Unit 2: The Natural World Glossary and pop Quiz Questions Follow Team Geography on twitter @ahsgeography

As part of the Geography course you will be expected to learn glossary terms and pop quiz questions. You will be tested on these as the beginning of each GCSE Geography session. Your ongoing homework is to be learning BOTH the glossary terms and the pop quiz questions for the unit you are studying. Your teacher will also set longer exam questions from this booklet as additional homework.

Coastal Landscapes – Glossary Terms You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling

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Coasts Key Terms

Definition

1

Attrition

The wearing away of rocks in the sea as they roll around and hit each other

2

Backwash

Movement of waves down the beach (at 90° angle due to gravity)

3

Bar

When a spit continues to grow across a bay and joins two headlands together

4

Bay

An area of soft rock which is eroded rapidly

5

Beach Nourishment

The placing of sand and pebbles onto the beach

6

Biological weathering

Action of plants and animals on the land

7

Chemical weathering

Rainwater contains weak acids that react with certain rock types

8

Cliff

A steep rock face at the edge of the sea

9

Cliff Regrading

The cliff is cut back and given a new gentle slope to prevent slumping

10

Coast

Where the land meets the sea

11

Constructive Waves

12

Corrasion

Responsible for depositing beach material (large swash, small backwash, infrequent, small, produce gently sloping beaches) The wearing away of the cliff as rocks in the sea are thrown at it

13

Corrosion

Chemical reaction between certain rock types and the seawater

14

Deposition

When material is dropped

15

Destructive Waves

16

Dredging

17

Erosion

Responsible for coastal erosion and removing beach material (small swash, large backwash, frequent, large, produce steep beaches) Clean out the sea bed by scooping out sediment, mud, weeds, and rubbish with a dredging machine The wearing away of the land by the sea

18

Fetch

19 20

Freeze thaw weathering Geology

21

Gabions

22

Groynes

Distance over which the wind blows before reaching the coastline. The longer the distance the bigger the wave Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes therefore expanding the crack Rock types in the cliff Wire cages filled with stones placed in front of the cliff or built into the cliff to help protect it Wooden structures at 90° angle to the coastline to trap material on the beach by preventing longshore drift

23

Hard Engineering

Involves building hard structures to protect the cliff

24

Headland

An area of hard rock which is resistant to erosion

25

Hydraulic Action

26

Impermeable

Pressure of water in waves against the cliff. As water gets into cracks, the air is compressed which widens the crack Doesn’t allow water to run through (e.g. clay)

27

Longshore Drift (LSD)

Movement of beach material along a coastline

28

Managed Retreat

Allowing the sea to gradually flood land or erode the cliffs

29

Mass Movement

Material moves downslope due to the pull of gravity (e.g. slumping and soil creep)

30

Offshore Reef

31

Onion skin weathering

32

Permeable

Concrete blocks sunk offshore to alter wave direction and remove wave energy before reaching the cliffs In warm conditions the outer edges of rocks can expand whilst in cool conditions the outer edges contract. This continually happens which weakens the layers of the rock so they peel off Allows water to run through (e.g. limestone)

33

Prevailing Wind

The most common wind direction

34

Recession

Another word for erosion

35

Rip – Rap

Large granite rocks placed in front of the cliff to protect it

36

Sea Wall

Concrete walls placed in front of the cliff to protect it

37

Slumping

Large amount of cliff suddenly collapses

38

Soft Engineering

39

Soil Creep

Works with the natural processes on the coastline to protect it and does not involve building hard structures Slow downhill movement of soil down a cliff

40

Spit

Stretch of deposited material attached to a headland and sticking out to sea

41

Stack

A column of rock separated from the cliff

42

Swash

Movement of waves up the beach (at an angle due to prevailing winds)

Coastal Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions #

Question / clue

Answer

1

What do destructive waves do to a coastline?

Erode

2

What do constructive waves do to a coastline?

Build up the beach

3

More than 10

4

How many times per minute do destructive waves break onto a beach? What type of beach do constructive waves create?

5

What type of beach do destructive waves create?

Steep

6

What causes a wave to deposit material?

Loss of energy

7

Why do waves generally approach a coastline at an angle?

Prevailing wind direction

8

Which type of erosion involves rocks bashing into each other in the sea? What does hydraulic action and freeze-thaw weathering have in common? What type of erosion involves a chemical reaction?

Attrition

Freeze thaw weathering

12

When temperatures fall below 0°C this type of physical weathering may occur What is the difference between erosion and weathering?

13

What is mass movement?

14

What are the 2 types of mass movement?

Erosion involves weakened material being carried away whereas weathering happens in situ Material moves down slope due to the pull of gravity Slumping and Soil creep

15

Which type of mass movement is most rapid?

Slumping

16

What would you see on a cliff if soil creep had occurred?

Ripples

17

Headlands and bays

18

What landform will be created along a coastline that has alternating bands of hard and soft rock? What feature forms in a bay?

19

What is a stack?

Column of rock separated from headland

20

Give an example of a stack

Old Harry

21

How does the process of caves, arches, stacks and stumps begin?

22

If a wide wave cut platform forms in front of a cliff, what happens to the rate of erosion? Why? Material is transported along a coastline. What is this process called?

Hydraulic action widening cracks in a headland It slows down because the waves energy is removed by travelling over the material Longshore drift (LSD)

9 10 11

23

Gentle / shallow sloping

Both involve water entering a crack Corrosion

Beach

24

What is a spit?

24

Why do salt marshes develop behind a spit?

Stretch of deposited material attached to a headland and sticking out to sea Sheltered water

25

How would a spit become a bar?

Form across a bay and link two headlands

26

Why do spits often form curved ends?

Secondary wind direction

27

Give two disadvantages of hard engineering

Expensive, man-made, ugly

28

Name 2 types of hard engineering

29

What do gabions look like?

Sea wall, revetment, rip rap, groyne, gabion, offshore reef Cages of stones

30

What is managed retreat?

31

What is cliff regrading?

32

Name 1 type of soft engineering

33

What is meant by fetch?

34

Would the fetch be long or short if destructive waves are produced?

Allowing the sea to gradually flood land or erode cliffs Cutting the cliff back to create a more gentle slope to stop slumping Beach nourishment, cliff regrading, managed retreat The distance a wave travels over to reach a coastline Long

35

What is meant by geology?

The structure of the rock in a cliff

36

What is the Shoreline Management Plan?

37 38

How much money does the government save by not building defences in North Norfolk? Which holes are under threat from coastal erosion at Sheringham?

Managed retreat in the future of the North Norfolk coastline £41 million

39

Which road in Happisburgh has fallen into the sea?

Beach Road

40

When did the council stop repairing the revetments in Happisburgh?

1995

41

Houses which were worth £80,000 are now worth how much?

£1

42

What did the district council buy to defend Happisburgh in 2007?

Rip Rap

43

How does coastal erosion affect Dawlish in Devon?

44

Who predicts the likelihood of a flood?

Train line runs along coastline leading to cancelled and delayed trains Met Office

45

Who releases flood warning codes to the public via their website?

Environment Agency

46

Which part of Walton on the Naze is protected, how and when?

47

The northern part of Walton was protected in 1999 but how?

South. Seawall, groynes, cliff regrading (1977). Rip rap (1998). Beach nourishment

5 and 6

Coastal Landscapes – Exam Questions 1. How could building design reduce the effects of a flood? (2) 2. There are many factors that affect the rate of coastal erosion. Explain how the rock type and structure can affect the rate of coastal erosion. (4) 3. Describe the effect that coastal erosion has on people and the environment. Use examples in your answer. (4) 4. Explain how a bar is formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer. (4) 5. What is a cliff? (1) 6. Coastal flooding can be predicted. Justify this statement. (3) 7. Name three causes of cliff recession. (3) 8. How do groynes protect cliffs from erosion by the sea? (3) 9. Explain the soft engineering techniques which are now being used to protect coastlines. (3) 10. What is the difference between corrosion and corrasion? (2) 11. State three differences between constructive and destructive waves. (3) 12. With the aid of a diagram, explain the process of longshore drift. (4) 13. Explain how a stump is formed. You may use a diagram. (6) 14. Describe how mass movement causes cliffs to retreat. (3) 15. For a coastal area you have studied explain the methods used to manage the coastline. (6) 16. Suggest how wave fetch can cause different rates of coastal erosion (3) 17. Compare the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves (4) 18. Outline the process of slumping (2) 19. Explain the formation of a spit. Use a diagram in your answer (4) 20. Describe the advantages of one type of hard engineering (3) 21. Explain how the effects of coastal flooding are reduced. Use examples in your answer (6) 22. Explain how coastal flooding can be reduced through planning and forecasting (4)

23. Describe the effects of mass movement on people (3) 24. Explain the formation of headlands and bays. You may use a diagram(s) in your answer (4) 25. Explain the process of physical weathering (3) 26. Soft engineering is a way of managing the coastline. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4) 27. Explain the formation of cliffs and wave cut platforms. Use an annotated diagram or diagrams in your answer (4) 28. Explain the effects of coastal recession on people and the environment. Use examples in your answer (6) 29. Outline the differences between the two types of mass movement (4) 30. Describe one way in which cliff erosion can affect the economy of a local area (2) 31. For a coastal area you have studied, explain the variety of methods used to manage the coastline (6)

Coastal Landscapes – Model Exam Answers: Outline the characteristic features of a destructive wave (4) These waves break 10-14 times per minute (1). They have a bigger backwash than swash because they break high up on the beach (1) and therefore use little energy in the swash leaving it all for the backwash (1). Due to this they erode the beach (1). Explain how variations on the length of fetch and the geology might increase the rate of coastal recession (4) Fetch is the distance the waves travel to reach the coastline therefore the larger the fetch the larger the waves (1) therefore the waves have more energy when they reach the coastline and erode more (1). Geology is the rock type in a cliff. Softer rock will provide less resistance to the waves compared to harder rock (1) therefore increasing coastal erosion (1) Outline the process of slumping (2) This is the rapid collapse of a cliff (1) triggered by poor weather and rainfall (1). Explain the process of physical weathering (3)

Freeze thaw is a type of physical weathering which is caused by changes in temperature around 0ºC (1). Water enters a crack in a cliff during the day. This freezes at night when the temperatures fall which widens the crack (1). The water thaws and runs out of the now widened crack (1). OR: Onion skin weathering is a type of physical weathering which is caused by the heating and cooling of the cliff face (1). This leads to the expansion and contraction of the outer layers of the rock (1) and layers peel off (1). Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4) The advantages of soft engineering techniques are they tend to be cheaper than hard engineering ones (1). They have less visual impact on the coastline because they are designed to look natural (1). The disadvantages of soft engineering techniques are they are less effective than hard engineering ones (1) because coastal erosion is not always slowed (1).

River Landscapes – Glossary Terms You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling. #

Rivers Key Terms

Definition

1

Afforestation

Planting trees in a rivers drainage basin to intercept rainfall

2

Attrition

The wearing away of rocks within river as they roll around and knock into each other

3

Biological weathering

Action of plants and animals on the land

4

Channelisation

5

Chemical weathering

The river channel may be deepened or widened allowing it to carry more water or straightened so that water can travel faster Rainwater contains weak acids that react with certain rock types

6

Cloudburst

A sudden, violent rainstorm

7

Confluence

The point at which 2 rivers meet

8

Corrasion

9

Corrosion

Particles carried along the river are thrown at the banks with considerable force which breaks off more rock A chemical reaction between certain rock types and the river water

10

Dams

Built in the course of a river to control the amount of discharge

11

Deforestation

The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest or woodland

12

Deposition

When material is dropped

13

Discharge

14

Drainage basin

The amount of water passing a specific point at a given time (measured in cubic metres (m³) per second The land drained by a river system

15

Embankments

Raised banks along a river

16

Flood relief channels

The course of the river can be altered to divert flood water away from settlements

17

Flood walls

A vertical barrier made from concrete

18

Floodplain

The low, flat area of land either side of a river

19

Floodplain zoning

Policies to control urban development close to or on a floodplain

20

Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes therefore expanding the crack

21

Freeze thaw weathering Gorge

22

Gradient

Slope

A narrow valley with steep, rocky sides located in hills or mountains

23

Hard engineering

A method of river flood management which involves major construction work

24

Hydraulic action

Pressure of the water being pushed against the river banks and bed

25

Impermeable

Doesn’t allow water to run through (e.g. clay)

26

Interception

27

Interlocking spurs

When precipitation is trapped by leaves of trees or vegetation before it reaches the ground A landform resulting from the winding path of a river in the upper course

28

Laterally

Sideways

29

Levee

30

Load

The naturally raised bank that extends along a river created by previous deposition in floods The material transported by a river

31

Mass Movement

Material moves downslope due to the pull of gravity (e.g. slumping and soil creep)

32

Meander

A bend in a river

33

Mouth

Where a river ends

34

Ox bow lake

A horseshoe shaped lake formed from a cut-off meander

35

Permeable

Allows water to run through (e.g. limestone)

36

River channel

The area in which a river flows

37

River cliff

The steep bank formed by erosion on the outside of a meander bend

38

Slip plane

39

Slip off slope

An area between 2 different rock types which can become saturated and therefore allows the rock to move The gently sloping bank formed by deposition on the inside of a meander bend

40

Slumping

Large amount of a river bank suddenly collapses

41

Soft engineering

A method of river flood management which works with natural river processes

42

Soil creep

Slow downhill movement of soil down a slope

43

Source

Where a river starts

44

Storage areas

45

Storm drain

A large hole close to a river that will fill with water if the river floods therefore protecting the surrounding land Designed to drain excess rain from pavements and roads

46

Storm hydrograph

Used to measure a river’s flow and show the change in river discharge over a short period of time after a storm

47

Tributary

A smaller river joining a large one

48

Urbanisation

The growth of towns and cities

49

V-Shaped valley

A narrow, steep sided valley through which a river flows

50

Warning systems

A network of sirens to give people early warning of possible flooding

51

Washlands

52

Watershed

The river is allowed to flood naturally in wasteland areas to prevent flooding in other areas The boundary of a drainage basin

53

Waterfall

A vertical fall in a river’s course

River Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions #

Question / clue

Answer

1

Where do most rivers begin?

In upland areas

2

What is the source of a river?

The start

3

What is the mouth of a river?

The end

4

Where do most rivers end?

In the sea

5

What is the point called where 2 rivers meet?

Confluence

6

Why does a river deposit its load?

Loss of energy

7

What type of erosion involves a chemical reaction?

Corrosion

8

What are the 2 types of mass movement?

Slumping and soil creep

9

How does corrosion cause the river load to increase?

10

What type of mass movement is the slowest?

Particles are thrown at the river banks breaking off more pieces Soil creep

11

What happens to the depth of a river as it travels towards its mouth? Why? Why does a river erode vertically in the upper course?

Increases because tributaries add more water Gravity

14

How many sections are all rivers split into? What are these sections called? What 2 things does the discharge of a river rely upon?

3 Upper, middle and lower course Velocity and volume

15

How is a river’s velocity determined?

16

Which 3 landforms are found in the upper course of a river?

By the amount of water which is touching the river bed and banks V-Shaped valley, interlocking spurs and waterfalls

12 13

17

Which landform is found in the middle course of a river?

Meanders

18

Which 4 landforms are found in the lower course of a river?

19

With which landform is a plunge pool associated?

Ox bow lakes, floodplains, levees and deltas Waterfall

20

What needs to happen for a waterfall to be created?

21

Why does the outside bend of a meander have the deepest water?

A river needs to cross a band of soft rock after flowing over hard rock Greatest erosion has occurred

22

What feature forms on the inside bend of a meander?

Slip off slope

23

What could happen if a meander bend got very large?

Ox bow lake

24

What can ox bow lakes be used for?

25

29

Why does a river drop the heaviest material first when it starts to flood? How many bridges collapsed when the River Derwent (UK) flooded in 2007? How many people were at risk of disease when the River Nile flooded in 2007? Why did the flooding of Mekong River in 2011 have a huge effect on the economy? Who predicts the likelihood of a river flood?

Sailing Fishing The rivers energy decreases rapidly

30

Who releases flood warning codes on their website?

Environment Agency

31

2010

33

Since when has all new housing in flood risk areas had to be built to be flood resistant? Why might a river channel be widened or deepened through the process of channelization? Why are dams socially unacceptable?

34

Why are washlands good for the environment?

35

Where is the River Nene?

36

2002

38

When did the Environment Agency complete their flood management of the River Nene in Northampton? What types of graph are used on a storm hydrograph? What do they show? What does the rising limb of a storm hydrograph show?

39

What does the recession limb of a storm hydrograph show?

Falling flood water in a river

40

What is the time difference between the peak of a rain storm and the peak of the flow of the river known as? How is the normal discharge of a river shown on a storm hydrograph?

Basin lag time

26 27 28

32

37

41

4 3.5 million 930 factories were closed down The Met Office

To enable it to carry more water before it floods Settlements and farms are sacrificed to make way for them Provide potential wetland sites for birds and plants Northampton (UK)

Histogram for rainfall Line graph for discharge The rising flood water in a river

Base flow (dashed line)

River Landscapes – Exam Questions 1. Explain the formation of a waterfall. You may use a labelled diagram in your answer (4) 2. Outline how mass movement impacts on river landforms (3) 3. Explain how flooding affects people and the environment. Use examples in your answer (6) 4. Describe the effects of flooding on people and the environment (3) 5. Outline how urbanisation increases the risk of flooding (3) 6. Describe how building design and planning can reduce the effects of flooding. Use examples

in your answer (4) 7. Explain how discharge and gradient change with distance downstream (4) 8. Choose a study of a river. Explain how this river is managed (6) 9. Suggest how soft engineering methods can reduce the effects of flooding (4) 10. Explain the formation of a floodplain and levees. You may use a diagram in your answer (4) 11. Choose a river that you have studied. Explain how this river is being managed (6) 12. Mass movement can occur in river valleys. Explain the process of mass movement (3) 13. Explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. You may use a diagram in your answer (4) 14. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4) 15. Explain how the effects of river flooding can be reduced through prediction and prevention.

Use examples in your answer (6) 16. Explain how erosion will cause a waterfall to retreat (3) 17. Compare the characteristic features of a river in its upper and lower stages (4) 18. Outline the process of slumping (2) 19. State one impact of slumping on river landscapes (1) 20. Explain the formation of levees. Use a diagram in your answer (4) 21. Describe the effects of a flood (3) 22. Explain how the effects of river flooding can be reduced. Use examples in your answer (6) 23. Explain how a waterfall is formed. Use an annotated diagram only for your answer (4) 24. Explain one human and one physical cause of flooding (4) 25. Explain the formation of a meander. You may use a diagram in your answer (4) 26. Which landform can meanders develop into? (1) 27. Describe one human cause that can increase the number of floods in an area (3) 28. Describe how a population may be protected from flooding (4) 29. Explain how human actions may have increased the risk of flooding in some areas (4) 30. Explain how a river cliff is formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer (4

River Landscapes – Model Exam Answers Explain how a waterfall is formed (4) A waterfall is formed when a river meets a band of hard and soft rock (1). The soft rock is eroded more quickly through hydraulic action and corrosion (1). The hard rock is left as an overhang above the soft rock and eventually collapses (1). The slumped material collects in a plunge pool at the base of the waterfall. The plunge pool is made larger through the processes of corrasion (1) Rivers can be managed in a range of ways. Outline soft engineering methods of river management (3) Soft engineering methods are those that blend in with the countryside. Two examples of this are floodplain zoning and afforestation (1 mark for naming actual techniques). Floodplain zoning controls the development on floodplains therefore allowing this as a natural area for flooding to occur (1). Afforestation is the planting of trees on a drainage basin. The trees will intercept rainfall and slow down its approach to the river channel (1). Describe how the characteristics of a river change downstream (4) A river will widen (1) and deepen (1) as it moves from its upper to lower course. The velocity of the river will increase (1) as will the discharge (1). Choose a river you have studied. Explain how this river is being managed (6) The River Nene flows through Northamptonshire and used to flood frequently. A flood is when the river overflows its banks onto the surrounding area. After a large flood in 1998, it was decided management was needed and in 2002 the Environment Agency completed the first part. Both hard and soft engineering methods are used. Hard engineering includes a 450m high flood embankment at Weedon. The embankment raises the height of the river banks allowing the river to carry more water. A flood relief channel was also created at Billing. This takes water away from the city of Northampton. Soft engineering includes a flood warning system which is situated along the length of the river through Northampton. The aim of this is to give nearby residents 2 hours warning of a possible flood. Washlands have also been created in a number of areas including Foot Meadow and Upton. These provide protection for a railway station as well as homes because they are areas the river can safely flood onto.

Tectonic Landscapes – Glossary Terms You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.

1

Tectonic Landscapes Key Terms Action

2

Continental crust

Definition Measures that will reduce the effects of an earthquake / volcanic eruption after it has occurred Less dense crust between 25-100 km thick which is not destroyed

3

Convection currents

Movement of hot rock in the mantle

4

Convergent / destructive Conservative / transform Crust

Plates moving towards each other

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5 6 7

Plates moving alongside each other The outer layer of the Earth made up of two types (oceanic and continental) and broken up into plates Plates moving away from each other

8

Divergent / constructive Dormant

9

Earthquake

Violent shaking of the Earth’s crust

10

Epicentre

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus

11

FEMA

12

Fertile

Federal Emergency Management Agency provide information on how to prepare for an earthquake Soil which is rich in minerals needed to produce abundant (lots) of plant life

13

Focus

The point at which energy is released beneath the Earth’s surface

14

Fold mountains

Where plates collide and uplift the surrounding rock

15

Geothermal energy

Energy produced by the heat inside the Earth

16

Hotspot

17

Inner core

A type of volcano not found on a plate boundary. Instead they are areas where the oceanic crust is thin allowing magma to break through The hottest part of the Earth, found in the centre and made of solid iron and nickel.

18

Intensity

Violence of Earth motion created by an earthquake

19

Island arc

A number of volcanic islands forming near to each other

20

Landslides

21

Lava

Large amounts of water in soil cause large areas to move downslope and can be triggered by earthquakes Molten rock erupted from a volcano

22

Logarithmic scale

Each whole number represents a ten-fold increase in power

A volcano which has not erupted in historic times

23

Magma

Molten (melted) rock under the surface of the Earth

24

Magma chamber

Large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth

25

Magnitude

The measurement of the strength of an earthquake

26

Mantle

The thickest layer of the Earth made up of a thick liquid

27

Mercalli scale

A scale measuring the intensity of an earthquake

28

Oceanic crust

Dense crust between 5-10 km thick which is constantly being renewed and destroyed

29

Oceanic trench

The deepest part of the ocean where oceanic crust is subducted below continental crust

30

Outer core

Surrounds the inner core and is made of liquid iron and nickel

31

Planning

32

Plate boundary

Preparation measures that can be organised before an earthquake / volcanic eruption to reduce its effects when it does occur Where two plates meet

33

Plate tectonics

34

Prediction

Help explain why natural hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, are found where they are Methods of knowing when and / or where an earthquake / volcanic eruption will occur

35

Primary effect

An effect occurring at the time of an earthquake / volcanic eruption

36

Richter scale

A scale measuring the magnitude of an earthquake

37

Ring of Fire

Active volcanoes around the entire Pacific Ocean

38

Secondary effect

An effect occurring in the days, months and years after an earthquake / volcanic eruption

39

Seismograph

Instruments used to measure vibrations

40

Shockwaves

Blast upwards and outwards from the focus

41

Subduction

Another word for sliding

42

Subduction zone

The point where one tectonic plate slides beneath another

43

Tiltmeter

Measure tiny changes in the slope angle of the ground

44

Uplift

When rock is pushed upwards

Tectonic Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions #

Question / clue

Answer

1

Where do earthquakes normally occur?

2

What are the 3 types of plate boundary called?

3

Where is the largest band of active volcanoes found?

4

At which 2 plate boundaries are volcanoes created?

5 6

Why do volcanoes not occur at conservative / transform plate boundaries? What are hotspots?

7

Give two differences between oceanic and continental crust

8

What name is given to the movement of hot rock in the mantle?

9

In which direction do convergent / destructive plate boundaries move? In which direction do divergent / constructive plate boundaries move? In which direction do conservative / transform plate boundaries move? What happens when oceanic crust meets continental crust at a plate boundary? Why? What is created at the point where oceanic crust is subducted?

Towards each other

15

What happens when 2 continental crusts meet at a plate boundary? Why? What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas fault in the USA?

Fold mountains are created because the 2 crusts are the same density Conservative / transform

16

Which way of measuring earthquakes is more reliable?

Richter

17

What does the Mercalli scale measure?

Intensity

18

What does the Richter scale measure?

Magnitude

19

How many stages does the Mercalli scale have?

12

20

How many stages does the Richter scale have?

It is never-ending

21

How many times larger is a magnitude 7 earthquake compared to a magnitude 6? What is the focus?

10

10 11 12 13 14

22

In long narrow bands on all three types of plate boundary Divergent / constructive, Convergent / destructive, Conservative / transform The Ring of Fire around the entire Pacific Ocean Divergent / constructive and Convergent / destructive No crust is destroyed A type of volcano not found on a plate boundary where magma breaks through the thin oceanic crust Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust Convection currents

Away from each other Alongside each other The oceanic crusts subducts beneath the continental crust because it is denser Oceanic trench

The point at which energy is released beneath the Earth’s surface

23

What is the epicentre?

24 25

Why do people risk their lives to farm on the slopes of Mt Vesuvius in Italy? Name 2 minerals that can be found in volcanic rock

26

What does Reykjavik, Iceland do to the pavements in the winter?

Heat them with cheap geothermal energy

27 28

What happens when the pressure from rising magma in a volcano increases? What is a seismometer?

29

How many seismometers record activity at Montserrat?

The volcano becomes deformed / changes shape An instrument which measures ground vibrations caused by earthquakes 14

30

What is a tiltmeter?

31

How many tiltmeters record changes at Montserrat?

An instrument measuring tiny changes in the slope of the ground 5

32

Why is the 1st September important in Japan?

Disaster Prevention Day

33

Name something that would be practiced during an earthquake drill?

34

What 6 ways does FEMA suggest people should do in preparation for an earthquake?

35

How is the San Francisco International Airport earthquake proof?

36

How is the Yokohama Landmark Tower in Japan earthquake proof

37

Give one way lava flows can be stopped or diverted

Ducking under desks, standing under a door-frame Check for hazards / Identify safe places / Educate yourself and family / Have disaster supplies / Develop an emergency communication plan / Help your community 267 columns each on a giant ball bearing enabling the building to roll from side to side Flexible structure to absorb the force of an earthquake Detonate explosives / Construct earth walls / spray large volumes of water

38

When did the Japan earthquake occur?

11th March 2011

39

What did the Japan earthquake measure on the Richter scale?

9

40

How many people died in the Japan earthquake?

15,883 deaths

41

What was the main primary effect of the Japan earthquake?

Tsunami

42

Where was the epicentre of the Japan earthquake?

70km off the coast in the Pacific Ocean

43

What type of plate boundary did the Japan earthquake occur on?

Convergent / destructive

44

What was the estimated total cost to rebuild the areas affected by the Japan earthquake? Which two plates caused the Japan earthquake?

£185 billion

45

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus Fertile soil Tin, silver, gold, copper and diamonds

Pacific and North American

Tectonic Landscapes – Exam Questions 1.

Explain the formation of a volcano at a hotspot. You may use a labelled diagram in your answer (4)

2.

Outline two economic reasons why people continue to live in areas of volcanic activity (3)

3.

Choose an earthquake or volcanic eruption you have studied. Explain the causes of the event (6)

4.

Outline how earthquakes are caused (3)

5.

Describe the distribution of earthquakes worldwide (3)

6.

Explain why people in HICs continue to live in areas affected by volcanoes. Use examples in your answer (4)

7.

Explain two characteristic features of convergent plate boundaries (4)

8.

Choose a study of an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. Explain the effects of this event (6)

9.

Outline what the Richter scale measures (2)

10. Explain the characteristic features of a divergent plate boundary. You may use a diagram in

your answer (4) 11. Explain how the effects of earthquakes can be reduced through forecasting and building

design. Use examples in your answer (6) 12. The volcano Kilauea is found in the middle of a plate. What type of volcano is this? (1) 13. Explain the formation of volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries. You may use a diagram

in your answer (4) 14. Outline ways in which earthquakes can be measured (3) 15. Suggest reasons why people continue to live in areas affected by earthquakes (4) 16. Explain how the effects of volcanic eruptions are reduced through prediction and prevention.

Use examples in your answer (6)

17. Describe the movement along a divergent plate boundary (3) 18. Explain how volcanoes occur at divergent plate boundaries (4) 19. Compare the characteristic features of convergent plate boundaries and conservative plate

boundaries (4) 20. Describe how planning before the event could have reduced the effects of an earthquake (3) 21. Explain the effects of a volcanic eruption or an earthquake (6) 22. Outline a difference between the focus and epicentre of an earthquake (2) 23. Explain how volcanoes form over hotspots. Use only an annotated diagram for your answer

(4) 24. Explain how volcanoes occur at a convergent plate boundary. You may use a diagram in

your answer (4) 25. Explain why buildings can remain standing in a strong earthquake (3) 26. What is the epicentre? (1) 27. Outline the differences between the Mercalli and Richter scales (3) 28. Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of the

volcanic eruption of the earthquake on the people and the environment (6) 29. Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of the

volcanic eruption or the earthquake on the economy (6) 30. The boundary on the west coast of the USA is a conservative plate boundary. Describe two

other types of plate boundary (4) 31. Identify two primary effects and two secondary effects of an earthquake (4) 32. Describe how the contents of a disaster survival kit help people survive the first few days

after an earthquake or volcanic eruption (4) 33. Explain the global distribution of active volcanoes is uneven (3) 34. Outline one difference between a divergent and convergent plate boundaries (2)

35. Explain how fold mountains are formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer (4)

Tectonic Landscapes – Model Exam Answers Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of it on the people (6) The Japan earthquake occurred on 11th March 2011 approximately 70km off the coast of the country in Asia. An earthquake is the violent shaking of the earth’s crust when a plate suddenly moves. Both primary and secondary effects occurred as a result of the earthquake. A large number of people died as a result of the earthquake and resulting tsunami – approximately 100 at the time of the earthquake and 15,500 in the tsunami and afterwards. 138,000 buildings were destroyed; including people’s homes, schools, hospitals and offices. This means that a significant number of people were made homeless – it was estimated that in 2012, 330,000 people were still living in temporary accommodation. The earthquake and tsunami also damaged the infrastructure of the area. In particular 1 million homes had no clean water which led to further diseases and 6 million homes had no electricity. A secondary effect of the earthquake was fire and these broke out in Fukishma nuclear reactor and the town of Sendai – this caused further damage, injury and death. The nuclear reactor led to 465,000 people being evacuated from their homes due to the pollution caused. This answer would receive full marks due to its structure, use of key geographical terms and specific figures. Explain the formation of a hotspot (4) A hotspot forms in the middle of a plate rather than on a plate boundary (1). They occur where the crust is weak and thin (1) which allows the convection currents in the mantle to push the magma to the surface (1). The magma solidifies into rock and over time may produce volcanic islands (e.g. Hawaii). (1) Outline reasons why people live in hazardous areas (3) People may continue to live in a dangerous area because they have no choice. This is normally due to poverty and being too poor to move elsewhere (1). Many people choose to make money

from volcanic areas; either from tourism or farming. Farming on the slopes of a volcano is good because the soil is fertile from previous eruptions (1). At Mt Etna, tourists are encouraged to visit the active volcano which means people can make money (1). Explain why volcanoes are created at a convergent plate boundary (4) A convergent plate boundary is where two plates are pushing together (1). When oceanic and continental crust meet, the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental because it is denser and thinner (1). The point where the subduction occurs is called an oceanic trench. The oceanic crust is subducted into the mantle where it melts and becomes magma (1). When the amount of magma is too great it will erupt to the surface as volcano (1).

A Wasteful World – Glossary Terms You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling. # 1

Wasteful World Key Terms Biodegradable waste

Definition Can be broken down by living organisms to eventually become soil

2

Biomass

Decaying plant and animal matter

3

CHP

4

Coal

Combined heat and power systems which recovers heat lost through the production of electricity and uses it to heat water Formed from fossilised plants

5

Consumer society

A society where buying goods and services is considered very important

6

Domestic waste

Household waste

7

Energy

8

E-Waste

The ability to do work and is necessary for anything to move or change (measured in joules) Waste containing electrical components

9

Fossil Fuels

Come from the Earth and are formed by heat and pressure over millions of years (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas)

10

Geothermal

Heat energy generated by and stored within the Earth’s surface

11

Grune Punkt logo

Indicates a recyclable product in Germany

12

Hazardous waste

Harmful to humans / environment and should be disposed of separately to normal waste

13

Hydropower

Energy that comes from the force of moving water

14

Incineration

Burning of waste

15

Industrial waste

Waste produced by industrial activity

16

Landfill

Low area of land filled with alternating layers of waste and soil

17

Liquid waste

Wastewater (water affected / contaminated by humans)

18

Municipal waste

Waste collected from homes, businesses and schools

19

Natural gas

Methane gas trapped between seams of rock

20

Non-biodegradable

Cannot be broken down by living organisms

21

Non-hazardous

Not harmful to humans / environment

22

Non-recyclable

Materials cannot be processed into new materials

23

Non-renewable fuel

Once used cannot be used again

24

Oil

Formed from fossilised animals

25

Recyclable

Materials can be processed into new materials

26

Recycling centres

Large scale places accepting a wide range of recyclable goods

27

Recycling sites

Small scale bins at supermarkets / car parks accepting a few types of recyclable goods

28

Renewable fuel

Can be reused and therefore will not run out

29

Sewage

Liquid waste contaminated by faeces or urine

30

Solid waste

Mainly household waste

31

Throwaway society

A society when working products are thrown area for newer models

32

Waste

Unwanted or unusable things

Wasteful World Pop Quiz Questions #

Question

Answer

1

What is waste?

Unwanted or unusable materials

2

What is sewage?

3

What are the three methods of waste disposal?

Liquid waste contaminated by faeces or urine Incineration, Landfill and Recycling

4

What is municipal waste?

5

What is E-Waste?

6

Give an example of E-Waste

7

What is biodegradable waste?

Waste that can be broken down by living organisms to become part of the soil

8

Who produces more waste? HICs or LICs

HIC

9

What is meant by a consumer society?

10

What is meant by a throwaway society?

11

Which country produces the most e-waste?

A society in which buying goods and services is considered to be important A society where working products are thrown away for newer models USA

12

Which continent produces the most waste?

Asia

Waste produced by schools, businesses and homes Products containing an electrical component. Mobile phone, TV, iphone etc

13 14

20% of the world live in HICs but what percentage of the world’s waste do they produce? Why is waste and soil placed in landfills in alternating layers?

86%

15

What 3 things happens to a full landfill?

16

What are the by-products of incineration?

Compresses the waste and helps with decomposition 1. Capped with a gas proof membrane. 2. Monitored for gas release 3. Trees are planted on the site Scrap metal, heat / energy, gas, ash, salt

17

What is the salt from an incinerator used for?

De-icing roads

18

What is the Grune Punkt emblem?

Placed on recyclable products in Germany

19

How many incinerators does Germany have?

68

20

Which country sends Germany some of its waste to be incinerated?

Italy

21

What does Germany do with its toxic waste?

Exports it

22

14 million tonnes

23

How many tonnes of municipal waste does Germany produce per year? Where will low level nuclear waste be stored from 2013?

24

Which case study have we looked at for recycling in the UK?

Reading

25

How many bins does Reading have? What are they?

26

What is the difference between a recycling centre and a recycling site?

27

Why do recycled cans pass beneath a magnet?

28

How is cullet produced during the recycling process?

4 (Blue = plastic / Green = domestic / Brown = Garden / Green box = paper) Centre = large scale depots able to take a huge variety of waste Sites = small individual sites at supermarkets Extract cans made of steel (leaving behind the aluminium ones) By washing and crushing glass

29

Which recyclable material can be used to produce fleece jackets?

Plastic

30

What is recycling?

31

What is renewable energy? Give an example

32

Name 2 ways energy can be lost from a home

33

What is a carbon footprint?

34

What is meant by an energy surplus?

Taking a product and turning it into something new Energy can be reused and won’t run out. Egs: solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric Draughts around windows and doors, no insulation in the roof or around the hot water tank. Electrical goods on standby. Measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions produced Producing more energy than is being used

35

Name one country with an energy surplus

Konrad in Germany

Cameroon, Canada, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, UK, USA

36

38

How much of every £12 spent is wasted through inefficient production of goods in the UK iron and steel industry? What have Oldham City Council provided each household with to help with energy wastage? What is the low carbon buildings programme?

39

How much money does one energy saving lightbulb save each year?

40

£1 million

42

The government provides grants to public buildings to go green but for how much? How many homes in Aberdeen have had more efficient heating systems installed? What does CHP stand for?

43

Why is CHP more energy efficient than a standard heating system?

Recovers lost energy from electricity and uses it to heat water

37

41

£1 Two free energy saving lightbulbs Government grants to homes of £2500 for renewable energy sources £5

4600 Combined Heat and Power

A Wasteful World – Exam Questions 1. Name one type of solid waste. (1) 2. Explain why France disposes of more waste than Bangladesh. (4) 3. Outline the ways that energy can be wasted in the home. (4) 4. What are the advantages of using non-renewable energy? (3) 5. Explain the different ways that a HIC you have studied disposes of its waste. (6 + 4 SPaG) 6. Give one example of a fossil fuel. (1) 7. Define the term renewable energy. (2) 8. Suggest three reasons why wind farms are unpopular with some people. (3) 9. Suggest reasons why some countries are more successful than others in recycling waste. (4) 10. Explain how the level of development of a country affects its carbon footprint. (6 + 4 SPaG) 11. What is E-waste and why does it produce so much waste? (2) 12. Choose one type of renewable fuel. Describe how it works and what its advantages and disadvantages are. (6 + 4 SPaG) 13. Explain one way that energy can be saved on a local level. Use an example you have studied in your answer. (3)

14. Choose a study you have made of how waste is recycled on a local scale. Describe how the rubbish is collected and the ways in which the recycled rubbish is reused. (6 + 4 SPaG) 15. Explain the link between the wealth of a country and its municipal waste production. (4) 16. Explain why HICs tend to produce more waste than LICs (4) 17. Suggest actions homeowners can take to reduce energy loss (4) 18. For a named country, explain the methods used to dispose of its domestic waste (6 + 4 SPaG) 19. Explain the disadvantages of types of renewable energy (4) 20. Explain how the UK can reduce its energy wastage (6 + 4 SPaG) 21. State one way the carbon footprint for transport can be reduced (1) 22. Define the term carbon footprint (2) 23. Explain how schools and / or homes can reduce the amount of energy that they use (4) 24. HICs have been described as ‘throwaway’ societies. Explain why (4) 25. Name two types of domestic waste that can be recycled locally (2) 26. Explain how one HIC disposes of its municipal waste (4) 27. Outline the benefits of one type of renewable energy source (3) 28. Explain the solutions to energy wastage at a domestic and local scale. Use examples in your answer. (6 +4 SPaG) 29. Define the term biodegradable waste (1) 30. Outline the differences between a carbon and ecological footprint (3) 31. Explain one way that a named HIC disposes of its waste (2) 32. Using examples, explain why carbon footprints vary from country to country (4)

A Wasteful World – Model Exam Answers Describe how energy is wasted in the home (3) By leaving devices such as lights on all day (1). Houses that don’t have double glazing (1) experience more heat loss (1). Suggest reasons why people in HICs create more waste than people in LICs (4) People in HICs have more disposable income (1) which creates a consumer and throwaway society (1). Products purchased have a lot of packaging which contributes to higher levels of waste (1); this is normally because the products have been imported (1). Explain the disadvantages of using some types of renewable energy (4). Wind turbines are often criticised for being noisy (1) and only work in places that are windy enough (1). Wind turbines upset people by being ugly and blots on the landscape (1). Hydroelectic power stations can disrupt the natural ecosystems living in the area (1). HICs have been described as throwaway societies. Explain why (4) Throwaway societies have more disposable income (1) so are able to purchase more items (1). People tend to buy the latest model of items (e.g. mobile phones) rather than reuse or fix older items (1). This results in more waste turning up in landfill (1). Countries dispose of their municipal waste in many different ways. For one country you have studied, describe the methods being used to dispose of its waste (6 marks) Germany is a large country in Europe. Municipal waste is waste collected from homes, businesses and schools. Germany disposes of its municipal waste in one of three ways; landfill, incineration or recycling. 14 million tonnes of municipal waste is produced by Germany every year and 60% is recycled. The remainder is incinerated (there are 68 incinerators in Germany) and the waste ash is sent to landfill. Forty years ago, Germany sent most of its waste to landfill because every urban area had a landfill site amounting to 50,000 in total – this was not good for the environment and alternatives were encouraged. German people are aware of what can be recycled because of the Grune Punkt symbol. Products with this symbol cost more because producers of the products add the cost of recycling to them. Germany also imports other countries waste, particularly for incineration. For example, Italy sends 160,000 tonnes of waste each year.