P.A. Hilton Ltd

Universal Testing Material Magnus – 300kN Test Frame

Sturdy Steel Channel Section Frame makes unit robust for student or demonstration use Hand-operated hydraulic system enables manual control of loading for maximum precision Full range of rocker and roller bearings, plates, support blocks, clamps and dial gauge mounting systems provided for setting up test specimens Unlimited potential for student projects Up to 7 standard experimental arrangements available optionally Data acquisition system with computer linking optionally available Two year Warranty

Page 1 of 13 Edition 6

P.A. Hilton Ltd Introduction In structural engineering one has to deal with anisotropic and non-homogeneous materials such as timber and concrete, and various combinations of materials like reinforced concrete or sandwich boards with soft centres and hard outer layers. In most cases it is necessary to test full size real samples of these products, as it is not feasible to reduce the size of the components from which the materials are made without altering the interaction or bond between them. Hence for structural engineering and building technology a testing facility of considerable size and load is required. The modular nature of the unit allows optional extras to be added as and when budgets permit. The Magnus enables students to conduct a wide variety of materials testing experiments on samples such as concrete and timber beams. Seven optional experimental modules are available to further enhance the experimental capabilities: HPM4/1 – Ultimate Moment of a Reinforced Concrete Beam HPM4/2 – Crack Control in a Reinforced Concrete Beam HPM5/1 – Stress Grading of Timber Joists HPM5/2 – Load Distribution in a Timber Grillage HPM6/1 – Plane Frame HPM6/1A – Plane Frame Fitted with Strain Gauges HPM6/2 – Braced Arch Fitted with Strain Gauges There are also a range of optional experimental accessories to enhance the learning experience whilst using the HPM1 Magnus 300kN Test Frame, and these are as follows: HPM3 – Single Hydraulic Ram System HPM3A – Twin Hydraulic Ram System HPM11 – Flood Lighting Set HPM1101 – Additional Lamp housing and lamp for HPM11 HPM1102 – Spare Lamp only HPM12 – Protective Guard HPM15 – Data Acquisition System HPM20 – Dial Gauges and Holders The table below sets out which optional experimental accessories best complement the experimental modules:

Module Code HPM4/1 HPM4/2 HPM5/1 HPM5/2 HPM6/1 HPM6/1A HPM6/2

Experiment Description Ultimate Moment of a Reinforced Concrete Beam Crack Control in a Reinforced Concrete Beam Stress Grading of Timber Joists Load Distribution in a Timber Grillage Plane Frame Plane Frame Fitted with Strain Gauges Braced Arch Fitted with Strain Gauges

HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System

Optional Experiment Accessories = Required HPM15 HPM3A HPM11 HPM12 Data Twin Flood Protective Acquisition Hydraulic Lighting Guard System Ram System Set



Optional

Optional



Optional



  

Optional



HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders



Optional





Optional





Optional



Optional

Optional

  



  

Optional







Optional

Optional – depending on local lighting conditions – area of use must be well-lit

Optional

Page 2 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd Description Supplied as Standard with ordering the HPM Magnus 300kN Test Frame HPM1 Test Frame HPM2 Standard accessories for HPM1 HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System HPM4/1 Ultimate Moment in a Reinforced Concrete Beam (Instruction Manual Only) HPM1 Test Frame The Magnus comprises a twin steel channel section frame 4.61(L) x 1.2(W) x 2.53(H) metres. This creates a working area of 4(L) x 1.6(H) metres. The gap between the verticals is 0.6 m. The frame is assembled using high strength nuts and bolts, so may be assumed to have fully fixed corners. The whole frame is designed for a 300 kN load at mid-span, which allows for a typical four point beam test using two 200 kN rams.

HPM2 Standard accessories for HPM1 A full range of rocker and roller bearings, plates, support blocks, clamps and dial gauge mounting systems is provided for setting up test specimens. The roller diameter matches the depth of the half round rocker. 25 mm thick steel reaction plates provide a good surface for the rollers and rockers to bear on, while 6 mm steel distribution plates prevent crushing of timber beams. Bearings are carried on transverse twin channel load supports, with additional height provided by 300(L) x 150(H) mm support blocks. Two longitudinal dial gauge mounting bars can be carried on the beam bearings or on angle side supports clamped to the verticals of the Magnus frame. A long transverse member allows dial gauges to be offset. ‘G’ clamps enable various arrangements to be secured within the frame. HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System A double acting 700Bar hydraulic ram is mounted on a travelling carriage. The wheels of the carriage roll on the bottom flanges of the horizontal upper cross member of the HPM1 MAGNUS frame and clamping screws and hand wheels are provided to lock the carriage where required. This enables the loading span to be varied accordingly. To drive the hydraulic ram a hand pump is attached to a mobile table top. A manually operated shut off valve at the end of the hand pump controls the travel direction of the rams, and stabilisation of the load. Hoses and components of the hydraulic circuit are fitted with self-sealing couplings. HPM4/1 Ultimate Moment in a Reinforced Concrete Beam (Instruction Manual Only) An instruction manual giving details of the manufacture of a concrete beam and a suggested test procedure

Page 3 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd

Supplied as standard

Weights and Dimensions

with ordering the HPM Magnus

HPM1 Test Frame Height: 253 cm Depth: 120 cm Width: 461 cm Weight: 1400 kg

HPM1 Frame  4 x rubber mounting levelling feet  1 x Sturdy Steel Frame (supplied disassembled)  Screws, nuts and washers for fixing (plus spares) HPM2 Accessories 3 x Load supports: 65(L) x 30(W) x 15(H)cm 8 x Clamps: 7(L) x 3(W) x 3(H)cm 6 x Reaction plates: 30(L) x 25(W) x 3(H)cm 2 Rollers: Ø4.5 x 30(L)cm 2 Rockers: Ø2.25 x 30(L)cm 8 x Support blocks: 65(L) x 25(W) x 25(H)cm 20 x ‘G’ clamps 1 x Longitudinal dial Gauge Support: 400(L)x4(W)x4(H)cm  1 x Transverse dial Gauge Support: 150(L)x4(W)x4(H)cm  1x Basic Maintenance Kit  1 x Instruction Manual

       

HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System  1 Hydraulic Table Assembly including hand pump and 4 metre connecting hose  1 Ram Carriage assembly including hydraulic ram and hand wheel HPM4/1 Ultimate Moment in a Reinforced Concrete Beam (Instruction Manual Only)

   

Services Required Level concrete floor Floor capacity of at least 10 tonnes Good lighting 240V/50Hz for HPM3

Plus also required for installation  Suitable width of doors and turning circle for long members of MAGNUS frame.  Room/Laboratory opening of 1.5metres for the packed case  Fork Lift with capacity of 3 tonnes minimum lifting capacity  Distance between forks of forklift must be upwards of 1.5metres to ensure stable movement and support of the long members.  Qualified forklift driver on site at all times.  Assembly team of at least 2 persons.  30mm A/F spanner and ratchet socket  Hard hats for all personnel involved and steel toe capped boots.  Suitable moving vehicles for the large steel members of the MAGNUS frame (i.e. trolleys, small lorry) from place of collection to place of installation.

HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System Carriage: Height: 40 cm Depth: 65 cm Width: 31cm Weight: 70 kg Table: Height: 85 cm Width: 61 cm

Depth: 85 cm Weight: 45 kg

Ordering Information Order as: HPM Magnus 300kN Test Frame Optional Extras, Order as: Experiments Crack Control in a Reinforced Concrete Beam HPM4/2 Stress Grading of Timber Joists HPM5/1 Load Distribution in a Timber Grillage HPM5/2 Plane Frame HPM6/1 Plane Frame Fitted with Strain Gauges HPM6/1A Braced Arch Fitted with Strain Gauges HPM6/2 Accessories Twin Hydraulic Ram System Flood Lighting Set Additional Lamp housing and lamp Spare Lamp only Protective Guard Data Acquisition Upgrade Dial Gauges and Holders

HPM3A HPM11 HPM1101 HPM1102 HPM12 HPM15 HPM20

Refer to the optional extra specifications for detailed capabilities

Language English

Page 4 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd

Shipping Specification (Approx.) Case 1: HPM1 Test Frame Net Weight: Gross Weight: Packing Case Dimensions: Packing Case Volume:

1400 kg 1700 kg 490 x 75 x 88cm 3.234m3

Case 2: HPM2 Standard accessories Net Weight: 420 kg Gross Weight: 620 kg Packing Case Dimensions: 408 x 70 x 70cm Packing Case Volume: 1.992m3 Case 3: HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System Net Weight: 140 kg Gross Weight: 220 kg Packing Case Dimensions: 141 x 107 x 133cm Packing Case Volume: 2.00m3

Also Available on Request

 Further detailed specification  Additional copies of instruction manual  Recommended list of spares for 5 years operation

Page 5 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM4/1 – Optional Ultimate

HPM4/2 – Optional Crack Control in

Moment in a Reinforced Concrete Beam (Instruction Manual Only)

a Reinforced Concrete Beam (Instruction Manual Only)

Order as: HPM4/2

Order as: HPM4/1 This experiment comprises a technical manual only, which contains details for casting a test reinforced concrete beam and setting up for testing with a central point load. This produces considerable deflection before failure so there is warning of imminent collapse. Test beam (once cast) measures 3.95m (L) x 0.25m (W) x 0.15m (H)

Experimental Capabilities

 Study of ultimate load failure for a reinforced concrete beam.  The difference between under and over reinforced beams can be observed.  Learning how to make a reinforced concrete beam

Essential Extras    

HPM1 MAGNUS Test Frame HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System HPM12 Protective Guard HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Services Required Facilities to cast and prepare reinforced concrete beam from specifications supplied within HPM4/1 instruction manual

This experiment comprises a technical manual only, which contains details for casting and setting up a beam for the crack measurement test which requires four point loading to produce a central length of the beam with a uniform bending moment. Concrete test beam deflections measured using a dial gauge, mounted on a large magnetic base (not supplied) Test beam (once cast) measures 3.95m (L) x 0.25m (W) x 0.15m (H)

Experimental Capabilities

 Study of cracking in a reinforced concrete beam  Study the influence of plain and deformed reinforcing bars  Learning how to make a reinforced concrete beam

Essential Extras

 HPM3A Double Hydraulic Ram System  HPM12 Protective Guard  HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Services Required Facilities to cast and prepare reinforced concrete beam from specifications supplied within HPM4/2 instruction manual

Page 6 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM5/1 Optional Stress Grading

HPM5/2 Optional Load Distribution

of Timber Joists (Instruction Manual Only)

in a Reinforced Timber Grillage

Order as: HPM5/1 Instruction Manual only, for the preparation of timber joists, and methods of relating stress grading and deflections. Test requires four point loading to produce a central length of the beam with a uniform bending moment Test beam deflections measured using a dial gauge, mounted on a large magnetic base (not supplied)

Experimental Capabilities

 Study of commercial grading of timber for structural design and construction.  Effect of moisture content

Essential Extras

 HPM3a Double Hydraulic Ram System  HPM12 Protective Guard  HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Services Required Facilities for the preparation of timber samples measuring 50 x 150 mm section and about 3 m long

Order as: HPM5/2 There are several analytical methods now available for designing grillage structures, and it is common practice to use computer solutions for design. Nevertheless all mathematical methods contain some assumptions in regard to the behaviour of the real structure, and they all need verifying in the laboratory. The following experiment shows how this can be done. The instruction manual gives details for the construction of a real size bridge deck from timber joists and flooring planks. In order to test the deck it has to be supported within the HPM1 Test frame by using the wide load supports supplied with this experiment. Special clamp brackets and block are also provided to aid clamping of the test specimen to the wide load supports.  

Timber Grillage to be manufactured by customer Grillage dimensions: 1.8m (L) x 1.2m (W)

Experimental Capabilities    

Investigation of theory for load distribution in a grillage with a thin deck. Investigation the behaviour of a bridge deck Testing a highly redundant structure Testing means to spread heavy point loads Learning how to make a timber grillage

Essential Extras   

HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System HPM12 Protective Guard HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Services Required Facilities to manufacture timber grillage from specifications supplied within HPM5/2 instruction manual

Page 7 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM6/1 Optional Plane Frames

HPM6/1a Optional Plane Frames Fitted with Strain Gauges

Order as: HPM6/1 Includes a 1.8 x 1.3m plane triangulated frame of welded steel hollow square section members on which loads may be applied and deflections measured. The frame may be mounted normally or underslung (inverted). A detailed Instruction sheet for students and lecturer is also provided. The experiment calls for joint deflections to be measured during testing. These deflections are measured using the HPM20 dial Gauges and Holder (not supplied) For safety reasons during experimentation, two safety chains have been provided to secure the truss to the HPM1 MAGNUS frame, whilst not restricting the truss movements or deflections. Two high level reaction supports have are supplied to allow the truss to be inverted and to use the same end bearing conditions.

Experimental Capabilities

 Comparison of deflections with theoretical values assuming pin joints  Comparison between normal and underslung (inverted) trusses  Investigation of reciprocal theorem  Demonstrates influence lines.

Essential Extras

 HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System  HPM12 Protective Guard  HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Recommended Extras

 HPM3A Twin Hydraulic Ram System

Weights and Dimensions

 40 x 40mm box section with 3mm wall thickness  Plane Frame: 365(L) x 94(H)cm  Plane Frame Weight: 50 kg (approximately)

Order as: HPM6/1a Includes a 1.8 x 1.3m plane triangulated frame of welded steel hollow square section members on which loads may be applied and deflections measured. The frame may be mounted normally or underslung (inverted).

Experimental Capabilities

   

Comparison between normal and underslung (inverted) trusses Comparison of deflections with theoretical values assuming pin joints Demonstration of influence lines. Investigation of reciprocal theorem

Additional Experimental Capabilities with Strain Gauges  Measurement of strains in members of a fully welded truss  Measure deflections  Enhance understanding of the strain gauging of welded structures  Introduces students to the use of strain gauges and strain meters

Essential Extras    

HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System HPM12 Protective Guard HPM15 Data Acquisition System HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Recommended Extras 

HPM3A Twin Hydraulic Ram System

Services Required 

110V/60Hz or 240V/50Hz for HPM15

Weights and Dimensions   

40 x 40mm box section with 3mm wall thickness Plane Frame: 365(L) x 94(H)cm Plane Frame Weight: 50 kg (approximately)

Page 8 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM6/2a Optional Braced Arches Fitted with Strain Gauges

Recommended Extras

 HPM3A Twin Hydraulic Ram System

Services Required

 110V/60Hz or 240V/50Hz for HPM15

Weights and Dimensions   

40 x 40mm box section with 3mm wall thickness Plane Frame: 400(L) x 160(H)cm Plane Frame Weight: 50 kg (approximately)

Order as: HPM6/2a Comprises a 4m x 1.6m braced arch of welded steel hollow square section members on which loads may be applied and deflections measured. The plane frame supplied models a three pinned arch. It has provision for adding a tie bar that eliminates the crown pin. The experiment calls for joint deflections to be measured during testing. These deflections are measured using the HPM20 dial Gauges and Holder (not supplied) which can also be connected directly into the HPM15 Data Acquisition Upgrade (Optional Extra).

Experimental Capabilities

 Comparison of a three pinned arch with a redundant braced arch  Analysis of a two or three pinned arch  Comparison of determinate and indeterminate structures  Comparison of deflections with theoretical values assuming pin joints  Demonstration of influence lines  Investigation of reciprocal theorem Additional Experimental Capabilities with Strain Gauges  Measurement of strains in members of a fully welded truss  Measure deflections  Enhance understanding of the strain gauging of welded structures  Introduces students to the use of strain gauges and strain meters

Essential Extras    

HPM3 Single Hydraulic Ram System HPM12 Protective Guard HPM15 Data Acquisition System HPM20 Dial Gauges and Holders

Page 9 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM3A Optional Twin

HPM11 Optional Floodlighting Set

hydraulic Ram System

Order as: HPM11 It is essential to have the experimental area within the frame well lit. This flood lighting equipment offered consists of four sealed beam flood lamps each housed in an aluminium body. This lamp unit’s slide in a 3.6 metre long track supported approximately 1 metre from the front edge of the MAGNUS frame with cantilever brackets. Order as: HPM4/2 Two double acting 700Bar hydraulic rams are mounted on their own travelling carriages. The wheels of the carriage roll on the bottom flanges of the horizontal upper cross member of the HPM1 MAGNUS frame and clamping screws and hand wheels are provided to lock the carriage where required. This enables the loading span to be varied accordingly. To drive the two hydraulic rams simultaneously a hand pump is attached to a mobile table top. A manually operated shut off valve at the end of the hand pump controls the travel direction of the rams, and stabilisation of the load. Hoses and components of the hydraulic circuit are fitted with self-sealing couplings.

A mains connector and 6 metres of cable complete the assembly. Additional spare lamp assemblies and lamps are available separately.

Recommended Extras  HPM1101 Spare Lamp housing and Lamp  HPM1102 Spare Lamp only

Services Required  240V/50Hz

 1 x Hydraulic Table Assembly including hand pump and 4 metre connecting hose  2 x Ram Carriage assembly including hydraulic ram and hand wheel

Weights and Dimensions Single Hydraulic Ram System Carriage: Height: 40 cm Depth: 65 cm Width: 31cm Weight: 70 kg Table: Height: 85 cm Width: 61 cm

Depth: 85 cm Weight: 45 kg

Services Required 

240V/50Hz

Page 10 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM12 Optional Protective Guard

Order as: HPM12 When conducting destructive testing, user safety is paramount. This guard offers a high degree of protection to the operators from flying debris, etc. when used alongside the HPM1 MAGNUS Test frame. To provide maximum protection to the face from splinters, etc., each guard is supplied with a 450 mm square acrylic shield. This shield is 5 mm thick and hooks onto the wire mesh in any position. Up to 4 guards can be used on each side of the MAGNUS frame. Consists of a free-standing wire mesh guard, with a moveable square transparent plastic shield to protect from flying debris. Includes integral levelling feet.

Weights and Dimensions  



1230(L) x 620(W) x 1840(H) mm Constructed from extruded aluminium mesh, except for 450mm square polycarbonate safety face guard, movable on mesh, attached by hooks. Assembled weight: 22kg

Page 11 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM15 Optional Data Acquisition



Upgrade

LCD has an excellent viewing angle which enables the key parameters to be viewed from most heights. When the HPM15 is running with the software, it connects to its host computer (not supplied) using the USB port(s) available on the side of the unit. The Interface is supplied with an external power supply. This allows for operation of the unit when not connected to a host computer.

Specifications    

Order as: HPM15 This unique and compact unit is essential for all MAGNUS experiments requiring the key parameters of Force, Strain, Deflection and Pressure to be monitored and captured. When connected to a MAGNUS experiment which has data output, the HPM15 will capture and store multiple inputs of the experiments key parameters. The software supplied allows the captured data to be reviewed and channels to be configured if desired. The HPM15 is run in parallel with the data acquisition software, and when configured the HPM15 can be run standalone. It includes 16 strain gauge or Force inputs (or any combination of the two up to 16), 6 dial gauge inputs, and one pressure input. The HPM15 has an integral 4 line, backlit LCD display, which displays only the parameters being fed into it by the experiment. If more than four parameters are being captured from the experiment, the end user has the ability to move through these parameters using the Interface front panel buttons.

Key Features

 Software for live data capture, viewing, retrieval and channel configuration  Quick connect terminals  USB interface  Front panel key pads  Backlit 4 line LCD display  Full instruction manual included  All necessary leads supplied  USB port(s) for computer connection  External power supply  Experiment transducers are wired into the HPM15 Interface using front mounted, quick connect screw terminals.  Parameters being displayed on the LCD have their respective Engineering units also displayed, i.e. N, mm, με, bar.

   

Dimensions: 250(L) x 160(W) x 60(H) mm Weight: Approximately 2.0 kg Universal Power supply: 80 – 265Vac input; 15Vdc output Powder coated, metallic enclosure, with rubber feet for mounting onto a bench top External detachable screw terminals for experiment transducer connection All necessary tools provided USB port(s) Power input socket

Essential Extras 

Host computer (not supplied)

Services required 

110/120V, 60Hz or 220/240V, 50Hz, single phase, live neutral and earth.

Minimum System Requirements              

Windows 7 Windows 7 Service Pack 1 Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 Windows Vista Service Pack 1 Windows XP Service Pack 3 Recommended Minimum: Pentium 1 GHz or higher with 512 MB RAM or more 850MB minimum disk space for x86 2GB minimum disk space for x64 VGA Monitor capable of at least 16-bit color at 1024 x 768 resolution USB1.1 or USB2 for data acquisition connection. Powered USB port(s) if possible

Page 12 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.

P.A. Hilton Ltd HPM20 Optional Dial Gauges and Holders for HPM1

Magnetic dial gauge stand Description: Magnetic stands are supplied for mounting the dial gauges on. The magnetic stand has a front panel switch which when turned energises the base and allows it to be mounted to any ferrous objects. The stands have two knuckles. Both knuckles allow the fine adjustment of the dial gauge over the measuring point.

Magnetic dial gauge stand Specification:  The stands have a positional adjustment range of approximately 0…100mm.  Dial gauge stands have accurate adjustment  Stand height 230mm. Order as: HPM20

Dial gauge set containing:

 4 analogue dial gauges  2 Digital dial Gauges + data cables  2 magnetic dial gauge stands with ‘ON/OFF/ buttons  3 flat anvils  6 ball anvils

Analogue Dial gauge Specification    

0…25mm measuring range 0.01mm measuring resolution Housing diameter 58..60mm Each dial gauge has mounting back plate supplied fitted  Each dial gauge comes fitted with ball anvils, which can be removed and replaced with the flat anvils also supplied.

P.A.HILTON Ltd.

Digital Dial gauge Specification:    

0…12.7mm measuring range 0.01mm measuring resolution Housing diameter 58..60mm Each dial gauge has mounting back plate supplied fitted  Each dial gauge comes fitted with ball anvils, which can be removed and replaced with the flat anvils also supplied.  Data cable allow connection of dial gauge to HPM15

Horsebridge Mill, King’s Somborne, Stockbridge, Hampshire, SO20 6PX, England. Telephone: National (01794) 388382 International +44 1794 388382 Fax:

National (01794) 388129 International +44 1794 388129

E-mail: Website:

[email protected] www.p-a-hilton.co.uk

Page 13 of 13 Edition 6 NOTE: The policy of P.A.Hilton Ltd is one of continual improvement and we reserve the right to change this specification without notice.