Fuel Cells & Hydrogen for Sustainable Transport Industry Update Meeting
Update of TOYOTA’s Fuel Cell Vehicle Development
November 30, 2009
Akihito Tanke Toyota Motor Europe
Prospect for Supply and Demand of Conventional Oil & Changes in CO2 Concentration 60
Source: ： IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Projected
Discoveries 40 Consumption 30 Peak Oil 20
10
Carbon Dioxide [ ppm ]
Discoveries
50 Billions of Barrels (Year)
（2007 ）
350
300
250
0 1930
1950
2030 1970 1990 2010 Year Source:http://www.oilposter.org Source:http://www.oilposter.org (Cautious Theory)
Oil discoveries in new oil fields have lagged oil consumption, hence ‘Peak Oil’ seems to be inevitable.
10000
5000 Time (before 2005) [year]
0
Atmospheric CO2 concentration has dramatically increased since the 20th century.
Automotive industry is urged to respond to these issues to provide sustainable personal mobility for the 21st century.
2
Concept of Energy Source Utilization
3
Mobile Petroleum Liquid Fuel Coal
1. ICE / ICE-HV 2. PHV 3. EV 4. FCHV
Natural gas Water / Nuclear Electricity
Biomass Solar / Wind
Hydrogen (Gas Fuel)
Stationary
Industry
Electricity and hydrogen as energy carrier have various primary source
Home
Well-to-Wheel CO2 Emission 0
4
CO2 emission (gasoline vehicle =1) 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 1.0
Gasoline vehicle Diesel Vehicle Gasoline HV
Future
Diesel HV Biomass, nuclear power
EV FCHV (Natural gas; current) FCHV (Natural gas; target)
CoalCoal-fired power
Well-to-Tank CO2 Tank-to-Wheel CO2
(Coal)
Future
(Water electrolysis/ renewables) (Biomass decomposition) ( ): source of hydrogen Source : Mizuho Information & Research Institute report/ Toyota calculation (excluding FCHV) FCHV : Toyota calculation Hydrogen fueled, Toyota inin-house testing in the Japanese 1010-15 test cycle
FCHV(Hydrogen) has high potential of low CO2 emission at WTW comparison.
Volumetric Energy Density (Gasoline=100)
Volumetric Energy Density
5
Diesel
(Toyota calculation)
Gasoline 100
Ethanol 50
Lithium-ion battery
Hydrogenabsorbing alloy(2wt%) CNG High (20MPa) High pressure pressure hydrogen hydrogen (70MPa) (35MPa)
0
Electricity
Gaseous fuel
Liquid fuel
Current gasoline and diesel fuels are quite suitable to automobiles (energy density and conformation).
Toyota’s Vision toward Ultimate Eco-car
6
Gate 3 CO2 reduction
Ultimate eco-car
Gate 2 Energy security
Hybrid Technology
Gate 1 Clean emission
Gasoline / Diesel
Gaseous fuel
Right time
Bio fuel
Synthetic fuel
Right place
Hydrogen
Electricity
Right vehicle
Hybrid is a fundamental technology applicable to all powertrains. While saving liquid fuels, increase the use of hydrogen and electricity. (The key is hydrogen / electricity storage technology)
Hybrid technology is applicable to any energy sources HV Engine Motor Fuel tank Battery
EV
FCHV
PHV
Engine Motor
Engine FC stack
Engine
Motor
Motor Fuel tank
H2 tank
Fuel tank Battery
Battery Battery
Using hybrid technology for PHV, EV and FCHV
7
Comparison between Fuel Cell and Battery
8
Calculations on mass and volume required to achieve an actual cruising range of 500km Li-ion battery
Li-ion battery
Current RAV4 EV(Ni-MH) actual result
EV
Toyota FCHVadv actual result
Volume [L]
Battery Mass [t]
Current
EV
RAV4 EV(Ni-MH) actual result
Prospect Toyota FCHVadv actual result
Prospect
0 0
100
200
300
500
FCHV
Cruising Range [km] [ Vehicle weight(excluding battery) : 1.4t ]
FCHV
0 0
100
200
300
500
Cruising Range [km]
(Toyota calculation)
FC has advantages in mass and volume to achieve an practical cruising range level.
Vision of Response to Environmental & Energy Issues HVs & PHVs with internal combustion engine
Vehicle size
FCHVs
9
Heavy-duty trucks Express trains
Passenger cars
Route buses
HV
EVs
Regular trains FCHV(BUS)
Short-distance commuters
Delivery trucks
Motorcycles
FCHV EV
Winglet
Fuel
ｉ series
Electricity
PHV
Driving distance
Small delivery vehicles Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc.
Hydrogen
HV & PHV : wide use, EV : short-distance, commuters FCHV : long distance, mid-to-large vehicles
TOYOTA FCHV-adv
10
*1 in Japanese 10-15 test cycle, Toyota in-house test *2 in Japanese JC08 test cycle, Toyota in-house test
Overall length/ width/ height (mm)
4,735/ 1,815/ 1,685
Type
Max. speed (km/h) 155 VehicleCruising range (km) Fuel economy (km/kg H2) Seating capacity
830 *1 139*1 (38km/L gasoline equiv.) 126*2 (34.5km/L gasoline equiv.） 5
Pure hydrogen
Storage systemHigh-press. H2 tank Fuel Max. storage 70 pressure (MPa) Tank capacity (kg H2)
6.0 (35 degC)
Evolution of TOYOTA FCHV
11
Present
2015 FCCJ* Target on starting commercialization (Decision making)
Vehicle Dec. 2002 ~
’02 FCHV (lease model)
Jul. 2005 ~
’05 FCHV (lease model)
’08 FCHV-adv (lease model)
Technical Challenges 1. Cold Start / Driving Capability
0degC
0degC
2. Actual Cruising Range
210km
230km
3. FC Stack Durability 4. Cost reduction
-30degC 500km or more 15 years or more 1/10 or less (design / materials) * FCCJ: Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan
- Actual cruising range and cold start / driving capability has been significantly improved. - Toyota continues efforts especially on FC stack durability and FC system cost reduction targeting commercialization in 2015.
Major Technical Challenges for FC Vehicles
C. Stack durability
B. Freeze start capability
D. Cost, Compactness & High Power Density
A. Cruising range
12
13 TOYOTA FCHV-adv Long-distance Travel (560 km) A. Cruising range with Single Refueling
Japan Tokyo
Osaka
560km (350mile) With single refueling, FCHV-adv successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo under real-use conditions (air conditioner on, etc.) with enough reserve capacity.
Cold Start / Driving Capability Performance Test Results
14
B. Freeze start capability
外気温[℃] Ambient Air Temp.
Timmins, Canada (degC degC) 10 10
Ambient Air Temperature at Timmins
32
00
20
10 - -10
°C
20 - -20
0 -20
30 - -30 40 - -40
(degF degF) 50
-37degC 2/8
2/10
2/12
2/14
2/16
-40 2/18
Canada Under aurora at subarctic
Date
The cold-weather performance tests verified that the cold start and driving performance of the TOYOTA FCHV-adv was equivalent to that of gasoline-powered vehicles.
Durability of TOYOTA FC Stack
15
C. Stack durability
Crossover Amount
MEA1 Reduction of physical deterioration
MEA2
Threshold limit value
Re du
cti o det n of eri ora chem i tio n cal
MEA3
MEA4
Maximum Output
Threshold limit value
MEA3
MEA1
MEA4
MEA2
0
Durability
Equivalent to 25 years
Durability is steadily improving and further efforts are being made, especially for reduction of electrode deterioration under real-world conditions.
Goal of Cost Reduction for FCHV
16
D. Cost, compactness, high-power density
Cost
1/10 1/10
Model generation
Model generation
Resolution Resolution of of engineering -related engineering-related technical technical issues issues
Model generation
Model generation Cost Cost reduction reduction
Innovations in design, materials, and production technology
Mass production effect
In the near term, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current level by innovations in design, materials, and production technology.
Current Forecast of FCV Commercialization
17
▼ Decision making
2002 2008
2015 Strongly depend on infrastructure readiness and market needs
Phase Demonstration 1st FCHV, Limited leasing
FCV development
2030
Initial market penetration
Mass production Low volume production
Next Generation FCHV
Mass production
R&D Manufacturing Engineering
Hydrogen infrastructure Social needs
Tech. development
Commercialization Support
Low emission
CO2 reduction Energy security
Business
Issues for FC Vehicles and Hydrogen Fuel Production Production
Transport Transport // Storage Storage // Supply Supply
18
Vehicle Vehicle
Solar Solar // Biomass Biomass Coal Coal Petroleum Petroleum
Hy dr o
H2, etc.
gen Ｓ ｔ ａ ｔｉｏ ｎ
H2
Natural Natural gas gas
-H2 cost -Infrastructure development -Transportation & storage method -Codes & standards
Government, Fuel Industries
Issues
-H2 cost -Production storage method -CO2 sequestration
Issues
Issues
Electricity Electricity -Vehicle cost -Stack durability -Compactness & high power density -Freeze start capability -Cruising range
Automakers
Factors for Successful Commercialization of FCVs 1. Vehicle marketability Resolving technical challenges, reducing cost, and adding new appeal to the products
FINE-X 2005 Tokyo Motor Show
2. Hydrogen infrastructure development H2 production, transport and supply; CO2 sequestration technology; Codes & Standards 3. Increased societal acceptance of various energy sources Global warming; energy security; incentives
19
20
Today For Tomorrow Thank you for your attention.
