Unit 5 Review. Prokaryotes (monera), Eukaryotes (protista), Fungi
Unit 5 Review Prokaryotes (monera), Eukaryotes (protista), Fungi
•Initial questions are worth 1 point each. •Each question will be followed by an exp...
Unit 5 Review Prokaryotes (monera), Eukaryotes (protista), Fungi
•Initial questions are worth 1 point each. •Each question will be followed by an explanation •All All questions will be asked a second time at the questions will be asked a second time at the very end, each of those questions will be worth 2 p points.
S. L. Miller's classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the formation of a large variety of organic compounds. All of the following gases were used in this experiment EXCEPT
A. hydrogen B B. methane th C. ammonia D. oxygen E. water vapor E. water vapor
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When did we learn that? …not sure, but it’s on the test. •Stanley Miller’s experiment aimed to imitate the early atmosphere of the earth. •Earth’s early atmosphere contained very little y p y O2 due to it’s high reactivity.
Which of the following are found in viruses?
A. Chloropiasts B Rib B. Ribosomes C. Mitochondria D. Nucleic acids E. Golgi bodies E. Golgi bodies
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The enzyme that is found in retroviruses and that is required for The en me that is fo nd in retro ir ses and that is req ired for the synthesis of DNA from RNA is
A. DNA polymerase III B RNA l B. RNA polymerase C. Restriction endonuclease D. Reverse transcriptase E. Dehydrogenase E. Dehydrogenase
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In humans, the HIV virus primarily attacks which of the following In h mans the HIV ir s primaril attacks hich of the follo ing types of cells?
(A) Epidermal cells (B) R d bl d ll (B) Red blood cells (C) White blood cells (D) Glial cells (E) Neurons (E) Neurons
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Viruses •Viruses are little more than nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein capsid. •Viruses are not technically living because they cannot reproduce on their own. •Viruses Viruses must highjack the organelles of a host cell in must highjack the organelles of a host cell in order to create new copies of the virus •Many viruses contain DNA that can be implanted into a host cell host cell •Retroviruses contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase that allows DNA to be created from their RNA template within the host cell •Viruses can either be in a lysogenic cycle, or a lytic cycle t a ce within a cell.
Which of the following processes is associated with some Which of the follo ing processes is associated ith some prokaryolic cells but not with eukaryotic cells?
(A) Photosynthesis (B) A bi (B) Aerobic respiration i ti (C) Meiosis (D) Nitrogen fixation (E) Endocytosis (E) Endocytosis
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In order for a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, which p y p , of the following must first be isolated from a eukaryotic cell prior to cloning?
A. The protein's primary RNA transcript from the nucleus from the nucleus B. The protein's mRNA from the cytoplasm C The protein from the rough endoplasmic C. The protein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum D Th i t D. The introns f from the segment of DNA th t f DNA that codes for the protein E Th E. The segments of DNA that control f DNA h l transcription for this protein
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Some varieties of Neisseria ggonorrhoeas are now resistant to penicillin. These varieties of bacteria most probably developed as a result of
A. natural selection B h b id i B. hybrid vigor C. coevolution D. adaptive radiation E. convergent evolution E. convergent evolution
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Prokaryotes y •Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus or organelles •Bacterial Bacterial chromosomes are circular and do not chromosomes are circular and do not contain introns •Most prokaryotes do not cause disease, disease causing prokaryotes are called pathogens k ll d h •Prokaryotes play a major role in an ecosystem by decomposing organic matter and fixing nitrogen gas decomposing organic matter and fixing nitrogen gas. •Prokaryotes come in 3 shapes: Cocci, Bacilli, and p Spirochete •Prokaryotes can either be gram positive (cell wall of peptidoglycan) or gram negative (lipopolysaccharide cell wall) cell wall).
The working of the lac The working of the lac operon is important for which of is important for which of the following reasons? A. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in prokaryotes B. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in eukaryotes C It ill t t th C. It illustrates the complexities of rRNA l iti f RNA transcription D. It provided the first clues to how DNA D. It provided the first clues to how DNA replication is controlled during the cell cycle E. The understand of it led to the development of an economical means for the biological production of lactose
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Which of the following statements about Which of the following statements about plasmids is correct? A. They are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum B. The are found only in eukaryotic cells C. They are composed of RNA D. They are larger in size than bacterial chromosomes E. They are self‐replicating E. They are self replicating 0% 1
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Prokaryotic Genetics y •Gene expression is controlled by operons •Prokaryotes can share DNA using plasmids (not to •Prokaryotes can share DNA using plasmids (not to be confused with plastids) •Plasmids Plasmids are self replicating extra are self replicating extra‐chromosomal chromosomal rings of DNA that contain genes that may be important for adaptation •Designer bacteria can be produced using restriction enzymes that splice in a segment of DNA into an existing plasmid. i i l id •Bacteria that take in a plasmid are said to be “t “transformed” f d”
A microscopic, unicellular organism that has a cell wall impregnated with silicon and is important as plankton impregnated with silicon and is important as plankton in a food chain belongs to which of the following groups?
A. Mosses B Di t B. Diatoms C. Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae) D. Ferns E. Brown algae E. Brown algae
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Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free‐living prokaryotes? (A) Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes. (B) Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and do not have histones or associated proteins. (C) E (C) Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial th it h d i l membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryote membranes. p y (D) Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission. (E) Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.
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Eukaryotes y Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles Eukaryotes evolved from an endosymbiotic Eukaryotes evolved from an endosymbiotic event Mitochondria were engulfed into a larger Mitochondria were engulfed into a larger prokaryote. A second endosymbiotic event occurred where a A second endosymbiotic event occurred where a eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria that developed into the plastid developed into the plastid. Eukaryotic cells that are not fungi, plants or animals are classified in the kingdom protista animals are classified in the kingdom protista
Fungi g There was not a single question on either released exam about fungi. Here’s some random stuff: •Fungi eat through absorption •They They secrete exoenzymes secrete exoenzymes to digest food without ingestion. to digest food without ingestion. •Fungi have hyphae (tubes with large S.A.) that branch to make mycellium. •Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungal is a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots. •Fungi reproduce with spores •Fungal reproductive structures are what we commonly know F l d ti t t h t l k as mushrooms. •Fungi have cell walls made of Chitin
Review Quiz! •Answer values are doubled… lets see how you do.
S. L. Miller's classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the formation of a large variety of organic compounds. All of the following gases were used in this experiment EXCEPT
A. hydrogen B B. methane th C. ammonia D. oxygen E. water vapor E. water vapor
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0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
Which of the following are found in viruses?
A. Chloropiasts B Rib B. Ribosomes C. Mitochondria D. Nucleic acids E. Golgi bodies E. Golgi bodies
0% 1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
The enzyme that is found in retroviruses and that is required for The en me that is fo nd in retro ir ses and that is req ired for the synthesis of DNA from RNA is
A. DNA polymerase III B RNA l B. RNA polymerase C. Restriction endonuclease D. Reverse transcriptase E. Dehydrogenase E. Dehydrogenase
0% 1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
In humans, the HIV virus primarily attacks which of the following In h mans the HIV ir s primaril attacks hich of the follo ing types of cells?
(A) Epidermal cells (B) R d bl d ll (B) Red blood cells (C) White blood cells (D) Glial cells (E) Neurons (E) Neurons
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0%
2
3
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Which of the following processes is associated with some Which of the follo ing processes is associated ith some prokaryolic cells but not with eukaryotic cells?
(A) Photosynthesis (B) A bi (B) Aerobic respiration i ti (C) Meiosis (D) Nitrogen fixation (E) Endocytosis (E) Endocytosis
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2
3
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In order for a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, which p y p , of the following must first be isolated from a eukaryotic cell prior to cloning?
A. The protein's primary RNA transcript from the nucleus from the nucleus B. The protein's mRNA from the cytoplasm C The protein from the rough endoplasmic C. The protein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum D Th i t D. The introns f from the segment of DNA th t f DNA that codes for the protein E Th E. The segments of DNA that control f DNA h l transcription for this protein
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Some varieties of Neisseria ggonorrhoeas are now resistant to penicillin. These varieties of bacteria most probably developed as a result of
A. natural selection B h b id i B. hybrid vigor C. coevolution D. adaptive radiation E. convergent evolution E. convergent evolution
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0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
The working of the lac The working of the lac operon is important for which of is important for which of the following reasons? A. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in prokaryotes B. It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in eukaryotes C It ill t t th C. It illustrates the complexities of rRNA l iti f RNA transcription D. It provided the first clues to how DNA D. It provided the first clues to how DNA replication is controlled during the cell cycle E. The understand of it led to the development of an economical means for the biological production of lactose
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Which of the following statements about Which of the following statements about plasmids is correct? A. They are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum B. The are found only in eukaryotic cells C. They are composed of RNA D. They are larger in size than bacterial chromosomes E. They are self‐replicating E. They are self replicating 0% 1
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A microscopic, unicellular organism that has a cell wall impregnated with silicon and is important as plankton impregnated with silicon and is important as plankton in a food chain belongs to which of the following groups?
A. Mosses B Di t B. Diatoms C. Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae) D. Ferns E. Brown algae E. Brown algae
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3
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Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free‐living prokaryotes? (A) Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes. (B) Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and do not have histones or associated proteins. (C) E (C) Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial th it h d i l membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryote membranes. p y (D) Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission. (E) Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.