocation of space for NMT public transport route maintenance public transport priorities labor intensive maintenance resettlement protection Urban Transport Strategy Review

A stance on decentralization • Two main problems with a deconcentration. – Magnitude of agglomeration economies not well understood. – Attempts at control benefit .

have had limited impact, and dubious

• Use macroeconomic policies to allow markets to work – Open markets create a more level playing field between core and peripheral manufacturing, and between urban and rural activities. – Improve quality of inter-city transport and communications – Removal of subsidies to the mega city – including transport WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Essential requirements for effective planning

• Political willingness to plan • Technical skills for structure planning • Ability to implement

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

Improving land market effectiveness ? Clarification and recording of property rights ? Establishment of procedures for speedy adjudication of land invasions and informal acquisitions, ? Creation of full ownership title ? Full cost charging of developers for ancillary infrastructure ? Transparent zoning and building control system ? Elimination of obstacles to recycling of publicly owned lands ? Extended financial markets’ support for housing.

WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

A strategy for transport structures • government encouragement to development of regional centers; • development of a structure planning capability; • planned provision of adequate space for transport infrastructure; • co-ordination of land use and transport planning • creation of development control skills and practices at the city level; • elimination of price distortions in both land and transport markets, • road investment appraisal recognizing effects of induced traffic; • strategic consideration of the benefits of traffic management, and demand restraint in the base case for road investment appraisal. WORLD BANK

Urban Transport Strategy Review

City Typologies City problems vary according to • • • •

Income Size and size distribution Political history Population growth rates

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Urban Transport Strategy Review

City type categories Income / Motorization rates Low

High

High Low

Population Growth

Singapore

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Ex Centrally Planned

Dhaka,

Bangkok, Manila Hong Kong,

Market

Samarkand Almaty Bishkek Dakar Nairobi

Moscow, Warsaw, Budapest Prague, Buenos Aires

Ex Centrally Planned Market

Urban Transport Strategy Review

City types and transport dominant modes Income / Motorization rates

High Low

Population Growth

Low

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High Cars metros buses

Ex Centrally Planned

Non-motorized transport Informal sector dominant

Car, motorcycle, bus, metro.

Market

Bicycles Mixed formal informal bus Walk, bicycles Informal public NMT

Car, bus, LRT, metro

Ex Centrally Planned

Car, bus LRT metro

Market

Urban Transport Strategy Review

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