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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BA PHILOSOPHY CORE COURSE I SEM METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVES OF HUMANITIES AND PHILOSOPHY QUESTION BANK
Choose the correct answer 1. The classical Greek notion of humanities was a) To improve our social world b) To provide a basis of a broad education to Greek citizens c) To demarcate the natural world and social world. 2. The term humanities during the Italian Renaissance appeared a) In relation to the education of liberal arts b) In relation to the education of social science. c) In relation to the education of Christians for their moral and spiritual development. d) None of the above. 3. Today the term humanities refer to those disciplines of knowledge which are concerned with a) Human thoughts, creative expressions and culture. b) Psychological and physiological aspects of man c) Study of the natural world d) Study of the social world. 4. -------------------------is recognized as part of the humanities. a) Physics
b) Geography
c) Economics
d) Philosophy
5. The concern of humanities is a) To give a knowledge of the natural world. b) To give a knowledge of the biological properties of man c) To create an intellectual and spiritual sense of the lived –world. d) To explain the structure of society. Methodology and Perspectives of Humanities and Philosophy
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6. Science can be defined as a) A systematic study of all things, natural and social. b) A branch of knowledge which explores the process of how human beings construct a world of meanings and interpretations. c) A study of human conditions in it’s entirety. d) A study of the meaning, purpose and goals of human conditions. 7. Scientific knowledge can be defined as a) A set of methods that are creative and speculative in nature. b) A set of verified and verifiable statements about all phenomena. c) Stories, ideas and words that help us to make sense of our lives and our world. d) An important tool in the production and reproduction of meanings of culture, literature and history. 8. The scientific method involves a) Generating testable hypotheses in order to make predictions. b) Methods that are speculative in nature c) Analysis and exchange of ideas rather than the causal and quantitative explanations. d) Answering questions such as what is right or wrong. 9. -------------------------is the hallmark of scientific exercise. a) Imaginatively interpreting and expressing the meanings of lived in experiences. b) Empirical proof. c) Narrative imagination. d) None of the above. 10. Empirical proof is a) Objective truth which is verifiable through sense experience. b) Subjective truth which is verifiable through speculation. c) Creative and speculative in nature. d) Analysis and exchange of ideas. 11. Scientific method focuses on -----------------------. a) Creative expressions and culture. b) The process of creative intervention and culture. c) Imaginative interpretation. d) Accuracy and objectivity. 12. The scientific study of the external, natural world is termed a) Social science
b) Mathematical science
c) Natural science
d) Political science
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13. ---------------------is a natural science. a) Philosophy
b) Physics
c) Sociology
d) History
14. Phenomena that exist as a result of human interaction is called a) Natural phenomena
b) Scientific phenomena
c) Social phenomena
d) None of the above
15. ---------------------is a social science. a) Biology
b) Chemistry
c) Sociology
d) Mathematics
16. Study of human conditions in it’s entirety is called a) Social science
b) Natural science
c) Political science
d) Humanities
17. ---------------------is considered to be the central humanities discipline. a) Economics
b) History
c) Biology
d) Philosophy
18. Humanities employ methods that are a) Empirical in nature
b) Creative and speculative in nature
c) Objective and accurate in nature
d) Generating testable hypothesis
19. The role of meaning, purpose and goals of human condition is emphasized by a) Anthropology
b) Psychology
c) Humanities
d) Natural Science
20. Narrative imagination is an important tool employed by a) Social science
b) Natural science
c) Humanities
d) None of the above
21. Scientific method aim at arriving at a) Absolute certainty
b) Probable certainty
c) Absolute truth
d) None of the above
22. Fact means a) Something that can be shown to be true, to exist. b) Supposition or belief about something c) Something having subjective or infinite existence d) None of the above 23. The author of the book What is History is a) Hayden White c) H.G.Gadamer
b) E.H. Carr d) Auguste Compte
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24. “History is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and facts” The statement is by a) H.G.Gadamer
b) Wilhelm Dilthey
c) E.H.Carr
d) None of the above
25. ---------------------are essentially self-reflective in character a) Social sciences
b) Natural sciences
c) Humanities
d) None of the above
26. The fundamental question what it means to be human, is answered by a) Natural sciences
b) Social sciences
c) Humanities
d) None of the above
27. ----------------is an advocate of positivism a) E.H.Carr
b) H.G.Gadamer
c) Wilhelm Dilthey
d) Auguste Compte.
28. ------------------is the founding father of sociology a) E.H.Carr
b) Wilhelm Dilthey
c) Auguste Compte
d) H.G.Gadamer
29. Positivism gave importance to a) Spiritual metaphysics b) Use of natural science methods in studting social sciences c) Theology d) None of the above 30. “Social sciences ought to study and explain values without being judgmental about them”. The view is expressed by a) Auguste Compte
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Max Weber
d) H.G.Gadamer
31. The term ideology is coined by a) Louis Althusser
b) Karl Marx
c) Engels
d) Destutt de Tracy
32. The author of the book German Ideology a) Louis Althusser
b) Max Weber
c) Karl Marx and Angels
d) Terry Eagleton
33. “The ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class” refers to a) The term ideology used by the Marxist Ideology. b) The term ideology used by the Rationalists c) The term ideology used by the Empiricists d) None of the above Methodology and Perspectives of Humanities and Philosophy
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34. Ideology as a sort of false- consciousness refers to a) The idealistic notion of reality b) The Kantian notion of a-priori c) The Hegelian idea of the Absolute d) The term ideology used by the Marxist theory. 35. Ideology as a sort of false-consciousness used by the Marxist theory, means a) Ideas are independent of objects b) Consciousness is primary and objects are secondary c) Something that mystifies and hides the reality of the actual material conditions of society d) None of the above 36. Ideology is more than just a ruling belief system To whom this statement is related to a) E.H.Carr b) c) Max weber
b) Terry Eagleton d) Auguste compte
37. The auther of the book, Ideology:An Introduction a) Louis Althusser
b) Fredric Jameson
c) Terry Eagleton
b) John B. Thompson
38. Empirically provable/proven ideas is the characteristic of a) Science
b) Humanities
c) Mathematics
d) Ethics
39. The subject matter can all be studied and examined from outside. This characteristic applies to a) Humanities
b) Natural science
c) Aesthetics
d) None of the above
40. Humanities explore the process of a) Generating testable hypothesis b) Arriving at absolute truth unshakable by criticism c) How human beings construct a world of meanings and interpretation around their lives d) Acquiring knowledge through direct observation of phenomena 41. As a continuous and cumulative activity, science engages in a) Formulation of causal explanations b) Analysis and exchange of ideas c) Answering questions such as what is right or what is wrong. d) Emphasizing the role of meaning, purpose and goals of human condition.
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42. The data can be quantified, selected and classified in the most objective manner. This is a characteristic of a) Mathematical science
b) Natural science
c) Humanities
d) Aesthetics
43. When social behavior of human beings is explained and predicted with the help of scientific methods, the body of knowledge thus created is called a) Natural science
b) Humanities
c) Social science
d) Philosophy
44. A synthesis of all forms of exact and inexact knowledge, and historically the source of all the sciences as well as social sciences is called a) History
b) Psychology
c) Economics
d) Philosophy
45. ‘Facts cannot be conceived without an inherent framework of interpretation and value-judgment’. The view is expressed by a) Auguste Compte
b) Max Weber
c) Louis Althusser
d) E.H.Carr
46. Aggregate or set of beliefs about things, objects, ideas, or actions that are considered preferable to others, are called a) Tastes
b) Values
c) Ideologies
d) Facts
47. ------------is a set of ideas, which provide a theoretical and operational framework for thought or action. a) Taste
b) Value
c) Ideology
d) Fact
48. Destutte de Tracy coined the term ideology as a) The science of ideals
b) The science of Idols
c) The science of ideas
d) The science of reason
49. ’Ideology is not simply a distorted representation of reality by which a ruling class exploits a subjected class, but plays an active constitutive role in social formation by affecting the material conditions themselves.’ The view is expressed by a) Max Weber
b) Louis Althusser
c) Feminists
d) Karl Marx and Angels
50. ‘All ruling ideas are nothing but a super structural expression of the dominant material condition in society.’ This view of ideology was expressed by a) Karl Marx and Angels
b) Max Weber
c) Radicals
d) Feminists
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51. The etymological meaning of the term Philosophy is a) Love of wisdom
b) Love of thought
c) Love of life
d) Love of prosperity
52. Who was the first philosopher used the term philosophy? a) Socrates
b) Plato
c) Pythagoras
d) Descartes
53. “A philosopher is one whose attention is fixed on reality rather than appearance”, this was the opinion of a) John Locke
b) Plato
c) Aristotle
d) Spinoza
54. Philosophy undertakes a--------- of the grounds on which beliefs are held. a) Criticism
b) Appraisal
c) Evaluation
d) Critical examination.
55. The term ‘Metaphysics’ literally means a) Before physics
b) Beyond nature
c) Beyond physics
d) Beyond perception.
56. The term metaphysics was first used by a) Thales
b) Andronicus
c) Russell
d) Berkeley.
57. Metaphysical method can be considered as a) A priori
b) A posteriori
c) Scientific
d) Mathematical.
58. Materialism attributes -------- a primary position. a) Mind
b) God
c) Spirit
d) Matter.
59. According to materialism all events are due to the interaction of --------and ---------. a) God and soul
b) Soul and body
c) Matter and motion
d) God and motion.
60. Idealism considers ultimate reality as a) Material c) Absolute
b) Spiritual d) Material and spiritual
61. Realism is a philosophical position which considers that the external world is a) Unreal
b) Neither real nor unreal
c) Real
d) Both real and unreal.
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62. Epistemology can also be termed as a) Theory of knowledge
b) Theory of truth
c) Theory of error
d) Theory of causation.
63. Knowledge is a relation between a) Object and object
b) Subject and object
c) Subject and subject
d) Soul and matter.
64. According to rationalism the universal attributes of true knowledge can be deduced only from a) Matter
b) World itself
c) Dream
d) Mind itself.
65. The first principles of the world which are recognized as true by reason have their source in a) World
b) Heaven
c) Sleep
d) Reason.
66. Empiricism holds that ------------ is the only source of knowledge. a) Reason
b) Intuition
c) Experience
d) Revelation.
67. ----------- is a leading figure of modern empiricism. a) John Locke
b) Immanuel Kant
c) Spinoza
d) Leibnitz
68. Those who insist that what cannot be traced to specific sense experiences is not true knowledge are called a) Rationalists
b) Radical empiricists
c) Pragmatists
d) Intuitionists.
69. The Latin word ethos means a) Soul
b) World
c) God
d) Character.
70. Ethics is a ---------- science. a) Normative
b) Positive
c) Descriptive
d) Mental.
71. Conduct is a collective name for a) Voluntary actions c) Reflex actions
b) Non-voluntary actions d) Wrong actions.
72. The concepts of reward and punishment presuppose the a) Cause of action
b) Freedom of will
c) Freedom of agreement
d) Wrongness of action
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73. Moral good is that which satisfies a) Friends
b) Relatives
c) Desire
d) Moral will.
74. The Latin word rectus means a) According to decision c) According to law
b) According to conscience d) According to tradition.
75. A ----------action is in some way fitting to the circumstance. a) Wrong c) Bad
b) Right d) Immoral
76. The word virtue is used for ----------- of any kind. a) Excellence
b) Duty
c) Good
d) Character.
77. Who is the author of the book “A Study in Moral Theory.” a) J.S. Mill
b) Bentham
c) Hume
d) Laird
78. The three process of thinking are a) Dreaming, waking, and deep sleep
b) Walking, running, and talking
c) Conception, judgment, and reasoning
d) Intuition, apprehension, and revelation.
79. The process of comparing concepts or ideas is called a) Reasoning
b) Concluding
c) Evaluating
d) Judgment.
80. The process of passing from certain known judgment to a new judgment is called a) Induction
b) Apprehension
c) Reasoning
d) Thinking
81. The proposition “All men are mortal”, is an example for-------------- proposition. a) Conditional
b) Hypothetical
c) Disjunctive
d) Categorical
82. The proposition “If there is a rain then the ground is wet”, is an example for------------proposition. a) Categorical
b) Conditional
c) Hypothetical
d) Conjunctive
83. The verbal expression of a concept is called a a) Phrase
b) Clause
c) Term
d) Argument.
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84. The verbal expression of a judgment is called a a) Term
b) Proposition
c) Argument
d) Mood.
85. The argument is the verbal expression of a a) Reasoning
b) Thinking
c) Feeling
d) Knowing
86. The statement of relation between terms is a a) Argument
b) Proposition
c) Condition
d) Fallacy
87. The inferred proposition of an argument is called. a) Term
b) Statement
c) Premise
d) Conclusion
88. Propositions which form the basis of the conclusion of an argument are called a) Reasoning
b) Premises
c) Terms
d) Judgment.
89. The process of drawing conclusion from specific evidence is a) Induction
b) Deduction
c) Definition
d) Classification
90. Inductive arguments are characterized as a) Right or wrong
b) Good or bad
c) Proper or improper
d) Strong or weak
91. The defining characteristic of a valid deduction is its a) Uncertainty
b) Truth
c) Certainty
d) Goodness
92. Deductive arguments are typically a) Analytic
b) Synthetic
c) Conditional
d) A priori
93. There are ----------- terms in a categorical syllogism a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
94. That term which appears in the premises and not in the conclusion of a categorical syllogism is a) Major term
b) Minor term
c) Copula
d) Middle term
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95. The major term is the ------------term of the conclusion a) Subject
b) Predicate
c) Copula
d) Middle
96. The subject term of the conclusion is the a) Minor term
b) Major term
c) Middle term
d) None of these
97. A categorical syllogism consists of ------------ propositions a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
98. In a categorical syllogism each term appears a) Thrice
b) Twice
c) Once
d) Four times
99. The philosophy is termed in Indian literature as a) Darsana
b) Purana
c) Veda
d) Guna
100. The system of Indian logic is a) Nyaya
b) Sankhya
c) Yoga
d) Vedanta
101. Indian epistemology is seriously concerned with the a) Problem of error b) Investigation of the sources of cognition c) Enquiry into the nature and the criterion of knowledge d) All the above 102.
Yatharthajnana is known as
a) False cognition
b) Doubtful cognition
c) True cognition
d) None of these
103. Prama meansa) Valid presentative cognition c) invalid preventative cognition 104. Aparma means-
b) Invalid representative cognition d) None of these
a) Valid Knowledge
b) Invallid knowledge
c) Truth
d) None of these
105. The pramana in Indian philosophy implies a) Means of knowledge
b) Means of valid knowledge
c) Means of invalid knowledge
d) The theory to be known
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106. Which among the following means of knowledge is prama? a) Samsaya b) Pratyksa c) Error
d) Tarka
107. The number of pramanas accepted by Carvaka a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
108. Which one of the pramana the Carvaka Buddha and Vaisenka do not recognize? a) Perception
b) Inference
c) Subda
d) Comparison
109. In Perception the object is conveyed to sense through an unusual medium a) Laukila
b) Alukika
c) External
d) None of these
110. Samanya laksana comes under a) Extra ordinary perception
b) Ordinary perception
c) Inference
d) None of these
111. According to Nyaya the contact of the object with the sense organs are of -----------kinds a) Five kinds
b) Six kinds
c) Four kinds
d) None of these
112. Which among the following anumanas are based on causation? a) Purvavat and sesavat
b) Samayatodrsta
c) Comparison
d) None of these
113. Drstarth and adrstarth are the two kinds of a) Perception
b) Verbal testimony
c) Comparison
d) None of these
114. Which among the following means of knowledge is produced by the knowledge of resemblance or similarity a) Pratyaksa
b) Anumana
c) Upamana
d) Sabda
115. The admission of ---------------- is a necessity when there arises a conflict between two well known facts followed by a demand for the resolution a) Anumana
b) Upamana
c) Presumption
d) None of these
116. The theory of error accepted by Nyaya is known as ---a) Akhyati
b) Anyathakhyati
c) Viparitaklyati
d) None of these
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117. Akhyativada has been advocated by a) Prabhakara
b) Kumarila
c) Sankara
d) None of these
118. In the ‘rope-snake’ illusion according to Advaita Vedanta a) The snake is conceal
b) The snake is real
c) The snake isneither real or un real
d) The snake is dreamt
119. Mimamsaka accept a) Paratah Pramanyaveda
b) Svatah Pramanya Veda
c) Truth
d) None of these
120. Svatah literally means a) From with in
b) From without
c) Prama
d) None of these
121. The knowledge through the past memories is called a) Anubhava
b) Smriti
c) Truth
d) None of these
122. Tatvatitat prakaraka advocates a) Nyaya
b) Buddhism
c) Advaita
d) None of these
123. Non-contradictedness is advocated by a) Buddhism
b) Nyaya
c) Advaita
d) None of these
124. Perception is a cognition which is fee free from any concept a) Visadam pratyaksam
b) Aparsksa
c) Kalpanapodham
d) None of these
125. Asatkhyati veda has been advocated by a) Prabhakara
b) Madhyamika
c) Kumarila
d) None of these
126. Atmakhyat has been advocated by a) Yogacara Buddhism
b) Nyaya
c) Ramanuja
d) None of these
127. Prmata means a) Means of knowledge
b) The knowable
c) The knower
d) None of these
128. Paratah literally means a) From with in
b) From without
c) Aprama
d) None of these
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129. Nyaya divides ordinary perception into a) Indeterminate and determinate
b) Manasa and bhahya
c) Samanya
d) None of these
130. Nirvikalpa pratyaksa means a) Indeterminate
b) Determinate
c) Jnana laksana
d) None of these
131. Savikalpa pratyaksa means a) Determinate
b) Indeterminate
c) Samanyalaksana
d) None of these
132. Prameya means a) Means of knowledge
b) The knowable
c) The knower
d) None of these
133. There are mainly ---------------- theories of false cognition based on the nature of the contact of error a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) four
134. The etymological meaning of the word philosophy is a) Love of learning
b) Love of truth
c) Love of veda
d) None of these
135. Sanskrit term for philosophy is a) Darsana
b) Knowledge
c) Learning
d) None of these
136. The word Veda means a) Knowledge
b) Mantras
c) Brahmanas
d) Aranyakas
137. There are ------------------ Samhitas a) Four
b) Three
c) Two
d) One
138. The Brahmans are written in ------a) Poem
b) Prose
c) Songs
d) None of these
139. Mantras and Brahmans are called a) Karma kanda
b) Jnana Kanda
c) Mimamsa
d) None of these
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140. The Upanisads are known as a) Vedanta
b) Mimamsa
c) Knowledge
d) None of these
141. ---------------- Veda is not included in the trayi a) Samaveda
b) Atharvaveda
c) Rigveda
d) Yaju veda
142. ------------------- introduced the concept of henotheism a) Dr.S.Radhakrishnan
b) Hiriyanna
c) Maxmuller
d) None of these
143. Henotheism means a) Belief in one only God
b) Belief in many God
c) Belief in religion
d) None of these
144. Rta literally means a) The course of things
b) Season
c) Temperal change
d) None of these
145. Asthika means a) Orthodex
b) Heterodox
c) Non-vedic
d) None of these
146. Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva are a) Different Samhitas
b) Different Upanisads
c) Different Brahmans
d) None of these
147. Which of the following have developed jnanakanda a) Aranyaka and the Upanisads
b) Mantras and Brahmans
c) Brahmanas and Arayakas
d) None of these
148. Rta denotes a) Primacy of the world
b) The order of the world
c) Morality of living beings
d) None of these
149. The core of Upanisads is --------------------------a) Polytheism
b) Henotheism
c) Monotheism
d) Monism
150. The Upanisads can be said as monists because they believe in ------------------a) One god
b) Many god
c) One cretor
d) One reality (Brhman)
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151. Peirce and James advocate ------theory of truth a) Redundancy
b) Pragmatic
c) Coherence
d) Correspondence
152. Pragma is a ----- word a) Latin
b) Hebrew
c) Arab
d) Greek
153. Which is not among the theories of truth -------------? a) Pragmatic
b) Coherence
c) Semantic
d) Amphiboly
154. William James is ------------a) American psychologist
b) German scientist
c) French thinker
d) British poet
155. Pragmatic theory of truth is associated with -------a) Germany
b) America
c) France
d) England
156. Pragmatic theory of truth is developed by -----a) Descartes
b) Hegel
c) James
d) Kant
157. The dictum that subjectivity is truth is by a) Kierkegaard
b) Jasper
c) Alhazen
d) Aristotle
158. Aristotle is credited with --------a) Formal Logic
b) Symbolic Logic
c) Inductive Logic
d) None of the above
159. Who advocated Coherence theory of truth? a) Plato
b) Copernicus
c) Ptolemy
d) Leibnitz
160. The author of Monadology is--------a) Leibnitz
b) Copernicus
c) Galileo
d) Kepler
161. Correspondence theory of truth is opposed to-----------------a) Realism
b) Idealism
c) Pragmatism
d) Naturalism
162. Correspondence theory considered truth as a) Facts
b) Analytic
c) Synthetic
d) Apriori
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163. G.E.Moore is an advocate of ----------------a) Coherence theory
b) Semantic theory
c) Pragmatic theory
d) Correspondence theory
164. Spinoza expressed theory of truth in his-------------work a) Logic
b) Axiology
c) Ethics
d) Treatise
165. Relativity theory is associated with a) Galileo
b) Karl Popper
c) Albert Einstein
d) Newton
166. Idealism is a systematic philosophy which teaches the supremacy of a) Spirit over matter
b) God
c) Noumena
d) Materialism
167. Critique of Pure Reason is a work of a) Hegel
b) Kant
c) Hume
d) Husserl
168. The Coherence theory of truth is developed by --a) Buddha
b) Patanjali
c) Hegel
d) Kanada
169. Bradley is a prominent Western a) Idealist
b) Pragmatist
c) Moralist
d) Naturalist
170. The pragmatic movement in philosophy originated as a protest aganist a) Germ theory
b) Fermentation
c) Pasteurization
d) Absolute Idealism
171. The word correspondence used to denote the relation between a) Redundancy
b) Thought and reality
c) Coherence
d) Belief and opinion
172. Idealists say that truth consist in -----a) Semantic theory
b) Deflationary
c) Coherence
d) Correspondence
173. G. E Moore is associated with---------- theory a) Pragmatic
b) Coherence
c) Semantic
d) Correspondence
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174. Tarsky developed ------------ theory of truth a) Semantic
b) Syntactical
c) Prosentential
d) Coherence
175. Coherence theory is the feature of the ------------ system a) Empirical
b) Rationalistic
c) Naturalistic
d) Existentialistic
176. Correspondence theory of truth is developed by a) Socretes
b) Thales
c) Wittgenstein
d) Sartre
177. Frege;s theory of truth is known as -----------a) Deflationary
b) Semantic
c) Pragmatic
d) Coherence
178. Who are the first to propose correspondence theory of truth? a) James and Peirce
b) Socretes and Plato
c) Plato and Aristotle
d) Kant
179. Aristotle mentioned theory of truth in his work-----a) Analytic
b) Ethics
c) Epistemology
d) Metaphysics
180. Logical Atomism is a work of -----a) Leibnitz
b) Copernicus
c) Russell
d) Kepler
181. Who wrote Tractatus ? a) Russell
b) Wittgenstein
c) Hegel
d) Descartes
182. Wittgenstein advocated-------------------a) Correspondence theory
b) Coherence theory
c) Pragmatic theory
d) Semantic theory
183. Davidson criticized --------theory of truth a) Semantic
b) Performative
c) Semantic
d) Correspondence
184. Tarski’s theory of truth is close to --------a) Correspondence
b) Axiology
c) Semantic
d) Pragmatic
185. G E Moore and Russell are associated with ------ theory of truth a) Practical
b) Ethical
c) Correspondence
d) Coherence
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186. The semantic theory of truth is the successor to ------a) Coherence
b) Correspondence
c) Pragmatic
d) Materialism
187. Correspondence theory of truth is otherwise called -------a) Common sense theory
b) Redundancy
c) Semantic
d) Deflationary
188. Who is related to Rationalist philosophy? a) Kant
b) Locke
c) Descartes d) Hume 189. Coherence theory of truth is developed by a) Hegel b) Pragmatist c) Moralist d) Atomist 190. Who advocated picture theory of meaning? a) Russell b) Husserl c) Kant d) Wittgenstein
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ANSWERS 1) b
2) c
3) a
4) d
5) c
6) a
7) b
8) a
9) c
10) a
11) d
12) c
13) b
14) c
15) c
16) d
17) d
18) b
19) c
20) c
21) b
22) a
23) b
24) c
25) c
26) c
27) d
28) c
29) b
30) c
31) d
32) c
33) a
34) d
35) c
36) b
37) c
38) a
39) b
40) c
41)a
42) b
43) c
44) d
45) d
46) b
47) c
48) c
49) b
50) a
51) a
52) c
53) b
54) d
55) c
56) b
57) a
58) d
59) c
60) b
61) c
62) a
63) b
64) d
65) d
66) c
67) a
68) b
69) d
70) a
71) a
72) b
73) d
74) c
75) b
76) a
77) d
78) c
79) d
80) c
81) d
82) b
83) c
84) b
85) a
86) b
87) d
88) b
89) a
90) d
91) c
92) a
93) c
94) d
95) b
96) a
97) c
98) b
99) a
100) a
101) d
102) c
103) a
104) b
105) b
106) b
107) a
108) c
109) b
110) a
111) a
112) a
113) b
114) c
115) c
116) b
117) a
118) c
119) b
120) a
121) b
122) a
123) c
124) c
125) b
126) a
127) c
128) b
129) a
130) a
131) a
132) b
133) c
134) a
135) a
136) a
137) a
138) b
139) a
140) a
141) b
142) c
143) a
144) a
145) a
146) a
147) a
148) b
149) d
150) d
151) b
152) d
153) d
154) a
155) b
156) c
157) a
158) c
159) d
160) a
161) b
162) a
163) d
164) c
165) d
166) a
167) b
168) c
169) a
170) d
171) b
172) c
173) d
174) a
175) b
176) c
177) a
178) c
179) d
180) c
181) b
182) a
183) c
184) a
185) c
186) b
187) a
188) c
189) a
190) d © Reserved
Methodology and Perspectives of Humanities and Philosophy
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Methodology and Perspectives of Humanities and Philosophy